鸡源奇异变形杆菌分离鉴定及生物学特性

【背景】奇异变形杆菌(Proteusmirabilis,PM)是人畜共患病原菌,在自然界分布广泛。近年来,随着畜禽奇异变形杆菌病发病率上升和耐药性增强,亟需开展对该菌的防控研究。【目的】分离鉴定鸡源奇异变形杆菌,鉴定其耐药性、致病性、生物被膜形成能力等生物学特性。【方法】采用聚合酶链式反应(Polymerase Chain Reaction,PCR)方法鉴定了从2019-2020年病鸡中分离的52株临床奇异变形杆菌。分别采用药敏试验、PCR、结晶紫染色法对临床菌株的耐药性、毒力基因及生物膜的形成进行研究。【结果】选择14株代表性菌株进行16SrRNA基因测序,结果表明所测分离菌株均为奇异变形杆菌。所有分离菌株均对克林霉素、阿奇霉素、红霉素、四环素和利福平耐药,对氯霉素和头孢曲松外的抗生素耐药性均高于50%。对分离的奇异变形杆菌的13个毒力基因检测表明,所有菌株均能检测到hpmA、hpmB、rpoA、mrpA、fliL、zapA、ureC、atfC、atfA、pmfA,而ucaA和rsbA检出率分别为19.23%(10/52)和48.08%(25/52),hlyA未检出。对分离株生物被膜形成能力检测结果表明,所有菌株均能形成生物被膜,19.23%(10/52)的分离菌株形成生物被膜能力强,而且25℃条件下成膜能力比37℃更强。【结论】鸡源奇异变形杆菌携带多种毒力基因,具有较强生物被膜形成能力,耐药模式多样且日趋严重,应进一步加强对奇异变形杆菌在动物致病性和耐药性方面的监控,以降低其感染风险。     

乳及乳制品中阪崎肠杆菌PCR-DHPLC检测新技术的建立

为了应用PCR结合变性高效液相色谱(DHPLC)技术建立食品中阪崎肠杆菌的快速检测方法,根据阪崎肠杆菌16S-23S rRNA特异基因序列的特点设计特异性引物,PCR扩增的产物经DHPLC技术进行快速检测.以阪崎肠杆菌等59株参考菌株做特异性试验;阪崎肠杆菌菌株稀释成不同梯度,做灵敏度试验,结果表明该方法具有很好的特异性,方法灵敏度较高,检测低限可达到为25 CFU/mL;该方法可以快速、准确检测阪崎肠杆菌,是食品中致病菌快速检测的新技术.     

单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌PCR-DHPLC检测新技术的建立

应用PCR结合变性高效液相色谱(DHPLC)技术建立食品中单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌fimY的快速检测方法。根据单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌prfA和hlyA基因序列的特点设计特异性引物,PCR扩增的产物经DHPLC技术进行快速检测。以单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌等61株参考菌株做特异性试验;单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌菌株稀释成不同梯度,进行灵敏度试验。试验结果表明该方法具有很好的特异性,灵敏度较高,检测低限可达到为181CFU/ml。可以快速、准确检测单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌,是食品中致病菌快速检测的新技术。     

乳及乳制品中肺炎克雷伯氏菌PCR-DHPLC检测新技术的建立

为了应用PCR结合变性高效液相色谱(DHPLC)技术建立乳品中肺炎克雷伯氏菌的快速检测方法,根据肺炎克雷伯氏菌16S-23S rRNA特异基因序列的特点设计特异性引物,PCR扩增的产物经DHPLC技术进行快速检测。以肺炎克雷伯氏菌等57株参考菌株做特异性试验;将肺炎克雷伯氏菌菌株稀释成不同梯度,做灵敏度试验。试验结果表明该方法具有很好的特异性,灵敏度较高,检测低限可达到100 CFU/mL,可以快速、准确检测肺炎克雷伯氏菌,是乳及乳制品中致病菌快速检测的新技术。     

鹅源奇异变形杆菌的分离鉴定及毒力基因检测

【背景】奇异变形杆菌(Proteusmirabilis)是一种人兽共患机会致病菌,革兰氏阴性,兼性厌氧,呈多形性。【目的】探明内蒙古自治区通辽市某养殖场雏鹅发生死亡的病因,研究致病菌的分类地位和毒力基因携带情况。【方法】通过病原菌的筛查和感染试验确定发病原因,对其16S rRNA基因测序,建立病原菌系统进化树,结合BD PhoenixTM 100全自动微生物鉴定仪对病原菌进行分析鉴定,综合判定致病菌的种类及其分类地位;根据已报道的基因序列合成奇异变形杆菌的ure C、zapA、mrp A、ucaA、rsbA、pmfA、atfA、atfC8个毒力基因引物,通过PCR扩增研究病原菌毒力基因携带情况。【结果】致病茵的16Sr RNA基因与已报道的奇异变形杆菌(P.mirabilis)相似性在99%以上,通过构建系统进化树和BDPhoenixTM100全自动微生物鉴定仪鉴定,确定该菌株为P.mirabilis并编号为AYQ-1;8种毒力基因在该致病菌中均被检测到;雏鹅腹腔注射感染可导致雏鹅死亡,半致死浓度(LD_(50))为1.51×10~7 CFU/mL;药敏试验结果显示,该菌对链霉素、氨曲南和氧氟沙星等19种药物敏感,对万古霉素、青霉素和四环素等15种药物耐药。【结论】AYQ-1经鉴定为鹅奇异变形杆菌,毒力基因型为ureC(+)、zapA(+)、mrpA(+)、ucaA(+)、rsbA(+)、pmfA(+)、atfA(+)、atfC(+)型。     

奇异变形杆菌耐热性肠毒素的初步研究

为探讨奇异变形杆菌的发病机理,本文用乳鼠试验检测了从医院内腹泻患儿粪中分离的36株奇异变形杆菌肠毒素,结果4株呈阳性。对其中2株进行了耐热性试验,证明其具有耐热性,同时发现在人工培养条件下通过多次传代或肠毒素经反复冻融,耐热性肠毒素(ST)的活性可随之减弱或丧失。     

同株奇异变形杆菌存在不同生长状态

揭示同株奇异变形杆菌存在多种不同的生长状态。通过环形接种、点种传代、革兰染色和鞭毛染色等方法观察同株奇异变形杆菌的形态学变化。同株奇异变形杆菌的生长速度、迁徙能力、生长形态及鞭毛形态发生变化。同株奇异变形杆菌存在不同的生长形态。     

人工哺育期腹泻婴猴奇异变形杆菌的分离与鉴定

目的对一株人工哺育期引发恒河猴婴猴腹泻的奇异变形杆菌进行了鉴定,为实验猕猴疾病检测、鉴别诊断提供参考依据。方法通过培养特性、菌落形态、染色、生化试验和血清学诊断鉴别等检查,对分离菌株进行初步鉴定,同时,对分离菌株进行致病性试验及药敏试验。结果通过表型生物学特性鉴定,并结合血清学诊断鉴别方法,确证该分离菌株为奇异变形杆菌,应用药敏试验筛选出了高度敏感的抗菌药,控制了该病的继续发生,致病性试验证明,该分离菌株对小白鼠有高致病性。结论分离到的奇异变形杆菌是导致本次婴猴腹泻死亡的病原菌,该菌为条件致病菌,对实验猕猴和研究人员均有潜在的危害,尽管该菌不是国家标准要求排除的病原菌,但该菌引发的传染病将对动物实验造成严重影响,故应引起高度重视。     

62例变形杆菌医院内感染的调查分析

本文对我院１９８８年１月至１９９５年２月间６２例变形杆菌医院内感染进行了调查分析,结果显示,内科占６７．８％、外科１７．７％、五官科０．０８％、儿科０．０２％、妇产科０．０２％,以普通变形杆菌感染率最高占４６．７％,奇异变形杆菌３２．２％、摩根变形杆菌１４．５％,雷极氏０．０５％,并分析了导致变形杆菌感染的条件,提出了如何治疗,预防变形杆菌的医院内感染。     

大熊猫生殖道感染奇异变形杆菌一例

中国保护大熊猫研究中心一只雌性成体大熊猫“张卡”（5．5岁,50kg,2001年5月抢救于宝兴野外）发生泌尿生殖道奇异变形杆菌感染,经选用敏感抗生素治疗痊愈。奇异变形杆菌导致大熊猫泌尿生殖道感染在兽医临床上未见报道,对兽医临床有较好的参考价值,特报道如下。     

Species-specific detection of Proteus vulgaris and Proteus mirabilis by the polymerase chain reaction

Sets of primers for the species-specific detection of P. mirabilis and P. vulgaris by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were developed. As targets for these primers beta-lactamase and 16S rRNA gene fragments were chosen on the basis of the multiple leveling of the sequences of the DNA of all known P. mirabilis and P. vulgaris isolates. For differential detection oligonucleotides were selected in such a way that primers, specific for P. vulgaris, contained the non-paired nucleotide for P. mirabilis isolate at the 3'-end, and all other nucleotides were complementary to the beta-lactamase gene fragment. Primers, specific for gene 16S rRNA of P. mirabilis, contained the non-paired nucleotide for P. vulgaris isolates at the 3'-end. Standard PCR was carried out for 6 P. mirabilis and P. vulgaris strains. The use of PCR species-specific primers to P. vulgaris DNA made it possible to amplify the DNA fragment of the expected length only for P. vulgaris isolates, while the result of PCR for P. mirabilis was negative. PCR with primers specific to P. mirabilis permitted the detection of amplicon sized 101 nucleotides pairs only for P. mirabilis strains. These primers were optimized so as to use them in the specific differentiation of closely related P. mirabilis and P. vulgaris species by multiplex PCR. Genus-specific primers permitted the detection of bacterial gyrB gene of the genus Proteus were developed also.     

Structure of the glycerol phosphate-containing O-polysaccharides and serological studies of the lipopolysaccharides of Proteus mirabilis CCUG 10704 (OE) and Proteus vulgaris TG 103 classified into a new Proteus serogroup, O54

O-Polysaccharides were obtained from the lipopolysaccharides of Proteus mirabilis CCUG 10704 (OE) and Proteus vulgaris TG 103 and studied by chemical analyses and one- and two-dimensional (1)H and (13)C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, including rotating-frame nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy, H-detected (1)H,(13)C heteronuclear single-quantum spectroscopy and (1)H,(31)P heteronuclear multiple-quantum spectroscopy experiments. The Proteus mirabilis OE polysaccharide was found to have a trisaccharide repeating unit with a lateral glycerol phosphate group. The Proteus vulgaris TG 103 produces a similar O-polysaccharide, which differs in incomplete substitution with glycerol phosphate (c. 50% of the stoichiometric amount) and the presence of an O-acetyl group at position 6 of the 2-acetamido-2-deoxygalactose (GalNAc) residue. These structures are unique among the known bacterial polysaccharide structures. Based on the structural and serological data of the lipopolysaccharides, it is proposed to classify both strains studied into a new Proteus serogroup, O54, as two subgroups, O54a,54b and O54a,54c. The serological relatedness of the Proteus O54 and some other Proteus lipopolysaccharides is discussed.     

Structural and serological studies of the O-antigen of Proteus mirabilis O-9

The following structure of the O-polysaccharide (O-antigen) of the lipopolysaccharide of Proteus mirabilis O-9 was determined by NMR spectroscopy, including 2D 1H,(1)H COSY, TOCSY, ROESY, and 1H,(13)C HMQC experiments, along with chemical methods: [chemical structure: see text] where the degree of O-acetylation is approximately 70%. Immunochemical studies using rabbit polyclonal anti-Proteus mirabilis O-9 serum showed the importance of the O-acetyl groups in manifesting the serological specificity of the O-9 antigen. Anti-P. mirabilis O-9 cross-reacted with the lipopolysaccharides (LPS) of P. vulgaris O-25 and Proteus penneri 14, which could be accounted for by a structural similarity of their O-polysaccharides.     

Structure of the O-polysaccharide of Proteus serogroup O34 containing 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-alpha-D-galactosyl phosphate

On mild acid degradation of the lipopolysaccharide of Proteus vulgaris O34, strain CCUG 4669, the O-polysaccharide was cleaved at a glycosyl-phosphate linkage that is present in the main chain. The resultant phosphorylated oligosaccharides and an alkali-treated lipopolysaccharide were studied by sugar and methylation analyses along with 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy, and the following structure of the branched tetrasaccharide phosphate repeating unit of the O-polysaccharide was established: [carbohydrate structure: see text]The O-polysaccharide of Proteus mirabilis strain TG 276 was found to have the same structure and, based on the structural and serological data, this strain was proposed to be classified into the same Proteus serogroup O34.     

奇异变形杆菌耐药性的4年监测及碳青霉烯类耐药株的耐药机制研究

目的了解本地区2007年到2010年奇异变形杆菌的临床分布与常用抗菌药物的耐药情况,了解碳青霉烯类耐药菌株可能存在的机制。方法回顾分析2007年到2010年临床分离奇异变形杆菌的资料及整体耐药情况;对保存的耐亚胺培南（IPM）、美罗培南（MEM）或厄他培南（ETP）的菌株进行复苏,并做Hoage试验进行产碳青霉烯酶的确认,同时对试验菌株进行耐药基因的PCR扩增检测。结果2007年到2010年,奇异变形杆菌在临床各送检样本中以痰液分离率最高：51．1％、34．4％、22．1％和35．4％,其次为尿液：14．3％、28．O％、34．9％和33．6％;耐药监测分析显示,4年间对喹诺酮类、青霉素类、头孢菌素类及氨基糖苷类耐药率相对较高且较为稳定;对碳青霉烯类耐药最低但增加明显,亚胺培南从2007年的1．8％升到2010年的16．1％,美罗培南从2007年的1．7％升到2010年的16．8％。15株耐碳青霉烯类菌株中,Hoage试验阳性7株,6fn。基因阳性11株,blaCTX-M基因阳性13株。结论本地区奇异变形杆菌对临床常用的抗菌药物均有较高的耐药性,对碳青霉烯类药物的耐药率最低,但增加明显。位于质粒上的blaKPc基因所产生的碳青霉烯酶和6如cTx-M基因所产生的超广谱β-内酰胺酶是本菌对β-内酰胺类抗菌药物耐药的主要原因,临床应引起高度重视。     

尿液中奇异变形杆菌耐药性变迁及监测分析

目的了解尿液中奇异变形杆菌临床分布及耐药性变迁情况,为临床医生合理选用抗生素提供理论依据。方法收集2008年至2012年住院及门诊患者尿液标本中分离的215株奇异变形杆菌,采用VITEK2 Compact全自动微生物分析仪进行鉴定及药敏试验,采用WH0NET 5.4软件进行统计分析。结果2008、2009、2010、2011和2012年分离奇异变形杆菌分别为26株（占12. 2% ）、26株（占12.2% ）、36株（占16. 9% ）、55株（占25. 8% ）和72株（占33. 8% ）,总计215株。奇异变形杆菌对呋喃妥因的耐药率最高,均〉90%,对丁胺卡那霉素和美洛培南的耐药率最低,均为0%,对左旋氧氟沙星的耐药率在2008？2011年均〉50% ,2012年为28.1% ;对哌拉西林/他唑巴坦的耐药率在2008 - 2009年均〉20%,而2010-2012年均〈5% ;头孢替坦、舒普深耐药率均〈7%。结论奇异变形杆菌的分离率从2008 -2012年呈日益增长趋势,提醒我们随着临床上大量使用抗生素,医院的感染率亦不断上升。耐药率从2008-2011年基本呈上升趋势,而在2012年有所下降,这可能与近几年本院临床严格执行抗菌药物的合理应用有关。     

Characterization of Indole-Positive Proteus mirabilis

Thirteen indole-producing, swarming strains of Proteus were identified by additional biochemical testing as being Proteus mirabilis. These strains were characterized by 40 biochemical tests and by susceptibility testing to 11 antibiotics. All produced ornithine decarboxylase and were susceptible to members of the penicillin-cephalosporin groups of antibiotics. These indole-positive strains are similar to indole-negative P. mirabilis and are distinctly different from P. vulgaris. For greatest accuracy and to insure greatest clinical relevancy, P. mirabilis and P. vulgaris should be distinguished from one another in the laboratory by performing both the indole and ornithine decarboxylase tests.     

Some biological features of Proteus bacilli. 2. Haemolytic activities of Proteus mirabilis and Proteus vulgaris strains

The haemolytic activities of Proteus mirabilis and P. vulgaris strains were studied under different conditions. No filterable alpha haemolysin could be detected in P. mirabilis uropathogens provided from patients with urinary tract infections. Together with the results presented in the accompanying paper, in which three clinical isolates with temporary ability to produce a soluble haemolysin were described, the occurrence of alpha haemolytic P. mirabilis isolates did not exceed 3%. Cell bound beta haemolysin is present in nearly 35% of P. mirabilis urinary strains. Another kind of haemolytic activity was observed when P. mirabilis and P. vulgaris strains were grown in liquid media supplemented with erythrocytes. During the logarithmic growth phase nearly 100% of P. mirabilis and P. vulgaris strains of various origin haemolyzed 100-50% of erythrocytes. Except for Serratia, the other representatives of Enterobacteriaceae did not demonstrate such activity in the same conditions. The preliminary characteristics of this phenomenon is given.     

132株奇异变形杆菌的临床分布及药敏分析

目的了解宁波市妇女儿童医院奇异变形杆菌的临床分布和耐药情况,为临床合理用药提供依据。方法对该院2009年6月1日至2011年5月31日期间分离的132株奇异变形杆菌进行分析,菌株鉴定采用法国生物梅里埃公司的VITEK 60分析仪,药敏试验采用K-B法,用参考菌株作质量控制。结果该院分离的奇异变形杆菌主要来自尿液（51.50%）,其次是创口分泌物（21.21%）,再次是阴道分泌物（19.70%）,其他（7.59%）。对奇异变形杆菌敏感率较高的抗生素是：丁胺卡那霉素、氨曲南、美罗培南、亚胺培南、头孢唑林、头孢呋辛酯、头孢曲松、头孢他啶、头孢噻肟、马斯平、头孢西丁、罗红霉素、氨苄西林/舒巴坦、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦和头孢哌酮/舒巴坦。结论加强奇异变形杆菌的分离鉴定及耐药性的测定,是临床合理应用抗生素的重要依据。     

Bacteriophage Typing of Proteus mirabilis, Proteus vulgaris, and Proteus morganii

A bacteriphage typing scheme for differentiating Proteus isolated from clinical specimens was developed. Twenty-one distinct patterns of lysis were seen when 15 bacteriophages isolated on 8 Proteus mirabilis, 1 P. vulgaris, and 1 P. morganii were used to type 162 of 189 (85.7%) P. mirabilis and P. vulgaris isolates. Seven phages isolated on 3 P. morganii were used to type 13 of 19 (68.4%) P. morganii isolates. Overall, 84.1% of the 208 isolates were lysed by at least 1 phage at routine test dilution (RTD) or 1,000 x RTD. Fifty isolates, retyped several weeks after the initial testing, showed no changes in lytic patterns. The phages retained their titers after storage at 4 C for several months. A computer analysis of the data showed that there was no relationship between the source of the isolate and bacteriophage type. This bacteriophage typing system may provide epidemiological information on strains involved in human infections.