两种生态型榕树的叶绿素含量、荧光特性和叶片气体交换日变化的比较研究

比较盆栽 生榕树和两栖型树的形态差异、叶片叶绿素含量、叶绿素荧光特性和气体交换的日变化。两栖型榕树具有较发达的气生根和水生不定根,叶片比陆生榕树宽,并有向中生性 倾向,陆生榕树的叶绿素含量比两栖榕树高,净光合速率略高于水培两栖型榕树,但明显高于土培两栖型榕树,蒸腾速率以水培两栖型树最高,陆生榕树次之,土培两栖型榕树最低,线性回归分析表明,三者的叶片气孔导度与净光合速率变化均呈正相关,气孔导度的变化     

Responses of leaf stomatal density to water status and its relationship with photosynthesis in a grass

Responses of plant leaf stomatal conductance and photosynthesis to water deficit have been extensively reported; however, little is known concerning the relationships of stomatal density with regard to water status and gas exchange. The responses of stomatal density to leaf water status were determined, and correlation with specific leaf area (SLA) in a photosynthetic study of a perennial grass, Leymus chinensis, subjected to different soil moisture contents. Moderate water deficits had positive effects on stomatal number, but more severe deficits led to a reduction, described in a quadratic parabolic curve. The stomatal size obviously decreased with water deficit, and stomatal density was positively correlated with stomatal conductance (g(s)), net CO(2) assimilation rate (A(n)), and water use efficiency (WUE). A significantly negative correlation of SLA with stomatal density was also observed, suggesting that the balance between leaf area and its matter may be associated with the guard cell number. The present results indicate that high flexibilities in stomatal density and guard cell size will change in response to water status, and this process may be closely associated with photosynthesis and water use efficiency.     

Genetic variation in and covariation between leaf gas exchange,morphology, and development in Polygonum arenastrum,an annual plant

Summary We present evidence of genetic variation in and covariation between leaf-level gas exchange properties and leaf size among family lines of Polygonum arenastrum. This self-fertilizing annual had previously been shown to vary genetically in developmental phenology and in morphology (size of leaves, internodes, flowers and seeds) (Geber 1990). Significant family differences were found in photosynthetic carbon assimilation rate (A), lcaf conductance to water vapor (g), instantaneous water-use efficiency (WUE), and leaf carbon isotope discrimination (). A strong positive genetic correlation between A and g suggested that there was stomatal limitation on A. In addition, higher g led to relatively greater increases in transpiration, E, than in assimilation, A, so that families with high rates of gas exchange had lower instantaneous WUE and/or higher carbon isotope discrimination values. Leaf size and gas exchange were genetically correlated. In earlier studies leaf size was found to be genetically correlated with developmental phenology (Geber 1990). The pattern that emerges is one in which small-leaved families (which also have small internodes, flowers, and seeds) tend to have high gas exchange rates, low WUE, rapid development to flowering and high early fecundity, but reduced life span and maximum (vegetative and reproductive) yield compared to large-leaved families. We suggest that this pattern may have arisen from selection for contrasting suites of characters adapted to environments differing in season length.     

不同施肥水平对旱地冬小麦水分利用效率的影响

1987—1988年,研究了旱地施肥对冬小麦(Triticum aestivum cv．Shanhe No．6)水分利用效率的影响,初步探讨了“以肥调水”的生理机制。施肥不仅提高了旱地土壤含水量,更重要的是提高了土壤水势和土壤水的有效性,从而增加了有效水分利用。施肥增大旱地冬小麦绿叶面积,延缓叶片衰老,从而降低土壤蒸发,增加蒸腾用水潜势和光合潜势,但净同化率不一定提高。施肥增加旱地冬小麦总的水分利用(ET,即蒸散量)和蒸腾(T)用水,增加地上部生物产量,提高了经济产量和水分利用效率。施肥使冬小麦同时具有耗水和节水以抵御干旱的能力,对植株具有调节作用,使之更好地适应干旱环境。     

Minimum hydraulic safety leads to maximum water-use efficiency in a forage grass

Understanding how water-use regulation relates to biomass accumulation is imperative for improving crop production in water-limited environments. Here, we examine how the vulnerability of xylem to water stress-induced cavitation and the coordination between water transport capacity and assimilation (A) influences diurnal water-use efficiency (WUE) and dry-matter production in Lolium perenne L. - a commercial forage grass. Plants were exposed to a range of water stresses, causing up to 90% leaf death, by withholding water and then rewatering to observe the recovery process. Leaf hydraulic conductance (K(leaf) ) declined to 50% of maximum at a leaf water potential (ψ(leaf) ) of -1 MPa, whereas complete stomatal closure occurred well after this point, at -2.35 MPa, providing no protection against hydraulic dysfunction. Instantaneous A remained maximal until >70% of hydraulic conductivity had been lost. Post-stress rewatering showed that 95% loss of K(leaf) could be incurred before the recovery of gas exchange exceeded 1 d, with a rapid transition to leaf death after this point. Plants exposed to sustained soil water deficits through restricted nightly watering regimes did not suffer cumulative losses in K(leaf) ; instead, ψ(leaf) and gas exchange recovered diurnally. The effect was improved WUE during the day and optimal ψ(leaf) during the night for the maintenance of growth.     

Comparison of water-use efficiency and internal leaf carbon dioxide concentration in juvenile leaves and phyllodes of Acacia koa (leguminosae) from Hawaii,estimated by two methods

To gain further insight into comparative ecophysiology of different leaf types, water-use efficiency (WUE) and internal leaf carbon dioxide concentration (C_i) were estimated in the field for juvenile leaves and phyllodes of Acacia koa by carbon dioxide and water vapor exchange using a closed system infrared gas analyzer and humidity sensor, and by δ¹³C measurements. Both methods indicate that phyllodes possessed higher WUE and lower C_i than juvenile leaves. However, C_i predicted by δ¹³C for juvenile leaves and phyllodes was lower than the average gas exchange estimated values of C_i and closer to minimal gas exchange estimated values of C_i. It is suggested that δ¹³C may be influenced more during times of maximal assimilation and leaf expansion than during maintenance.     

Seasonal and within‐canopy variation in shoot‐scale resource‐use efficiency trade‐offs in a Norway spruce stand

Previous leaf‐scale studies of carbon assimilation describe short‐term resource‐use efficiency (RUE) trade‐offs where high use efficiency of one resource requires low RUE of another. However, varying resource availabilities may cause long‐term RUE trade‐offs to differ from the short‐term patterns. This may have important implications for understanding canopy‐scale resource use and allocation. We used continuous gas exchange measurements collected at five levels within a Norway spruce, Picea abies (L.) karst., canopy over 3 years to assess seasonal differences in the interactions between shoot‐scale resource availability (light, water and nitrogen), net photosynthesis (A_n) and the use efficiencies of light (LUE), water (WUE) and nitrogen (NUE) for carbon assimilation. The continuous data set was used to develop and evaluate multiple regression models for predicting monthly shoot‐scale A_n. These models showed that shoot‐scale A_n was strongly dependent on light availability and was generally well described with simple one‐ or two‐parameter models. WUE peaked in spring, NUE in summer and LUE in autumn. However, the relative importance of LUE for carbon assimilation increased with canopy depth at all times. Our results suggest that accounting for seasonal and within‐canopy trade‐offs may be important for RUE‐based modelling of canopy carbon uptake.     

Stem photosynthesis in a desert ephemeral,Eriogonum inflatum

Summary The gas exchange characteristics of photosynthetic tissues of leaves and stems of Eriogonum inflatum are described. Inflated stems were found to contain extraordinarily high internal CO₂ concentrations (to 14000 bar), but fixation of this internal CO₂ was 6–10 times slower than fixation of atmospheric CO₂ by these stems. Although the pool of CO₂ is a trivial source of CO₂ for stem photosynthesis, it may result in higher water-use efficiency of stem tissues. Leaf and stem photosynthetic activities were compared by means of CO₂ fixation in CO₂ response curves, light and temperature response curves in IRGA systems, and by means of O₂ exchange at CO₂ saturation in a leaf disc O₂ electrode system. On an area basis leaves contain about twice the chlorophyll and nitrogen as stems, and are capable of up to 4-times the absolute CO₂ and O₂ exchange rates. However, the stem shape is such that lighting of the shaded side leads to a substantial increase in overall stem photosynthesis on a projected area basis, to about half the leaf rate in air. Stem conductance is lower than leaf conductance under most conditions and is less sensitive to high temperature or high VPD. Under most conditions, the ratio C _i /C _a is lower in stems than in leaves and stems show greater water-use efficiency (higher ratio assimilation/transpiration) as a function of VPD. This potential advantage of stem photosynthesis in a water limited environment may be offset by the higher VPD conditions in the hotter, drier part of the year when stems are active after leaves have senesced. Stem and leaf photosynthesis were similarly affected by decreasing plant water potential.     

Morphological and physiological responses of two coffee progenies to soil water availability

Drought is a major environmental constraint affecting growth and production of coffee. The effects of water supply on growth, biomass allocation, water relations, and gas exchange in two coffee progenies representing drought-tolerant (Siriema) and drought-sensitive (Catucaí) genotypes were compared. They were grown in 12-L pots until 4-months old, when they were submitted to two watering treatments for 60 d: plants receiving either 100% transpired water (control plants) or a fraction (about 40%) of the amount of water transpired by control plants (drought-stressed plants). Under control conditions, Siriema grew faster than Catucaí. Regardless of the watering regimes and progenies, relative growth rate (RGR) was positively correlated both with net assimilation rate (NAR) and long-term water-use efficiency (WUE), but not with differences in biomass allocation. Both progenies responded to drought stress through (i) similar decreases in both RGR and NAR with marginal, if any, changes in allocation; (ii) decreases in leaf water potential, which occurred to a greater extent in Catucaí than in Siriema, even though they have showed similar abilities to adjust osmotically and elastically; (iii) similar reductions in net photosynthesis due mainly to nonstomatal factors; and (iv) decreases in transpiration rate coupled with increased long-term WUE. However, the lower transpiration rate and the higher long-term WUE as found in Siriema relative to Catucaí under control conditions persisted under drought conditions. Overall, the major differences between these progenies were largely associated with differences in plant water use, which was likely related to the improved water status of Siriema. The possible implications of selecting coffee genotypes for high WUE are discussed.     

DROUGHT ACCLIMATION OF AN UNDERSTORY SHRUB (PSYCHOTRIA LIMONENSIS; RUBIACEAE) IN A SEASONALLY DRY TROPICAL FOREST IN PANAMA

Physiological responses to seasonal drought were explored for Psychotria limonensis (Rubiaceae), an abundant understory shrub in a seasonally dry tropical forest in Panama. Control and irrigated plants were compared at the beginning and again at the end of the 4-mo dry season. Stomatal conductance remained high throughout for irrigated plants, but fell to very low levels for control plants late in the dry season. Net assimilation rates under both saturating and ambient light were unaffected by irrigation. As a consequence, instantaneous water-use efficiency (assimilation ÷ evapotranspiration), derived from gas exchange measures, and long-term water-use efficiency, estimated from stable carbon isotope ratios of leaf tissue, were similar for both treatments. The maintenance of high assimilation rates despite drought may be related to osmotic adjustment. Control plants had more negative osmotic potentials at full turgor and higher moduli of elasticity in the late dry season.     

Climate-ameliorating measures influence photosynthetic gas exchange of apple leaves

Sunburn has become one of the major threats to apple fruit production in South Africa and other countries with Mediterranean climate. Some climate‐ameliorating measures have been developed to control sunburn in apples. Effects of the climate‐ameliorating measures, viz. evaporative cooling, Surround^® WP and shade net, on leaf gas exchange of a 5‐year‐old orchard of ‘Cripps’ Pink’ apple were investigated during hot summer days in Stellenbosch, South Africa. Evaporative cooling increased net photosynthetic rate (A) and stomatal conductance (g_s) because of its lowering of leaf temperature and leaf‐to‐air vapour pressure difference (VPD). Shade net also reduced leaf temperature because of reduction in photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD). Quantum efficiency of photosynthesis was increased under shade net to compensate for reduced PPFD. Shade net also reduced transpiration rate more than A, resulting in increased midday water‐use efficiency. The diurnal trends of A and g_s in the Surround WP and control treatments were similar, indicating limited ameliorative impact of Surround WP. Furthermore, Surround WP typically reduced maximum rate of carboxylation and the light‐saturated rate of electron transport. In all treatments, A decreased by 70% when leaf temperature increased from 35°C to 40°C. In conclusion, all treatments affected leaf photosynthetic gas exchange. Evaporative cooling enhanced leaf A and g_s because of distinct ameliorative effects on leaf temperature and VPD. Shade net reduced leaf temperature with no consistent effects on leaf gas exchange attributes. Surround WP had limited or no impact on leaf temperature and negatively affected leaf gas exchange attributes.     

Stomatal responses to light and humidity in sugarcane: prediction of daily time courses and identification of potential selection criteria

Abstract Stomatal sensitivities to light and VPD have potential as quantitative selection criteria in programs designed to enhance water-use efficiency of sugarcane and other crops. These responses were characterized using gas exchange techniques and then simulated by a mathematical relationship describing conductance as a function of photon fluence rates and VPD values. The same form of relationship simulated stomatal responses of well-watered greenhouse- and field-grown plants. A comparison between simulated and measured conductance values showed a close correlation, indicating that light and VPD responses of stomata are dominant input signals modulating stomatal conductance in sugarcane. Observed conductance of Hawaiian sugarcane in a commerical production area appeared larger than required to support prevailing rates of carbon assimilation, since predicted intercellular CO₂ was greater than required to saturate its C₄ photosynthesis. Manipulation of the relationship describing stomatal conductance allowed us to simulate the responses of plants with hypothetically altered stomatal sensitivities to VPD or to light, using micrometeorological data collected in the field. Further simulation indicated that selection for clones with altered stomatal sensitivity to either light or VPD could improve the water-use efficiency of sugarcane without inhibiting current high levels of productivity.     

Differences in gas exchange contribute to habitat differentiation in Iberian columbines from contrasting light and water environments

During photosynthesis, respiration and transpiration, gas exchange occurs via the stomata and so plants face a trade‐off between maximising photosynthesis while minimising transpiration (expressed as water use efficiency, WUE). The ability to cope with this trade‐off and regulate photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance may be related to niche differentiation between closely related species. The present study explored this as a possible mechanism for habitat differentiation in Iberian columbines. The roles of irradiance and water stress were assessed to determine niche differentiation among Iberian columbines via distinct gas exchange processes. Photosynthesis–irradiance curves (P–I curves) were obtained for four taxa, and common garden experiments were conducted to examine plant responses to water and irradiance stress, by measuring instantaneous gas exchange and plant performance. Gas exchange was also measured in ten individuals using two to four field populations per taxon. The taxa had different P–I curves and gas exchange in the field. At the species level, water stress and irradiance explained habitat differentiation. Within each species, a combination of irradiance and water stress explained the between‐subspecies habitat differentiation. Despite differences in stomatal conductance and CO₂ assimilation, taxa did not have different WUE under field conditions, which suggests that the environment equally modifies photosynthesis and transpiration. The P–I curves, gas exchange in the field and plant responses to experimental water and irradiance stresses support the hypothesis that habitat differentiation is associated with differences among taxa in tolerance to abiotic stress mediated by distinct gas exchange responses.     

Growth and water-use efficiency of 10 Triticum aestivum cultivars at different water availability in relation to allocation of biomass

In environments where the amount of water is limiting growth, water-use efficiency (biomass production per unit water use) is an important trait. We studied the relationships of plant growth and water use efficiency with the pattern of biomass allocation, using 10 wheat cultivars, grown at two soil moisture levels in a growth chamber. Allocation pattern and relative growth rate were not correlated, whereas allocation pattern and water use efficiency were. Variation in transpiration per plant resulted from variation in the rate of transpiration per unit leaf area or root weight, rather than from differences in leaf area or root weight per plant. Transpiration per unit leaf area or root weight was lower when the leaf area or root weight per unit plant weight was larger. Also, the efficiency of water use at the plant and leaf levels was higher for plants with a higher leaf area per unit plant weight, and it was not correlated with the plant's growth rate. Differences in water-use efficiency at the leaf level were related to variation in stomatal conductance, rather than in the rate of photosynthesis. A high photosynthetic water-use efficiency was associated with a low efficiency of nitrogen use for photosynthesis.     

美洲斑潜蝇幼虫潜叶为害对几种作物光合作用的影响

使用CI-310便携式光合作用测定系统研究了美洲斑潜蝇幼虫为害对几种作物光合作用的影响。结果表明,随着叶面积受害级别的增高,蓖麻和菜豆的光合速率（Pn）、气孔导度（Gs）、蒸腾速率（Tr）和气孔限制值（Ls）总体呈下降趋势,不同受害级别与胞间CO₂浓度（Ci）的变化呈正相关。美洲斑潜蝇幼虫潜食蓖麻和黄瓜叶片中的栅栏组织后,叶片中叶绿素a、b和叶绿素总量都较对照减少,并且随着潜食级别的增高,减少量逐渐增大。叶面积受害级别与叶片的叶绿素总量之间呈高度负相关,其相关系数分别为r =-0.93（蓖麻）和r=-0.95（黄瓜）。菜豆、黄瓜和丝瓜的叶肉被害后,不同受害级别叶片的鲜重变化无规律性。     

Pulvinus activity,leaf movement and leaf water-use efficiency of bush bean (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Phaseplus vulgaris</Emphasis> L.) in a hot environment

Pulvinus activity of Phaseolus species in response to environmental stimuli plays an essential role in heliotropic leaf movement. The aims of this study were to monitor the continuous daily pulvinus movement and pulvinus temperature, and to evaluate the effects of leaf movements, on a hot day, on instantaneous leaf water-use efficiency (WUE_i), leaf gas exchange, and leaf temperature. Potted plants of Phaseolus vulgaris L. var. Provider were grown in Chicot sandy loam soil under well-watered conditions in a greenhouse. When the second trifoliate leaf was completely extended, one plant was selected to measure pulvinus movement using a beta-ray gauging (BRG) meter with a point source of thallium-204 (²⁰⁴Tl). Leaf gas exchange measurements took place on similar leaflets of three plants at an air temperature interval of 33–42°C by a steady-state LI-6200 photosynthesis system. A copper-constantan thermocouple was used to monitor pulvinus temperature. Pulvinus bending followed the daily diurnal rhythm. Significant correlations were found between the leaf-incident angle and the stomatal conductance (R ² = 0.54; P < 0.01), and photosynthesis rate (R ² = 0.84; P < 0.01). With a reduction in leaf-incidence angle and increase in air temperature, WUE_i was reduced. During the measurements, leaf temperature remained below air temperature and was a significant function of air temperature (r = 0.92; P < 0.01). In conclusion, pulvinus bending followed both light intensity and air temperature and influenced leaf gas exchange.     

A method for measuring whole plant photosynthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana

Measurement of photosynthesis of intact leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana has been prohibitive due to the small leaf size and prostrate growth habit. Because of the widespread use of Arabidopsis for plant science research it is important to have a procedure for accurate, nondestructive measurement of its photosynthesis. We developed and tested a method for analysis of photosynthesis in whole plants of Arabidopsis. Net carbon assimilation and stomatal conductance were measured with an open gas exchange system and photosynthetic oxygen evolution was determined from chlorophyll fluorescence parameters. Individual plants were grown in 50 cubic centimeter tubes that were attached with an air tight seal to an enclosed gas exchange chamber for measurement of carbon dioxide and water exchange by the whole plant. Chlorophyll fluorescence from intact leaves was simultaneously measured with a pulse modulated fluorometer. Photosynthetic CO₂ assimilation and stomatal conductance rates were calculated with established gas exchange procedures and O₂ evolution was determined from chlorophyll fluorescence measurement of Photosystem II yield. Carbon assimilation and oxygen evolution in response to light intensity and ambient CO₂ concentration was measured and is presented here to demonstrate the potential use of this method for investigation of photosynthesis of Arabidopsis plants in controlled environment conditions.     

Leaf Gas Exchange of Pachyrhizus ahipa and P. erosus Under Water and Temperature Stress

Gas exchange, water relations, and leaf traits were studied in the tuberous-root producing legumes ahipa (Pachyrhizus ahipa) and yambean (P. erosus) under different environmental conditions. Differences in leaf traits (hairiness, leaf area, areal leaf mass, stomatal density) and paraheliotropism were found between ahipa and yambean. Under sufficient water supply, the increase in air temperature and decrease in air humidity increased stomatal conductance (g _s) and net photosynthetic rate (P _N) in yambean but reduced them in ahipa. In a drying soil (14 d after irrigation), inter-specific variation in gas exchange was only observed in the early morning, and yambean showed a greater sensitivity to water restriction than ahipa. High g _s at low humidity increased P _N of P. erosus but resulted in lower water-use efficiency (WUE). However, long-term WUE, estimated by leaf carbon isotope discrimination, showed little variation between species. Daily-irrigated ahipa and yambean grown in the greenhouse did not show significant differences in gas exchange. However, leaf temperature was significantly greater in yambean than in ahipa while a steepper relationship between E and P _N and g _s was observed in ahipa.     

Precipitation regulates plant gas exchange and its long-term response to climate change in a temperate grassland

Aims Climate change largely impacts ecosystem carbon and water cycles by changing plant gas exchange, which may further cause positive or negative feedback to global climate change. However, long-term global change manipulative experiments are seldom conducted to reveal plant ecophysiological responses to climatic warming and altered precipitation regimes.Methods An 8-year field experiment with both warming and increased precipitation was conducted in a temperate grassland in northern China. We measured leaf gas exchange rates (including plant photosynthesis, transpiration and instantaneous water use efficiency [WUE]) of two dominant plant species (Stipa sareptana var. krylovii and Agropyron cristatum) from 2005 to 2012 (except 2006 and 2010) and those of other six species from 2011 to 2012.Important findings Increased precipitation significantly stimulated plant photosynthetic rates (A) by 29.5% and 19.9% and transpiration rates (E) by 42.2% and 51.2% for both dominant species S. sareptana var. krylovii and A. cristatum, respectively, across the 8 years. Similarly, A and E of the six plant functional types were all stimulated by increased precipitation in 2011 and 2012. As the balance of A and E, the instantaneous WUEs of different plant species had species-specific responses to increased precipitation. In contrast, neither warming nor its interaction with increased precipitation significantly affected plant leaf gas exchange rates. Furthermore, A and E of the two dominant species and their response magnitudes to water treatments positively correlated with rainfall amount in July across years. We did not find any significant difference between the short-term versus long-term responses of plant photosynthesis, suggesting the flexibility of leaf gas exchange under climate change. The results suggest that changing precipitation rather than global warming plays a prominent role in determining production of this grassland in the context of climate change.     

Responses of leaf growth and gas exchanges to salt stress during reproductive stage in wild wheat relative Aegilops geniculata Roth. and wheat (Triticum durum Desf.)

In order to investigate the effect of salinity on the growth and photosynthesis of the wild wheat and wheat, three accessions of Aegilops geniculata from Ain Zana, Zaghouan and Sbitla and one variety of durum wheat (Triticum durum) were grown in the INRAT greenhouse and treated with different salinity levels. The growth of leaves, water status and gas exchange parameters have been measured at the reproductive stage. The flag leaf length, total leaf dry weight, water status, CO₂ assimilation rate, stomatal conductance, intercellular CO₂ and transpiration for the three Ae. geniculata accessions and wheat variety significantly decreased with increasing salt. The decline in photosynthesis measured in response to salt stress was proportionally greater than the declines in transpiration, resulting in a reduction of water-use efficiency, at both the leaf and whole-plant levels. Among the factors inhibiting photosynthetic activity, those of a stomatal nature had a greater effect. This study has shown a high degree of variation of these characters mainly related to geographical origin. It was observed also that Sbitla accession was less affected by the imposed salt stress than all the others while Ain Zana was the most affected one.