缺血预处理对大鼠肺缺血/再灌注损伤的保护作用

目的 :观察缺血预处理 (IPC)对大鼠肺缺血 /再灌注 (I/R)损伤的保护作用 ,并初步探讨其作用机制。方法 :建立离体大鼠肺灌流模型 ,36只wistar大鼠随机分为对照组、I/R组和IPC组 ,处理完毕后分别测定平均肺动脉压(MPAP)、肺组织湿 /干重比、支气管肺泡灌洗液中肺表面活性物质磷脂及表面张力改变 ,肺组织标本送电镜检查。结果 :①电镜下观察IPC组肺损伤明显减轻。②肺组织湿 /干重比值IPC组为 4.41± 0 .2 4,显著低于I/R组 ,但仍高于缺血前 (P <0 .0 1) ;③IPC组大鼠缺血 1h后MPAP为 ( 1.88± 0 .2 9)kPa ,明显低于I/R组 (P <0 .0 1) ;④IPC组支气管肺泡灌洗液中总磷脂为 ( 2 33 .42± 14.0 5 ) μg/kg ,大聚体为 ( 10 5 .39± 6 .17) μg/kg ,与I/R组相比显著增高 ,但低于对照组 (P <0 .0 1) ,三组之间小聚体含量没有显著差异 ;⑤IPC组表面张力为 ( 36 .88± 3.49)mN/m ,显著低于I/R组 ,与对照组相比则无显著性差异 (P >0 .0 5 )。结论 :缺血预处理对大鼠肺I/R损伤有保护作用 ,保护机制可能与促进肺表面活性物质 (PS)磷脂分泌、改善PS组成 ,从而提高PS功能有关。     

缺血预适应对大鼠肢体缺血/再灌注后肺损伤的影响

目的:观察肢体缺血预适应对大鼠肢体缺血/再灌注(I/R)后肺损伤的影响并探讨其机制。方法:将雄性Wistar大鼠随机分为4组(n=8):对照组(C),肢体缺血/再灌注组(LI/R),缺血预适应组(IPC)和L-NAME组。各组大鼠均于肢体缺血4h再灌注4h处死,分别测定其动脉血氧分压(PaO2)和二氧化碳分压(PaCO2),血浆及肺组织丙二醛(MDA)、一氧化氮(NO)、内皮素(ET)含量,计算血浆NO/ET比值;以及肺湿干比(W/D)、肺系数(LI),肺组织髓过氧化物酶(MPO)含量。结果:大鼠LI/R后4h,PaO2明显降低;W/D、LI、血浆及肺组织的MDA、NO、ET和肺组织MPO活性均明显增加,而血浆NO/ET比值明显减小。与LI/R组比较,IPC组各项损伤指标明显减轻,NO水平升高,血浆NO/ET比值明显增大。与对照组和IPC组比较,L-NAME处理组,各项损伤指标数值明显增加,NO水平降低;血浆NO/ET比值明显减小,差异均具有显著性。各组大鼠PaCO2的变化无显著性。结论:缺血预适应对肢体缺血/再灌注后肺损伤具有保护作用,其机制可能与内源性NO合成增加有关。     

细胞自噬在大鼠肺缺血/再灌注引发肝脏损伤中的作用*

目的: 探讨肺缺血/再灌注(LI/R)时肝脏损伤的影响,并初步探索细胞自噬(Autophagy)在其中发挥的作用。方法: 构建大鼠缺血/再灌注肺损伤(LI/RI)模型,模型制备方法为大鼠麻醉后切开气管进行机械通气,使用动脉夹将肺门夹闭模拟缺血过程,30 min后松开动脉夹,恢复灌注3 h。24只大鼠随机分为伪手术组(Sham组)、缺血/再灌注组(I/R组)、溶剂组(DMSO组)和自噬抑制剂组(3-MA组),每组均6只,后2组大鼠术前分别腹腔注射DMSO和3-MA,造模结束后使用肺湿/干重比判断造模是否成功;抽取静脉血测定肝脏转氨酶指标ALT与AST;取肝脏组织,光镜下观察肝脏形态改变,以及电镜下观察肝细胞超微结构;使用RT-qPCR和Western blot实验分别检测肝脏组织细胞中自噬相关蛋白的基因mRNA表达水平和蛋白表达水平。结果: 与Sham组相比,其余各组肺湿/干重比均升高;血AST和ALT均有大幅升高且肝脏组织损伤明显,其中以I/R组升高最为明显,光镜下组织形态学及电镜下细胞微细结构均有不同程度的破坏;肝脏中自噬相关蛋白的基因表达水平与蛋白表达水平均有明显不同,表现为自噬上升 (P＜0.01或P＜0.05)。I/R组和DMSO组肝脏组织均有较重损伤,肝细胞结构破坏严重,自噬小体形成,而AST、ALT、自噬相关蛋白转录和表达水平等各项指标均无统计学差异(P＞0.05)。而相较于DMSO组,3-MA组肝脏组织损伤有所减轻,肝细胞微细结构损伤程度低,且无自噬小体形成,血中AST和ALT下降,肝脏组织内自噬水平均下降 (P＜0.05)。结论: 肺缺血/再灌注可引起大鼠肝损伤;细胞自噬可介导大鼠肺缺血/再灌注引起的肝损伤,抑制细胞自噬可以有效减轻大鼠LI/R引起的肝损伤。     

大鼠肢体缺血预处理对肝缺血/再灌注损伤的保护作用

目的：研究肢体缺血预处理对大鼠肝缺血/再灌注损伤是否具有保护作用。方法：雄性SD大鼠32只,随机分为对照组（S组）;缺血/再灌注组（I/R组）;经典缺血预处理组（IPC组）;肢体缺血预处理组（远端缺血预处理组,RPC组）。S组仅行开腹,不作其他处理;IPC组以肝缺血5min作预处理;RPC组以双后肢缺血5min,反复3次作预处理,2个预处理组及I/R组均行肝缺血1h再灌注3h。取血用于血清谷丙转氨酶（ALT）与血清谷草转氨酶（AST）检测。切取肝组织用于测定湿干比（W/D）、中性粒细胞（PMN）计数及观察显微、超微结构的变化。结果：与I/R组比较,IPC组,RPC组ALT,AST,W/D值,及PMN计数均明显降低（P〈0.01）,肝脏的显微及超微结构损伤减轻。结论：肢体缺血预处理对大鼠肝脏I/R损伤有明显的保护作用,强度与经典缺血预处理相当,其机制可能与抑制肝脏炎症反应、减轻肝脏水肿、改善肝组织微循环有关。     

肾缺血预处理对心脏缺血／再灌注损伤的保护作用

目的：探讨肾缺血预处理对家兔心脏缺血／再灌注（I／R）损伤的影响及意义。方法：32只大耳白家兔随机分为假手术（SO）、心脏I／R、经典缺血预处理（CIPC）及肾缺血预处理（RIPC）4组。观察各组心肌梗塞面积、左室舒缩功能、心脏超微结构及心律失常发生率的变化。结果：CIPC、RIPC组,心肌梗塞面积、再灌性心律失常发生率较I／R组明显降低,左室舒缩功能明显恢复（P＜0.01）,心脏超微结构损伤明显减轻。结论：RIPC可诱导出与CIPC类似的心脏保护效应。     

参麦注射液对肠缺血/再灌注肺损伤大鼠肺组织p38MAPK及凋亡相关基因表达的影响

目的:观察参麦注射液(SM)对肠缺血/再灌注(I/R)肺损伤大鼠肺组织p38MAPK和凋亡相关基因Bax、Bcl-2蛋白表达的影响,探讨其保护机制。方法:采用夹闭肠系膜上动脉(SMA)方法建立大鼠肠I/R损伤模型。24只SD大鼠随机分为对照组(Control组)、肠缺血/再灌注组(I/R组)、参麦注射液组(SM+I/R组),每组8只。比较各组大鼠肺湿/干比(W/D)、肺表面活性物质主要成分卵磷脂(PC)及总磷脂(TPL)含量的变化;同时免疫组织化学法检测各组大鼠肺组织中p38MAPK、Bax及Bcl-2蛋白的表达水平。结果:与对照组比较,I/R组肺组织W/D明显升高,而PC和TPL的含量显著降低,肺组织p38MAPK、Bcl-2和Bax蛋白表达明显增强(P均＜0.01),其中Bax的增强比Bcl-2的增强更为明显,Bcl-2/Bax比值降低(P＜0.01);与I/R组比较,SM+I/R组大鼠肺组织W/D明显降低,PC和TPL的含量增加,肺组织p38MAPK和Bax蛋白表达下降(P均＜0.01),Bcl-2的表达增强,Bcl-2/Bax比值明显升高(P＜0.01)。相关分析显示,肠I/R时肺组织p38MAPK蛋白表达水平与肺表面活性物质主要功能成分PC含量及凋亡基因Bcl-2/Bax比值呈负相关(r分别为-0.787,-0.731,P均＜0.01)。结论:SM可能通过抑制p38MAPK信号通路的激活,提高Bcl-2/Bax比值来阻抑细胞凋亡,从而减轻肠I/R时的肺损伤。     

川芎嗪对家兔肺缺血/再灌注损伤时Fas/FasL基因表达的影响

目的:探讨川芎嗪对肺缺血/再灌注损伤(PI/RI)时Fas/FasL基因表达的影响。方法:采用在体兔单肺原位缺血-再灌注模型。实验兔90只,随机均分为假手术对照组(Sham)、肺缺血/再灌注组(I/R)和肺缺血/再灌注加川芎嗪治疗组(LGT)。每组又分为再灌注1h3、h、5 h三个亚组,每个亚组10只,分别于再灌注1 h3、h、5 h三个时点取左肺组织,观察Fas/Fas配体(Fas/FasL)mRNA定位表达、凋亡指数(AI)、肺组织湿、干重比(W/D)、肺损伤组织学定量评价指标(IQA)及光镜、电镜下的组织形态学改变。结果:肺再灌注1 h、3 h、5 h,LGT组Fas/FasLmRNA在肺小动脉内(外)膜、肺小静脉内膜、肺泡上皮及肺支气管上皮弱阳性表达,与I/R组同一时点比较阳性表达明显减弱;AI、W/D和IQA值显著低于I/R组(P<0.01和P<0.05);肺组织形态学异常改变不同程度减轻。结论:川芎嗪可下调肺组织Fas/FasL mRNA的表达而减轻细胞凋亡,对PI/RI发挥积极的防护作用。     

Effect of ischemia and reperfusion without airway occlusion on vascular barrier function in the in vivo mouse lung.

Ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) lung injury causes increased vascular permeability and edema. We developed an in vivo murine model of I/R allowing measurement of pulmonary vascular barrier function without airway occlusion. The left pulmonary artery (PA) was occluded with an exteriorized, slipknotted suture in anesthetized C57BL/6J mice. The effect of ischemic time was determined by subjecting mice to 5, 10, or 30 min of left lung ischemia followed by 150 min of reperfusion. The effect of reperfusion time was determined by subjecting mice to 30 min of left lung ischemia followed by 30 or 150 min of reperfusion. Changes in pulmonary vascular barrier function were measured with the Evans blue dye (EBD) technique, dual-isotope radiolabeled albumin (RA), bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) protein concentration, and wet weight-to-dry weight ratio (WW/DW). Increasing left lung ischemia with constant reperfusion time or increasing left lung reperfusion time after constant ischemic time resulted in significant increases in left lung EBD content at all times compared with both right lung values and sham surgery mice. The effects of left lung ischemia on lung EBD were corroborated by RA but the effects of increasing reperfusion time differed, suggesting binding of EBD to lung tissue. An increase in WW/DW was only detected after 30 min of reperfusion, suggesting edema clearance. BAL protein concentrations were unaffected. We conclude that short periods of I/R, without airway occlusion, increase pulmonary vascular permeability in the in vivo mouse, providing a useful model to study molecular mechanisms of I/R lung injury.     

一氧化氮在大鼠肢体缺血再灌注后肺损伤中的作用

在大鼠肢体缺血再灌注（LIR）损伤模型上,观察应用一氧化氮合酶（NOS）抑制剂氨基胍（AG）及一氧化氮（NO）合成前体物质L－精氨酸（L－Arg)对大鼠骨骼肌和肺组织的NOS活性、NO含量、丙二醛（MDA）、髓过氧化物酶（MPO）和湿／干重（W／D）值的影响以及肺磷脂酰胆碱（PC）的改变,并观察了肺组织在光镜下形态学的变化。结果显示,与对照组比较,LIR组骨骼肌和肺组织NOS活性均增强,MDA值、MPO活性增加,W／D值增大,肺PC含量降低;光镜下,肺间质多形核粒细胞（PMN）聚集和浸润,肺间隔面密度值增加。给予AG后,与LIR组相比NOS活性降低,NO产生下降,而MPO活性、W／D比值增加,肺PC含量进一步降低;镜下PMN聚集和浸润增加,肺间隔面密度值增大。而给予L－Arg后能 减轻LIR引起的上述变化。上述结果提示,LIR后2h时,骨骼肌和肺组织NOS活性增加,NO产生增多;内源性NO可能在LIR所诱发的早期急性肺损伤中起保护作用。     

Naringin protects viscera from ischemia/reperfusion injury by regulating the nitric oxide level in a rat model

We investigated the effects of naringin on small intestine, liver, kidney and lung recovery after ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury of the gut. Rats were divided randomly into four groups of eight. Group A was the sham control; group B was ischemic for 2 h; group C was ischemic for 2 h and re-perfused for 2 h (I/R); group D was treated with 50 mg/kg naringin after ischemia, then re-perfused for 2 h. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expressions were detected by immunolabeling. We also measured arginase activity, amounts of nitric oxide (NO) and total protein. iNOS was increased significantly in the small intestine, liver and kidney in group C. iNOS was decreased significantly only in small intestine and lung in group D. eNOS was increased significantly in the small intestine, liver and lung in group C. eNOS was decreased in small intestine, liver and lung in group D; however, eNOS was decreased in the kidney in group C and increased in the kidney in group D. The amount of NO was decreased significantly in all tissues in group D, but arginase activity was decreased in the small intestine and lung, increased in the kidney and remained unchanged in the liver in group D. The total protein increased in the small intestine and liver in group D, but decreased significantly in the kidney and lung in group D. Naringin had significant, salutary effects on the biochemical parameters of I/R by decreasing the NO level, equilibrating iNOS and eNOS expressions, and decreasing arginase activity.     

Changes in pulmonary Cu−Zn contents in superior mesenteric artery occlusion shock of rabbit

Contents of Cu and Zn of into-pulmonary blood (IPB), out-pulmonary blood (OPB), Lung tissue, and supernatant and macrophages of Lung Lavage were determined in superior mesenteric artery occlusion (SMAO) shock of rabbits. Zn of pulmonary tissue was 11.42 +/- 0.60 and 14.52 +/- 1.78 (micrograms/g wet wt) in SMAO shock and control groups, respectively. Content of Zn was found to be lower, Cu was not changed, and Cu/Zn ratio increased in lung tissue in SMAO shock. Contents of Cu and Zn in other samples were not changed. The results suggest that lower Zn in lung tissue related to acute lung injury.     

缺血预处理对肢体缺血/再灌注时肺损伤的保护作用

目的：观察肢体缺血/再灌注（LI/R）时肺损伤的变化并探讨缺血预处理（IPC）对其保护作用。方法：复制家兔LI/R损伤模型,观察肢体缺血4 h再灌注4 h肺损伤的变化以及采用肢体IPC干预后对肺损伤的影响。从右颈外静脉和左颈总动脉采血,分别代表入肺血和出肺血,检测入、出肺血及肺组织超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）的活性、脂质过氧化物的代谢产物丙二醛（MDA）和一氧化氮（NO）的含量;同时测定肺组织总一氧化氮合酶（tNOS）和诱导型一氧化氮合酶（iNOS）的活性以及肢体IPC对上述指标的影响。结果：与对照组和缺血前比较,LI/R组松夹再灌注4 h入、出肺血及肺组织SOD活性明显降低,MDA和NO含量增高（P〈0.05,P〈0.01）;肺组织tNOS和iNOS活性亦升高,与对照组比较,有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。在缺血前给予IPC组,SOD活性升高,而MDA、NO含量降低,tNOS、iNOS活性也降低（P〈0.01）。相关分析显示MDA与SOD间存在明显负相关（P〈0.01）,而MDA与NO及iNOS呈显著正相关（P〈0.01）。结论：LI/R时并发的急性肺损伤与组织氧化代谢紊乱有关,IPC通过改善LI/R时肺组织氧化与抗氧化之间的平衡,进而增强肺组织的抗氧化能力,对LI/R肺损伤具有保护作用。     

O2 radicals mediate reperfusion lung injury in ischemic O2-ventilated canine pulmonary lobe

This study was undertaken to determine whether lung injury after a period of ischemia reperfusion is caused by O2 ventilation during ischemia and whether this injury is mediated by reactive O2 metabolites. Isolated canine left lower pulmonary lobes were subjected to room temperature ischemia for 6 h while being ventilated with either 100% O2, room air, or 100% N2. After the ischemic period, all lobes were perfused with autologous blood and ventilated with 100% O2 for an additional 4 h. In lobes ventilated with 100% O2 during the ischemic period, massive weight gain (228%) occurred 4 h after reperfusion. A marked increase in pulmonary shunt was noted. Lobes ventilated with room air behaved similarly. In contrast, lobes ventilated with 100% N2 gained significantly less weight (54%) and did not manifest any increase in pulmonary shunt. When lobes ventilated with 100% O2 or room air were pretreated with superoxide dismutase (SOD), the injury was significantly reduced. Pressure-volume deflation study of lobes, after ischemia only, demonstrated that ventilation with 100% O2 and with 100% N2 both equally decreased pulmonary compliance. We conclude that lung ischemia-reperfusion injury is related to O2 ventilation during ischemia and that injury can be prevented by administration of SOD or ventilation with 100% N2. This suggests that the injury is related to O2 metabolites produced during O2 ventilation in the absence of the circulation.     

细胞自噬在大鼠缺血/再灌注肺损伤中的调控作用

目的: 探讨细胞自噬在大鼠缺血/再灌注肺损伤中的作用。方法: 随机将40只SD大鼠分为5组(n=8),分别为 ① 假手术组(Sham组):只开胸3.5 h;② 缺血/再灌注组(I/R组):开胸夹闭肺门缺血0.5 h后再灌注3 h;③ 溶剂组(DMSO组):术前1 h腹腔注射DMSO溶液;④自噬激动剂组(Rap组):术前腹腔注射雷帕霉素溶液;⑤自噬抑制剂组(3-MA组):术前1 h腹腔注射3-MA溶液;后三组的其余操作同I/R组。实验结束后处死大鼠,取肺组织,记录并计算肺组织湿/干重比(W/D)、总肺含水量变化(TLW) ,光镜和电镜观察肺组织及细胞形态,计算肺泡损伤率(IAR),Western blot检测自噬相关蛋白的表达情况。结果: 相对于sham组,其余四组肺W/D、TLW、IAR均明显升高,自噬相关蛋白表达明显上升,p-AMPK、Beclin 1、LC3 II 蛋白明显增多,p-mTOR、p62蛋白明显减少(P＜0.05或P＜0.01),光镜下其余各组肺组织有不同程度的水肿渗出,肺泡结构紊乱,电镜下细胞超微结构损伤加重,部分可见自噬小体;与DMSO组相比,3-MA组肺W/D、TLW、IAR明显下降(P＜0.05或P＜0.01),自噬相关蛋白表达明显下降,肺间质水肿较轻,细胞渗出较少,细胞超微结构损伤减轻,未见自噬小体。而I/R、DMSO、Rap组的各项指标变化无统计学差异(P＞0.05)。结论: 肺缺血/再灌注可诱发细胞自噬增强,从而引起大鼠肺损伤。     

Changes of phospholipid composition and superoxide dismutase activity during global brain ischemia and reperfusion in rats

Alterations in phospholipid content and Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity were examined in rat brain after 15 min of global ischemia (four-vessel occlusion) followed by 2-, 24- or 48-h reperfusion. Phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), the main brain phospholipids, were markedly decreased in ischemic rats and remained decreased during the whole reperfusion period. Concentrations of phosphatidylinositol (PI) and sphingomyelin (SM) were also significantly reduced during ischemia but recovered during reperfusion period. In contrast, phosphatidylserine (PS) and lysophospholipids (LysoPL) were unchanged during ischemia but were elevated after 24 h of reperfusion. Significant reductions in blood plasma phospholipids were also demonstrated. 24-48 h of reperfusion markedly decreased PE, PC and PS contents, while the concentrations were almost unchanged by ischemia alone. Brain SOD activity decreased significantly during ischemia and was recovered to control value already after 2 h of reperfusion. These results suggest that ischemia/reperfusion is accompanied by a significant and selective degradation of brain phospholipids that may be attributable to oxidative stress and activation of phospholipases.     

Intestinal ischemic preconditioning: Less xanthine accumulation relates with less apoptosis

Ischemic preconditioning has shown to reduce apoptosis in the intestinal mucosa during ischemia/reperfusion. This study evaluated if the decrease of apoptotic events found during preconditioning could be related with a reduction of the substrate (i.e., xanthine/hypoxanthine) available for xanthine oxidase (XO). Animals were randomly assigned to the following study groups: C, control; I/R, ischemia/reperfusion; P+I/R, ischemic preconditioning; P+I/R+H/X, ischemic preconditioning plus hypoxanthine/xanthine, and P+I/R+H/X+Allo, ischemic preconditioning plus hypoxanthine/xanthine plus allopurinol. Caspase-3 activity, DNA fragmentation and TUNEL staining increased in the I/R group compared to control. Ischemic preconditioning (P+I/R group) was able to reverse these apoptotic variables to a level similar to that of control rats. The addition of hypoxanthine/xanthine to rats subjected to ischemic preconditioning (P+I/R+H/X group) showed the highest apoptotic activity; however, further addition of allopurinol (P+I/R+H/X+Allo group) decreased significantly apoptotic activity and events. In conclusion, intestinal ischemic preconditioning is able to reduce apoptosis during the following sustained ischemia/reperfusion event because of a reduced accumulation of xanthine/hypoxanthine nucleotide.     

肢体缺血预处理减轻大鼠海马缺血/再灌注损伤

目的:探讨肢体缺血预处理(LIP)对大鼠全脑缺血/再灌注损伤的影响.方法: 36只大鼠椎动脉凝闭后随机分为假手术(Control)组、脑缺血组、肢体缺血组、LIP 0 d组(LIP后即刻行脑缺血)、LIP 1 d组(LIP后1 d行脑缺血)和LIP 2 d组(LIP后2 d行脑缺血).重复夹闭大鼠双侧股动脉3次(每次10 min,间隔10 min)作为LIP,夹闭颈总动脉进行全脑缺血8 min后再灌注.硫堇染色观察海马CA1区组织学分级及锥体神经元密度以判断海马损伤程度.结果:脑缺血组海马CA1区锥体神经元损伤严重,与Control组比较,组织学分级明显升高,神经元密度明显降低(P<0.01).LIP 0 d组海马CA1区神经元损伤较脑缺血组明显减轻,组织学分级明显降低,神经元密度明显升高(P<0.01).而LIP 1 d组和LIP 2 d组大鼠海马CA1区锥体细胞缺失较多,仍有明显的组织损伤.结论:LIP可减轻随后立即发生的脑缺血/再灌注损伤,但对间隔1 d后的脑缺血/再灌注损伤无显著对抗作用.     

Ischemic post-conditioning protects brain and reduces inflammation in a rat model of focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion

Ischemic post-conditioning (Post-cond) is a phenomenon in which intermittent interruptions of blood flow in the early phase of reperfusion can protect organ from ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Recent studies demonstrated ischemic Post-cond reduced infarct size in cerebral I/R injury. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying this phenomenon are not completely understood. As inflammation is known to be detrimental to the neurological outcome during the acute phase after stroke, we investigated whether ischemic Post-cond played its protective role in preventing post-ischemic inflammation in the rat middle cerebral artery occlusion model. Rats were treated with ischemic Post-cond after 60 min of occlusion (beginning of reperfusion). The infarct volume and myeloperoxidase activity were assessed at 24 h. The lipid peroxidation levels was evaluated by malondialdehyde assay and the expressions of interleukin-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α, and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 were studied by RT-PCR or western blotting. Ischemic Post-cond decreased myeloperoxidase activity and expressions of interleukin-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α, and intercellular adhesion molecule 1. Ischemic Post-cond also reduced infarct volume and lipid peroxidation levels. These findings indicated that ischemic Post-cond may be a promising neuroprotective approach for focal cerebral I/R injury and it is achieved, at least in part, by the inhibition of inflammation.     

缺血后处理对缺血／再灌注大鼠心肌间质保护效应机制的探讨

目的：观察缺血后处理（IPIC）对缺血／再灌注（I／R）大鼠心肌基质金属蛋白酶-2（MMP-2）和基质金属蛋白酶抑制剂-2（TIMP-2）变化的影响,探讨IPTC保护I／R心脏间质的机制。方法：24只健康雄性SD大鼠随机分为3组（n：8）：假手术组（SC组）、I／R组和IPTC组。记录各组左室血流动力学变化,观察心肌胶原含量,测定血浆中肌酸激酶（CK）和乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）浓度。以Westernblot法测定心肌组织中MMP-2和TIMP-2蛋白表达水平,以实时定量PCR（RT-PCR）法检测MMP-2和TIMP-2的表达水平。结果：与sC组相比,I／R组心肌胶原含量和左室舒缩功能明显降低,血浆cK、LDH活力和心肌MMP-2蛋白表达及mRNA水平明显升高,TIMP-2蛋白及mRNA水平明显降低;而IPTC组,大鼠心肌胶原含量和左室舒缩功能明显升高,血浆cK、LDH活力和心肌MMP-2蛋白表达及mRNA水平降低,TIMP-2蛋白及mRNA水平升高。结论：IPTC对再灌注损伤心肌间质有保护作用,其机制可能与抑制心肌中MMP-2表达,促进TIMP-2表达有关。     

Oxygen-Derived Free Radicals Mediate Liver Damage in Rats Subjected to Tourniquet Shock

The placement of rubber band tourniquets upon rat hind-limbs for 5 h followed by reperfusion of the extremities results in a severe form of circulatory shock characterized by hypotension and death within 24 h of tourniquet release. Oxidative damage to muscle tissue is an early consequence of hind-limb reperfusion on tourniquet release, yet this local damage does not explain the lethal hypotensive shock state which evolves within the next 24 h. Multiple system organ failure (MSOF), of as of yet unknown causes, is usually described in relation to several shock states. It has been suggested that injured or necrotic tissue may activate neutrophils, platelets, and the coagulation system leading to embolization in remote tissues. Effective decreases in hepatic blood flow have been observed in several forms of sepsis which precedes the biochemical evidence consistent with an ischemic insult of the liver. In support of our original hypothesis, that organ failure has its genesis in a primary perfusion abnormality with secondary ischemic organ injury, herein we have assessed the possibility that oxygen-derived free radicals are generated in the liver of rats after reperfusion of their hind-limbs on release of the tourniquets. We report on the protective effects of allopurinol (ALLO) and a mixture of superoxide dismutase (SOD) catalase (CAT) and dimethylfulfoxide (DMSO) on liver free sulfhydryl content (SH), thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS), and on the release of aspartic acid (AsT) and alanine aminotransferase (AIT) activities, and of alkaline phosphatase during a 5 h tourniquet period and after 2 h of reperfusion of the hind-limbs. During the hind-limb ischemic period hepatis tissue SH levels remained essentially constant during the first hour (6.02 ± 0.36 to 5.65 ± 0.20 μmoles/g wet tissue), and decreased significantly, over and above the normal circadian decrease of liver glutathione levels, to 4.02 ± 0.69 μmoles/g wet tissue after the third hour and remained lowered until tourniquet release. A further significant decrease (3.11 ± 0.49 μmoles/g wet tissue) was observed after 2h of reperfusion. TBARS production remained constant during the 5 h hind-limb ischemic period (168.4 ± 37.3 μmoles/g wet tissue) and rose by 55+ to 261.7 ± 55.8 μmoles/g wet tissue after 2 h of tourniquet release. ALLO, but not the SOD-CAT-DMSO combination, protected hepatic SH loss during the hind-limb ischemic insult, yet both offered protection after 2 h of tournoquet release. With regard to TBARS production, ALLO and the SOD-CAT-DMSO mixture had no effect on basal levels during the ischemic period, but both significantly reduced liver TBARS production after the two hour reperfusion period of hind limb reperfusion. Plasma AsT levels rose 8-fold from 99.4 ± 7.2 to 193 ± 17.0 U/L after the 5-hour tourniquet period, and to 844.8 ± 75.1 U/L two hours after hind-limb reperfusion. The plasma levels of AsT were significantly lower in both the ALLO and SOD-CAT-DMSO pre-treated animals. This was not the case with plasma AIT levels which increased 3-fold during the reperfusion period, but which could not be protected with these same pre-treatment protocols. Alkaline phosphatase plasma levels increased 2-fold during the same period. It is concluded that oxidative stress to the liver, as a result of himd-limb ischemia followed by reperfusion, is partly responsible for the MSOF which leads to circulatory derangements and death of rats subjected to this tourniquet shock model.