鲁西南蝗虫分布与防治措施研究初报

通过 1 999～ 2 0 0 1年的系统普查与探讨 ,初步查明菏泽市有蝗亚目昆虫 2 2种 ,分属于 2总科 ,7科 ,1 9属 ;明确其分布的生态环境 ,发生与环境因素的关系 ,各生态环境中的优势种、常见种、稀少种及常见种的生活史 ,并因地制宜提出防治措施。     

菏泽市蝗虫调查初报

近年对山东省菏泽市的蝗虫资源进行了调查,结果显示蝗亚目昆虫23种,分隶于2总科7科20属,分布于黄河滩地、库洼地、缓平坡地、低山残丘四种生态环境。明确了各种生态环境的优势种、常见种和稀少种,其区系为古北与东洋界过渡地带,古北种、东洋种均占相当比例,广布种具明显优势。     

沧州市郊区蝗虫的初步调查

作者于 1 998～ 2 0 0 0年对沧州市郊区的蝗虫资源进行了调查 ,结果显示蝗亚目昆虫 1 9种 ,分隶于 2总科 7科 1 7属 ,分布于芦苇湿地、碱荒地和农耕旱地 3种生态环境。明确了各种生态环境的优势种、常见种和稀少种类 ,其区系为古北界与东洋界过渡地带 ,以古北界为主     

白洋淀蝗虫分布调查及其防治

1998～ 2 0 0 2年对白洋淀蝗区的蝗虫种类、分布、优势种群及蝗区水文、植被、土壤、天敌等进行了调查研究。调查表明 ,白洋淀蝗区有蝗总科昆虫 3 0种 ,隶属 6总科、2 2属 ,分布于白洋淀淀内湖泊蝗区、淀边内涝蝗区和淀外河泛蝗区 ;明确以东亚飞蝗Locustamigratoriamanilensis (Meyen)为主的 5个蝗虫优势种群及生活史 ,并根据不同蝗区类型 ,提出了蝗区治理区划、生态治理技术、应急化学防治等 3项防治技术和“两改一加强”防治手段     

基于18S rRNA基因序列的直翅目主要类群系统发育关系研究

基于78种直翅目昆虫的18S rRNA基因全序列构建了直翅目各主要类群间的系统发育关系。本研究的结果支持直翅目的单系性,但不支持蝗亚目和螽亚目各自的单系性;直翅目下除蜢总科和蝗总科外各总科的划分多数与Otte系统相一致;蜢总科的单系性得不到支持;蝗总科的剑角蝗科、斑腿蝗科、斑翅蝗科、网翅蝗科和槌角蝗科5科均不是单系群,各物种间的遗传距离差异不大,应合并为一科,即蝗科;本研究支持将Otte系统中蚱总科和螽蟖总科下各亚科级阶元提升为科级阶元;18S rRNA基因全序列可以作为划分科级阶元的工具,当位于同一分支上互成姐妹群的类群间的遗传距离超过1%时,这几个类群属于不同的科;但由于其在进化上的保守性,18S rRNA基因只能用于纲目等高级阶元间关系的研究,而由其获得的总科以下阶元间的关系并不可靠。     

鲁北沿海蝗区蝗虫天敌蜘蛛类群发生规律初探

笔者于1992～2003 a对鲁北沿海蝗区的蝗虫天敌-蜘蛛类群,进行了大田调查与定点系统调查.鲁北沿海蝗区蜘蛛隶属6科9属14种.明确了蜘蛛类群的消长动态,并对优势种星豹蛛Pardosa astrigera 进行了系统观察,明确了其生活史和习性.并提出了保护利用措施.     

陕西吴起县生态恢复区直翅目昆虫的多样性

应用多样性指数、主成分分析及多元逐步回归等方法,对陕西吴起县生态恢复区直翅目昆虫的群落结构,植被因素与直翅目昆虫群落特征的相关性进行研究。共获得标本1 155号,隶属于10科17属,共计20种。黄胫小车蝗Oedaleus infernalis Saussure,宽翅曲背蝗Pararcyptera microptera meridionalis,短星翅蝗Calliptamus abbreviatusIkonn分别占总数量的17.58%,15.15%和14.89%,共同构成该地区直翅目昆虫的优势类群。多样性的变化趋势是县城>白豹>周湾>王洼。对各生境植被因素和直翅目昆虫群落所进行的主成分分析,两维主成分的累计方差贡献率分别达到了95.299%和86.304%。影响直翅目昆虫种类和数量变化的植被因素有草本植物高度多样性、草本植物种数、菊科优势度、禾本科优势度、其他科优势度。     

斑翅蝗科四种蝗虫卵子发生阶段及种间差异的统计分析

通过组织学观察与测量对斑翅蝗科(直翅目,蝗总科)中4种蝗虫卵子发生各阶段进行测量和分析比较,4种蝗虫分别为:大垫尖翅蝗Epacromius coerulipes(Ivan.)、黄胫小车蝗Oedaleus infernalis Sauss.、花胫绿纹蝗Aiolopus tamulus(Fabricius)和疣蝗Trilophidia annulata(Thunberg).结果显示,在蝗虫卵子发生过程中,卵母细胞体积和形态变化显著,呈现指数增长模式;细胞核体积增长在发育初期增长显著,后期变化不显著;滤泡细胞体积和形态及数量呈现周期性变化规律;进而比较种间差异,可见不同种蝗虫的卵子发生存在不同的发育进程.     

基于线粒体Cyt b,16S rDNA和核28S rDNA的中国斑腿蝗科(直翅目,蝗总科)九亚科间的系统发育关系研究

基于线粒体Cytb、16S rDNA和核28S rDNA的部分序列的联合数据集,重建了中国斑腿蝗科9亚科26种蝗虫和癞蝗科笨蝗(外群)间的系统发育关系。结果显示:1)除黑蝗亚科、秃蝗亚科和切翅蝗亚科外,其余6亚科的单系性都得到支持;2)黑蝗亚科似乎应当与秃蝗亚科合并为一个亚科,且与其他几个亚科亲缘关系相对较远;3)凸额蝗属应该由切翅蝗亚科中独立出来;4)卵翅蝗亚科和稻蝗亚科是姐妹群;5)星翅蝗亚科、黑背蝗亚科、斑腿蝗亚科、刺胸蝗亚科及切翅蝗亚科中的凸额蝗属间的关系较近。     

网翅蝗科三种蝗虫卵子发生的比较研究(直翅目:蝗总科)

通过组织学观察与测量对网翅蝗科(直翅目:蝗总科)中3种蝗虫卵子发生各阶段进行比较和分析,3种蝗虫分别为:绿牧草蝗Omocestus viridulus(Linnaeus),素色异爪蝗Euchorthippus unicolor(Ikonn.)和条纹异爪蝗Euchorthippus vittatus Zheng。结果表明,在蝗虫卵子发生过程中,卵母细胞体积和形态变化显著,呈现指数增长模式;细胞核体积增长在发育初期增长显著,后期变化不显著;滤泡细胞体积和形态及数量呈现周期性变化规律;比较种间差异发现不同种蝗虫的卵子发生存在不同的发育进程。     

The functional importance of rare and dominant species in a Neotropical forest bird community

Bird communities in Tropical forests have high rate of rare species, but only recently some studies suggested their disproportional role for the overall functional diversity. We investigated data from bird communities monitored annually using point counts over ten years in Iguassu National Park, that is a large and protected area in the southern portion of the Atlantic Forest in Brazil. We aimed (1) to determine the rare and dominant species in the community based on their abundance over time; (2) to evaluate the impact of each class of rarity on the overall functional volume of the community; (3) to investigate the pattern of occupancy of the trait space filled by each dominance class, and (4) to assess the disparity in functional trait composition between classes of rarity. We defined dominant, intermediate, and rare species in communities using cluster analysis and data of relative abundance of species in five sections of 1-km in the forest interior. The number of clusters was defined in accordance with the silhouette criterion measures of cohesion and separation that range from −1 to 1, with values > 0.5 indicating high-quality clusters. Among total 138 bird species recorded, 107 were rare, 26 intermediates, and 5 dominants. Our data corroborate a functional disproportional importance of rare bird species in the community considering the functional space (FRic), but functional dispersion (FDis) was not significantly different between the rare and intermediate species. In fact, there is a large overlap of the functional volume occupied by rare in relation to dominant/intermediate species. The niche space occupied by rare species covers most of the space occupied by intermediate and dominant species. The low representativeness of functional turnover indicates that few functions are unique to the classes of higher dominance. Our data suggest the importance of rare bird species to the overall functional diversity but also highlights the potential use of dominants/intermediates species as indicators to select important forests areas for conservation, as certain forest fragments. Through these most abundant species it would be possible to assess which functions are heaviest in abundance, becoming core functions, in the context of each independent forest fragment.     

辽宁省恙螨生态地理分布

辽宁省已知恙螨25种,分属于2科3亚科10属。本文依据四个不同地理景观区内恙螨的优势种、常见种和罕见种,对其生态地理分布作了讨论。(1)辽东山地及半岛丘陵区：有恙螨22种。其中东方纤恙螨为优势种;姬鼠纤恙螨、仓纤恙螨、林姬纤恙螨、皆貌纤恙螨、塔米新恙螨、鸡新棒恙螨等为罕见种.(2)辽河平原区：有恙螨8种。优势种为须纤恙螨;辽姬纤恙螨为罕见种。(3)辽西低山丘陵区：有恙螨8种。其中高丽新恙螨为优势种;凹邃合轮恙螨、膜嗜翼手恙螨等为罕见种。(4)黄土丘陵台地干草原区：有恙螨2种,均为常见种,其中脆弱无前恙螨数量较多。     

鄱阳湖流域含珍稀针叶树种的群落特征

亚热带分布有众多珍稀针叶树种, 珍稀针叶植物的保护与濒危机制研究受到广泛关注。为了解鄱阳湖流域天然森林植被中珍稀针叶树种的分布及其生存状况, 对其所在的植物群落进行调查。调查采用样方法, 样方面积20 m × 20 m, 记录样方信息、群落物种组成及数量特征, 计算物种重要值, 分析了群落的类型及结构特征。样方分布于鄱阳湖流域内南岭山地、罗宵山脉、武夷山脉、黄山山脉、九岭山脉。论文提供了23组详细的群落样方数据, 11种珍稀针叶树种分布于14个不同群系中, 珍稀针叶植物多以共建种或伴生种出现在群落中, 以针叶树为优势种的群系有南方红豆杉(Taxus wallichiana var. mairei)林、黄杉(Pseudotsuga sinensis)林、福建柏(Fokienia hodginsii)林、榧树(Torreya grandis)林。     

Characteristics of plant communities containing rare conifers in Poyang Lake Basin,China

The endangerment mechanism of rare conifer species is a very critical problem in conservation biodiversity. Thus, the studies on the protection of the rare and endangered coniferous trees have received extensive attention. The objective of this study was to understand the survival and distribution of the rare coniferous tree species in natural forests of the Poyang Lake Basin. Field investigations on plant communities were conducted in 21 plots from Oct. 2014 to Oct. 2015. These plots were distributed in the Nanling Mountains, Luoxiao Mountains, Wuyi Mountains, Huangshan Mountains, and Jiuling Mountain. The dimensions of each plot were 20 m × 20 m. Community species composition and quantitative characteristics in each plot were recorded. The importance values of trees, shrubs and herbs were computed, respectively. The community types and structural properties were analyzed. A total of 23 sets of community sampling data were obtained in details. A number of 11 species of rare conifers were found in 14 different formations. Rare conifer trees mainly occurred in the communities as co-edificatos or companion species. The formations included Form. Taxus wallichiana var. mairei, Form. Pseudotsuga sinensis, Form. Fokienia hodginsii and Form. Torreya grandis, where the dominant species was coniferous trees. In conclusion, our study provides valuable field investigation data of rare coniferous in Poyang Lake basin, which could provide insight into the protection and management of these species.     

长苞铁杉林乔木层优势种群种间关联及尺度效应研究

通过设定不同尺度的样方面积,根据2×2联列表,运用方差分析、联结系数AC、2统计量度量、 Ochiai指数系列技术,测定天宝岩国家级自然保护区长苞铁杉群落乔木层10个优势种群间的总体联结关系、 种对间联结显著性和关联系数。结果表明:长苞铁杉群落乔木层10个优势种群的总体种间关联性均呈正关 联,反映该群落处于稳定的顶极阶段;10个优势种群的种间联结关系中,有26个种对在不同尺度样方设计中 均未达到一般显著水平,种对间的相互独立性较强;样方设计为100 m2时,各项指标上规律性比较明显,它的 研究结果与实际情况相吻合。群落虽处于比较稳定的顶极阶段,但应适当调整群落结构,为长苞铁杉的生长 更新提供良好的生态环境。     

Dominant species,rather than diversity,regulates temporal stability of plant communities

A growing body of empirical evidence suggests that the temporal stability of communities typically increases with diversity. The counterview to this is that dominant species, rather than diversity itself, might regulate temporal stability. However, empirical studies that have explicitly examined the relative importance of diversity and dominant species in maintaining community stability have yielded few clear-cut patterns. Here, using a long-term data set, we examined the relative importance of changes in diversity components and dominance hierarchy following the removal of a dominant C4 grass, Bouteloua gracilis, in stabilizing plant communities. We also examined the relationships between the variables of diversity and dominance hierarchy and the statistical components of temporal stability. We found a significant negative relationship between temporal stability and species richness, number of rare species, and relative abundance of rare species, whereas a significant positive relationship existed between temporal stability and relative abundance of the dominant species. Variances and covariances summed over all species significantly increased with increasing species richness, whereas they significantly decreased with increasing relative abundance of dominant species. We showed that temporal stability in a shortgrass steppe plant community was controlled by dominant species rather than by diversity itself. The generality of diversity–stability relationships might be restricted by the dynamics of dominant species, especially when they have characteristics that contribute to stability in highly stochastic systems. A clear implication is that dominance hierarchies and their changes might be among the most important ecological components to consider in managing communities to maintain ecosystem functioning.     

Fox colors in relation to colors in mice and sheep

Color inheritance in foxes is explained in terms of homology between color loci in foxes, mice, and sheep. The hypothesis presented suggests that the loci A (agouti), B (black/chocolate brown pigment) and E (extension of eumelanin vs. phaeomelanin) all occur in foxes, both the red fox, Vulpes vulpes, and the arctic fox, Alopex lagopus. Two alleles are postulated at each locus in each species. At the A locus, the (top) dominant allele in the red fox, Ar, produces red color and the corresponding allele in the arctic fox, Aw, produces the winter-white color. The bottom recessive allele in both species is a, which results in the black color of the silver fox and a rare black color in the Icelandic arctic fox when homozygous. The B alleles are assumed to be similar in both species: B, dominant, producing black eumelanin, and b, recessive, producing chocolate brown eumelanin when homozygous. The recessive E allele at the E locus in homozygous form has no effect on the phenotype determined by alleles at the A locus, while Ed, the dominant allele is epistatic to the A alleles and results in Alaska black in the red fox and the dark phase in the arctic fox. Genetic formulae of various color forms of red and arctic fox and their hybrids are presented.     

长江三峡库区及其邻近地区的残存稀有濒危植物群落

长江三峡库区及其邻近地区的残存稀有濒危植物群落属于中亚热带绿落叶阔叶混交林。群落所处自然环境少生境独特;群落中有数种至十余种稀有濒危植物群聚生长,且以其中的部分稀有濒危植物为优势种。独特的生增昨良好的群落结构被认为是该类群落得以保存的主要原因,应加强对该类群落的就地保护研究。     

中国东南部农区蚂蚁物种多样性研究

为探清我国东南部农区内蚂蚁物种多样性,本研究共设置86个采样单元格,每个单元格内选择农田、草地和人工林3种生境,每种生境设置3个重复样地,每个重复生境设置5个1 m2的重复采样样方,用吸虫器采集样方内的地表蚂蚁。结果表明：在我国东南部农区共采集鉴定地表蚂蚁30 077头,隶属于7亚科49属155种;长江中下游地区共采集蚂蚁5亚科34属93种,其中优势种3个,常见种9个,稀有种81个;华南地区采集蚂蚁7亚科42属124种,其中优势种2个,常见种11个,稀有种111个。红火蚁Solenopsis invicta Buren是华南地区个体数目最多的物种,占个体总数的39.40%;物种数目、个体密度、多样性指数和优势度指数均表现为华南地区＞长江中下游地区;不同生境内蚂蚁群落的物种数目、多样性指数和均匀度指数表现为人工林＞草地＞农田,个体密度和优势度指数人工林生境最低;两个地区3种生境蚂蚁群落间相似性系数0.2437~0.6581,处于极不相似至中等相似水平。结果表明,我国东南部农区蚂蚁种类丰富,在农区的生物多样性保护中具有重要价值;红火蚁在华南地区入侵扩散严重,亟需治理;农区内不同土地利用方式造成的生境差异影响蚂蚁群落的物种组成和多样性;不同区域、不同生境的蚂蚁群落间差异明显。     

Trend,signal and noise in the ecology of Ostracoda: information from rare species in low-diversity assemblages

Samples of Ostracoda from nearshore marine environments, where the water is more likely to be brackish or hypersaline, typically have low species diversity and are dominated by such species as Cyprideis torosa. In high-diversity samples from normal-marine environments, rare species are likely to contribute to environmental noise. Evaluation of low-diversity samples from Lake Manzala, Egypt, however, shows that the environmental signal provided by rare species can be masked by the overwhelmingly dominant species, C. torosa. In such instances, the dominant species should be removed from the data set and studies based on a large sample of the rare species.