中国堇菜属美丽堇菜亚属(堇菜科)植物分类学修订

对中国堇菜属美丽堇菜亚属植物进行了系统学修订,确认中国堇菜属美丽堇菜亚属植物共有6种,列出分种检索表,对《中国植物志》51卷中未记载的3种进行了详细的描述,并对塔城堇菜、深紫堇菜及隐距堇菜进行了绘图。     

植物环蛋白的结构

简要介绍了植物环蛋白的定义、结构特点、研究历史、分布、提取分离方法、化学合成与生物合成、生物活性与生物功能。并主要以从紫花蔓地丁( Viola labridorica) 中分离得到的六个环蛋白之一, cycloviolacin O2 为例介绍通过还原酶解- 质谱与二维核磁共振谱结合鉴定环蛋白结构的研究方法。     

蔓茎堇菜和柔毛堇菜多糖的抑菌抗氧化活性

利用乙醇沉淀法提取蔓茎堇菜Viola diffusa和柔毛堇菜V.principis多糖并分别进行抑菌及抗氧化试验。结果表明,蔓茎堇菜和柔毛堇菜多糖提取率分别为7.0%和8.3%。不同倍数体积无水乙醇沉淀提取的多糖抑菌和抗氧化能力不同。抑菌效果显示,蔓茎堇菜多糖对大肠杆菌和枯草芽孢杆菌的抑菌圈分别可达8.46mm和8.59mm,柔毛堇菜对大肠杆菌和枯草芽孢杆菌的抑菌圈均可达9.13mm,但两种堇菜多糖对黑曲霉和啤酒酵母未呈现抑制活性;抗氧化研究发现,蔓茎堇菜多糖抗氧化活性为243.64U·mL^-1,柔毛堇菜多糖抗氧化活性为411.78U·mL^-1。由此可见,无论是抑菌还是抗氧化活性方面,柔毛堇菜极显著优于蔓茎堇菜(P<0.01)。蔓茎堇菜和柔毛堇菜多糖都具有一定的抑菌抗氧化活性,均可作为食药两用植物资源进行开发利用。     

Factors Influencing Seed: Ovule Ratios and Reproductive Success in Four Cleistogamous Species: A Comparison between Two Flower Types

Abstract: Ovule and seed numbers, and the ratio between the two, were determined in chasmogamous (CH) and cleistogamous (CL) flowers/fruits in four perennial herbs: Viola hirta, V. mirabilis, V. riviniana, and Oxalis acetosella. The results were applied to data from earlier studies on fruit set and progeny performance in these species, to find implications for factors influencing seed: ovule (S: O) ratio, to relate S: O ratio to other fitness components, and to compare final numbers of seedlings per initiated ovule between the two reproductive modes. Mechanisms considered to have a potential impact on S: O ratios were pollen limitation, resource limitation, and "genetic load". In V. mirabilis and O. acetosella, mean S: O ratio was significantly higher in the CL phase than in the CH phase; in V. hirta and V. riviniana, there was no difference. Pollen limitation seemed improbable as a factor important for seed set in all species, and no indication was found of resource limitation. There was a negative correlation between S: O ratio and seed germination rate in O. acetosella, indicating that seed abortion, particularly in CH fruits, may be a way to purge inferior zygotes. The high CH S: O ratios in all species suggest that substantial selfing also occurs in this phase. The final number of seedlings per ovule did not differ significantly between modes in any of the species, partly due to poorer germination in CL seeds. This indicates that, despite the often lower pre-emergent reproductive success (fruit and seed set) in the CH phase, total reproductive success will not differ between the two modes because post-emergent selection is stronger on CL progeny. The strongest limitation on pre-emergent reproductive success in both phases is apparently related to flower/fruit abortion.     

Characterization of newly developed microsatellite loci in the stemmed yellow violet,Viola pubescens (Violaceae)

Viola pubescens is a perennial herb with a mixed mating system involving the production of both open, chasmogamous flowers and closed, cleistogamous flowers. Using a nonradioactive protocol, 12 microsatellite primers that amplified loci with perfect and imperfect repeats were developed in the species. As examined in five populations of V. pubescens using multiplex reactions, all loci exhibited polymorphism with an average of 5.4 alleles. Most primers also amplified in 12 additional Viola species and one cultivar, revealing the possibility of wide applicability across the genus. This is the first known report of microsatellite loci developed in Viola and the Violaceae.     

Spread of violets in polluted pine forests: morphological and molecular evidence for the ecological importance of interspecific hybridization

Hybridization between plant species occurs frequently but hybrids are often restricted to ecotones or disturbed habitats. In this study we show that introgressive hybrids between the tetraploid Viola riviniana and the diploid V. reichenbachiana invaded pine forests of the Dübener Heide (central Germany), an area affected by calcareous pollutants. The spread of these violet populations was correlated with the impact of pollution on habitat conditions. We compared morphology, cytology and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) bands among six Viola populations from the Dübener Heide and three populations of each pure species. RAPD analysis using 12 primers revealed 141 scorable bands. We considered bands as species specific if they occurred in at least 75% of the plants in one pure violet species but in none of the other. Seven bands were specific to V. riviniana and 11 bands were specific to V. reichenbachiana . Two plants of a V. reichenbachiana population were identified as hybrids. Of the Viola populations from the Dübener Heide, one was diploid and could be classified as V. reichenbachiana by morphology and RAPD markers. However, the majority of the Dübener Heide populations were tetraploid, and of a more variable morphology than V. riviniana and V. reichenbachiana , showing different combinations of intermediate characters, characters of the pure species and extreme characters. Despite their overall genetic similarity to V. riviniana , these plants could be identified as introgressive hybrids between V. riviniana and V. reichenbachiana by species-specific RAPD bands. Therefore, we propose that recurrent hybridization and backcrossing resulted in novel genotypes adapted to the changed environment of polluted pine forests.     

Spread of violets in polluted pine forests: morphological and molecular evidence for the ecological importance of interspecific hybridization

Hybridization between plant species occurs frequently but hybrids are often restricted to ecotones or disturbed habitats. In this study we show that introgressive hybrids between the tetraploid Viola riviniana and the diploid V. reichenbachiana invaded pine forests of the Dübener Heide (central Germany), an area affected by calcareous pollutants. The spread of these violet populations was correlated with the impact of pollution on habitat conditions. We compared morphology, cytology and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) bands among six Viola populations from the Dübener Heide and three populations of each pure species. RAPD analysis using 12 primers revealed 141 scorable bands. We considered bands as species specific if they occurred in at least 75% of the plants in one pure violet species but in none of the other. Seven bands were specific to V. riviniana and 11 bands were specific to V. reichenbachiana . Two plants of a V. reichenbachiana population were identified as hybrids. Of the Viola populations from the Dübener Heide, one was diploid and could be classified as V. reichenbachiana by morphology and RAPD markers. However, the majority of the Dübener Heide populations were tetraploid, and of a more variable morphology than V. riviniana and V. reichenbachiana , showing different combinations of intermediate characters, characters of the pure species and extreme characters. Despite their overall genetic similarity to V. riviniana , these plants could be identified as introgressive hybrids between V. riviniana and V. reichenbachiana by species-specific RAPD bands. Therefore, we propose that recurrent hybridization and backcrossing resulted in novel genotypes adapted to the changed environment of polluted pine forests.     

Accumulation of arsenic and heavy metals in some Viola species from an abandoned mine,Alchar, Republic of Macedonia (FYROM)

Abstract

The uptake and distribution of arsenic (As) and some heavy metals was determined in three Viola endemic species from As‐overloaded soil in an abandoned mine at Alchar, Republic of Macedonia (FYROM – The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia). Some essential elements were also analyzed in order to characterize the common geochemical properties of this site. Total As content in soil ranged from 3347 to 14,467 mg kg^?1, and plant available As from 23 to 1589 mg kg^?1. The concentration of As in roots ranged from 783 mg kg^?1 in Viola macedonica to 2124 mg kg^?1 in Viola arsenica. Only a small amount of As accumulated in the aboveground parts of these species (<100 mg kg^?1), while in shoots of Viola allchariensis, As accumulated in the range 187–439 mg kg^?1. Arsenic accumulation in the roots of these Viola species may make these plants valuable tools for the bioindication and phytoremediation (phytostabilization) of As in naturally loaded and anthropogenically contaminated soils.     

Isolation and characterization of microsatellite markers for Viola mirabilis (Violaceae) using a next‐generation sequencing platform

We isolated and characterized microsatellite loci in Viola mirabilis (Violaceae), an endangered species from South Korea. Twenty‐three polymorphic microsatellite loci were developed and tested in Korean, Chinese and Japanese populations. The number of alleles per locus varied from two to eight. The observed and expected heterozygosities within the three populations were 0.000–0.625 and 0.469–0.695, respectively. A total of six loci in the Korean population, one locus in the Chinese population and seven loci in the Japanese population deviated from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium. We expect that these newly developed microsatellite markers will contribute to understanding the phylogeography and population genetics of V. mirabilis, which will aid in developing conservation strategies for this species.     

云南堇菜属新种

记述了云南产堇菜属3新种,鸡足山堇菜,淡黄堇菜,宾川堇菜。     

国产堇菜属植物花粉形态的研究

本文应用光学显微镜及扫描电镜对国产３２种堇菜属植物的花粉形态进行了观察,结果表明,在光学显微镜下,除Ｖ．ｔｒｉｃｏｌｏｒＬ．外,堇菜属植物的花粉形态比校一致,对本属的分类意义不大。在扫描电镜下的花粉外壁纹饰亦表明本属是一个较为自然的类群。但国产四亚属之间的花粉在外壁纹饰,颗粒的多少和有无,穿孔的多少和有无等方面存在着较明显的差异,而在亚属内则分化校小。支持了Ｊｕｚｅｐｃｈｕｋ（１９４９）和王庆瑞（１９９１）的分类处理。     

堇菜属(堇菜科)植物新资料

对堇菜科堇菜属Viola的两个种进行了组合。认为过去在东南亚植物文献上记载的Viola curvistylis实为我国云南、海南等地产的云南堇菜V．yunnanensis,前者为后者的异名;而我国文献上记载的光叶堇菜V．hossei实为东南亚分布的V．sumatrana,前者为后者的异名。文中引用的标本全部存放于邱园(Kew)标本馆。     

中国堇菜属(堇菜科)一些种类的修订

通过对模式标本的研究,将Viola principis和V.pogonantha分别作为V.fargesii和V.pilosa的异名;结合野外工作,对V.kwangtungensis做了新的处理。     

Genetic and morphological variation in Viola suavis s.l. (Violaceae) in the western Balkan Peninsula: two endemic subspecies revealed

The Balkan Peninsula, with many endemic species, is known as one of the most important speciation and diversification centres in Europe. Here, we present a study of the western Balkan populations of the polymorphic European species, V. suavis s.l., which have been reported under the name V. adriatica, but their taxonomic status and position within the genus have remained uncertain. Viola suavis s.l. and nine close relatives sampled across Europe were subjected to molecular (sequencing of nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacers and amplified fragment length polymorphism), karyological and morphometric analyses. Our results revealed the presence of four allopatric, genetically and morphologically differentiated lineages within V. suavis s.l. in Europe, which are suggested here to be recognized at the subspecific rank. Populations from the western Balkans were segregated into two distinct entities: (1) those from north-western Croatia correspond to the previously recognized taxon, V. suavis subsp. adriatica and (2) those from southern Dalmatia (southern Croatia, southern Bosnia and Herzegovina, and south-western Montenegro) are described here as V. suavis subsp. austrodalmatica subsp. nov. The other two lineages of V. suavis s.l., which both harbour blue- and white-flowered morphotypes, occur in central and eastern Europe (V. suavis subsp. suavis) and in north-eastern Spain (plants provisionally treated as V. suavis ‘Spain’). The AFLP and morphological data indicate gene flow between the nominate subspecies and V. suavis subsp. adriatica in a few localities. The distribution of the two western Balkan subspecies is discussed and an identification key to the V. suavis subspecies in Europe is presented.     

广东堇菜属植物新记录

报道了广东省3种新分布堇菜属植物,分别为犁头叶堇菜Viola magnifica Ching J.Wanget X.D.Wang、白花戟叶堇菜Viola betonicifolia Sm.var.albescens(Nakai)F.Maek.et T.Hashim.和假如意草Viola pseudo-arcuata C.C.Chang。     

角堇与大花三色堇染色体核型分析

以2份角堇与4份大花三色堇自交系为试验材料,采用染色体常规压片方法,观察和分析了它们的细胞染色体数目、相对长度、平均臂比等核型指标,以明确两种植物细胞学特点,为分类以及育种提供理论依据。结果表明:(1)2份角堇自交系染色体数目均为2n=2x=26,染色体基数为x=13,染色体核型公式分别为2n=2x=26=8m+12sm+6st、2n=2x=26=4m+16sm+6st,核型不对称系数为67.20%~70.10%,核型分类均属于3B。(2)4份大花三色堇自交系均为四倍体,其中2份(EYO-1-2-1-4、DSRFY-1-1-2)染色体数目为44,核型公式为2n=4x=44=4m+16sm+6st、2n=4x=44=16m+24sm+4st;2份(G10-1-3-1-4、XXL-YB-1-1-1-1)染色体数目为48,核型公式分别为2n=4x=48=8m+20sm+20st、2n=4x=48=4m+36sm+8st,核型不对称系数为66.74%~71.77%,核型分类属于2B、3B。     

浙江堇菜属植物新记录

报道了2种堇菜属植物在浙江的分布新记录,分别是福建堇菜(Viola kosanensis Hayata)和亮毛堇菜(Vio-la lucens W.Becker).     

Evolution, phylogeography, and taxonomy within the Viola alba complex (Violaceae)

 Taxa of the Viola alba complex were investigated using allozymes and morphometry. A taxonomic revision is presented. A wide delimitation of V. alba with only three morphological and geographical subspecies is suggested: (1) ssp. dehnhardtii distributed in the Mediterranean eastwards to Turkey; (2) ssp. alba flanking ssp. dehnhardtii in the north and east; and (3) ssp. cretica endemic to Crete. Ssp. cretica, up to now treated as a separate species, is particularly close to ssp. dehnhardtii. Viola cadevallii (NW Mediterranean) is included in the synonymy of ssp. dehnhardtii. Ssp. scotophylla (S Europe), ssp. thessala (Balkan), V. armena (Turkey), and V. besseri (Caucasus) are reduced to synonyms of V. alba ssp. alba. Viola pentelica (Greece) might represent transitional forms between ssp. alba and ssp. dehnhardtii. Glacial refugia for ssp. alba are suggested from the eastern Mediterranean via Turkey to the Caucasus, for ssp. dehnhardtii in the Mediterranean area in general, and for ssp. cretica in Crete. A key to the subspecies is provided. Taxonomic recombination: Viola alba Bess. ssp. cretica (Boiss. & Heldr.) Marcussen, comb. nov. Received June 17, 2002; accepted November 27, 2002 Published online: March 20, 2003     

中国堇菜（堇菜科）两新异名

将《中国植物志》中未收录的我国堇菜属2种Viola hupeiana W.Beck.和Violapulla W.Beck.分别处理为Violaverecunda A.Gray和Violalucens W.Beck.的异名。     

A Further Study of the Genus Viola in Hebei Province

In this study, 23 OTU’s including all the species of Viola in Hebei Province were used in numerical taxonomic treatment. According to the principle of clustering line method, a few lines which divide sections, subsections and species were respectively decided. The result of numerical research roughly coincides with the scheme of 3 sections and 4 subsections proposed by Gingins et al.. Based on the value of distance coefficient, morphological characters and geographical distribution, the species V. pekinensis is reduced as a synonym of V. mongolica. The writer compared section Melanium with other sections with characters of morphology, palynology, cytology, phytogeography as well as pollination ecology and sugges ted a revision of systematic position of section Melanium.