植物增殖细胞核抗原的结构与功能

增殖细胞核抗原(PCNA)是真核生物细胞中一类保守蛋白,在DNA复制、DNA修复及细胞周期调控过程中具有非常重要的作用。我们简要介绍植物PCNA的结构、表达调控及其功能的研究进展。     

MAR的分子结构

核基质(nuclear matrix)是真核生物细胞核中存在的主要由非组蛋白性纤维蛋白组成的空间网架结构.它参与了真核生物几乎所有的细胞核功能,包括DNA复制、RNA的合成和调控以及hnRNA的加工、染色体的功能构建、有丝分裂、甾类激素作用、病毒复制和致癌作用等.最近的研究表明,核基质还与雌体细胞的第二条X染色体的钝化有关[1].这些生物学功能是核基质通过识别基因组中与之特异结合的DNA序列--MAR(matrix association region)来实现的.自从1984年Mirkovitch等在果蝇hsp70和组蛋白基因侧翼发现第一批MAR分子以来[2],已有大量的MAR在各种真核生物中被克隆和测序.作为真核染色质loop的边界元件(boundary elemnt)和染色质功能区域(fountional domain)的顺式作用元件[3],MAR为研究真核基因(或基因组)的结构和功能之间的对应关系提供了一种联系的纽带.表1中列出了截至1997年底所发现并鉴定的所有MAR分子,通过对这些MAR的序列分析,我们可以找到一些MAR的结构特征.     

真核生物DNA复制起始调控

复制起始调控是真核生物复制调控机制的重要环节,也是细胞生长调控的核心问题．对SV40病毒和酵母体系的研究为阐明真核生物的复制起始机制及其与细胞周期的关系提供了线索．目前,与DNA复制起始有关的多种蛋白质因子（如核蛋白P₁,DNA单链结合蛋白,DNA聚合酶α,增殖细胞核抗原等）的作用机理逐渐明朗,周期依赖的调控特点得到了证实文章着重介绍了DNA复制起始在细胞周期中的两个调控点及各种周期蛋白在该点的作用,文中还涉及复制起始异常与肿瘤发生的关系.     

S/MAR与基因表达

在真核生物的细胞核内,基因组是通过ＤＮＡ的核骨架附着（ＳＡＲ）或称核基质附着区（ＭＡＲ）（简记为Ｓ／ＭＡＲ）锚定在核骨架网状系统上的．Ｓ／ＭＡＲ既有一定的特征,又有多样性,研究认为它参与了ＤＮＡ复制调控和转录调控等多种核内生化过程,通过重组,在目的基因一侧或两侧带上Ｓ／ＭＡＲ后作基因转染或基因动植物,发现整合后的基因表达有时可增强几倍,甚至上万倍和／或显示位置独立效应,有些研究还报道,Ｓ／ＭＡＲ能     

生物的分界与前源真核生物界的提出

根据本实验室对贾第虫（Ｇｉａｒｄｉａ）细胞核的观察、研究,并参阅有关文献及电镜照片报道,发现双滴虫类的细胞核有两个极原始的特征：１）还没有进化出核仁;２）核被膜尚不完整。它们在核分裂方面也是极原始的。据此,作者建议把Ｃａｖａｌｉｅｒ—Ｓｍｉｔｈ（１９８９）提出的源真核生物（Ａｒｃｈｅｚｏａ）超界中的源真核生物界划分为两个界,即以双滴虫门为代表的前源真核生物（Ｐｒｏａｒｃｈｅｚｏａ）界和包含目前所知的其他源真核生物的后源真核生物（Ｍｅｔａｒｃｈｅｚｏａ）界。     

RNA的核质转运

ＲＮＡ的核质转运蒋诗平（中国科学技术大学国家同步辐射实验室,合肥２３００２９）李振刚（中国科学技术大学生物系,合肥２３００２６）关键词核质转运转运信号介质前言ＲＮＡ转运是真核生物细胞核质转运的重要过程之一。核孔复合物（ｎｕｃｌｅａｒｐｏｒｅｃｏｍｐｌ...     

染色质三维结构重建及其生物学意义

真核生物的基因组在细胞核中以染色质的形式存在,染色质的功能与它的三维结构紧密相关,例如,基因组的复制、转录、调控、DNA突变、长链非编码RNA的传播和胚胎发育等生物功能都是在细胞核的三维空间中完成的.随着染色体构象捕获及其衍生技术与高通量测序技术的结合,产生了大量的染色质交互作用数据.根据这些染色质交互作用数据,研究人员已经提出很多种方法来重建染色质的三维结构.这些方法有助于在不同分辨率下系统地研究染色质的三维结构,为更好地了解染色质的调控功能提供了结构依据.本文总结了近期染色质三维结构建模方法的进展,并探讨了其在研究染色质生物学功能方面的应用.     

Importin β1介导的病毒蛋白入核转运在病毒复制中作用的研究进展

核转运受体蛋白importinβ1是输入蛋白importinβ家族重要成员之一,它是一种相对保守的、广泛分布于真核生物细胞内的核转运受体蛋白。许多研究表明,importinβ1能直接识别和结合含有不同类型核定位信号的病毒蛋白并转运其入核,此过程对病毒的整个复制和致病进程起着十分重要的作用。该文主要从importinβ1的结构特征、介导的病毒蛋白入核转运机制以及在病毒复制中的作用、药物阻断importinβ1参与的病毒复制等研究方面进行综述,以期为后续研究病毒蛋白细胞核定位的分子机制和功能以及抗病毒治疗提供参考。     

值得注意的细胞周期调节蛋白

细胞周期调节蛋白在细胞周期的G_1期和S期交界处开始合成,S期结束后消失。细胞内定位在核内,又称分裂细胞核抗原。细胞周期调节蛋白含量与细胞分裂状况直接有关。细胞周期调节蛋白为细胞DNA复制所必须,是DNA聚合酶δ的活化蛋白。因此细胞周期调节蛋白对于真核生物DNA复制的调控及细胞分裂具有重要意义,值得重视。     

植物细胞器间遗传信息转移

真核生物细胞质中有多种执行特定功能的细胞器, 其中线粒体和质体含有独立的基因组, 但细胞器的遗传信息储量有限, 其多数结构和功能蛋白质仍然由核基因组编码.来自植物的相关研究表明, 细胞核与细胞器间不仅在功能上相互依存, 而且遗传信息分子能跨越生物膜屏障, 在细胞核与细胞器间及不同的细胞器间进行传递, 并由此可以引起部分遗传信息在细胞内定位及基因表达等方面的相应改变.细胞器间遗传信息转移机制的研究将为深入认识核质相互作用及真核生物的进化提供重要的线索.     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.