Completed Suicide with Violent and Non-Violent Methods in Rural Shandong,China: A Psychological Autopsy Study

Background

This study aims to describe the specific characteristics of completed suicides by violent methods and non-violent methods in rural Chinese population, and to explore the related factors for corresponding methods.

Methods

Data of this study came from investigation of 199 completed suicide cases and their paired controls of rural areas in three different counties in Shandong, China, by interviewing one informant of each subject using the method of Psychological Autopsy (PA).

Results

There were 78 (39.2%) suicides with violent methods and 121 (60.8%) suicides with non-violent methods. Ingesting pesticides, as a non-violent method, appeared to be the most common suicide method (103, 51.8%). Hanging (73 cases, 36.7%) and drowning (5 cases, 2.5%) were the only violent methods observed. Storage of pesticides at home and higher suicide intent score were significantly associated with choice of violent methods while committing suicide. Risk factors related to suicide death included negative life events and hopelessness.

Conclusions

Suicide with violent methods has different factors from suicide with non-violent methods. Suicide methods should be considered in suicide prevention and intervention strategies.     

A contribution to the mathematical biology of social behavior: Riots by oppressed groups

The author’s theory of imitation or mass behavior (N. Rashevsky:Mathematical Biology of Social Behavior, chapter xii, revised edition. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1959; also Rashevsky:Looking at History through Mathematics, Cambridge, Mass.: The MIT Pres, 1968), when society chooses one of two mutually exclusive behaviors, is applied to the interaction of two social groups, an oppressor group and an oppressed one. Using crude approximations, conditions are derived as to when the oppressed group will revolt or riot, when the revolt will be suppressed, and when the oppressors will completely give in and oppression will end. Even in the simple approximation used, the situation depends on 14 parameters showing that a simplistic view on riots such as mere strong punishments is utterly inadequate. It is also shown that situations may exist in which revolution-like changes from one type of behavior of a society to another cannot be prevented by any measures.     

能级进阶的护士分层管理效果评价研究

目的 探讨能级进阶的护士分层管理效果。方法 将研究对象按能级进阶分层管理实施与否分为实施前组和实施后组,护士分别为251人和283人。比较两组护士实践能力及职业态度。结果 护士实践能力、护士职业态度及其各维度评分实施后组高于实施前组（P＜0.05）。结论 实施能级进阶护士分层管理可提高护理质量,有利于护士形成正向的职业态度,有助于培养护理人才。     

Delimitation of Trypanosoma cruzi zymodemes by numerical taxonomy

Summary Based on the absence or presence of 24 isoenzyme characters, Brazilian Trypanosoma cruzi stocks can be separated by methods of numerical taxonomy into three principal, distinct groups; these groups correspond to the three T. cruzi zymodemes previously reported from north Brazil. A distinction is drawn between taxonomy, which may be of zoological interest only, and identification of medically important groups according to one or a few distinguishing characters.This paper is reprinted from Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 74, 238–242.This paper is reprinted from Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 74, 238–242.     

Some theorems in topology and a possible biological implication

In a previous paper (Bull. Math. Biophysics,16, 317–48, 1954) a transformationT of one graph into another was suggested, which may describe the relations between organisms of different complexity. In this paper some topological properties of the transformationT are studied. It is shown that the fundamental group of the transformed graph is homomorph to the fundamental group of the original graph. An expression is derived for the number of points in a point base of the transformed graph in terms of the number of points of the point base of the original when the point base of the latter consists only of residual points, and it is shown that the ratio of the number of points of the point base to the total number of points of the graph is in that case greater in the transformed graph than in the original. A combinatorial problem arising in connection with the transformationT is solved by deriving the number of possible ways in whichn-n _i indistinguishable elements may be arranged inn _i classes, permitting some of then _i classes to be empty. The possible biological meaning of the increased ratio of the number of points of the point base to the total number of points of the graph is discussed. It is suggested that it may be interpreted as a decrease of regenerating ability with increase of differentiation of the organism. Those considerations suggest the possibility of deriving some general biological laws from the consideration of the properties of the transformation only, regardless of the choice of the primordial graph.     

Mathematical biology of automobile driving: III

In a previous paper (Bull. Math. Biophysics,22, 257–262, 1960), an expression for the probability that a car jumps off a road as a function of the speed and the size of the car was derived mostly from geometric and kinematic considerations, introducing only the reaction time as a biological parameter. In subsequent papers (Bull. Math. Biophysics,29, 181–186, 187–188, 1967) a more detailed study was made of the exact shape of the tracking curve of the car which involved several biological parameters of the driver. In the present paper the results of the previous studies are combined, and a more general equation for the probability of jumping off the road is obtained. This probability, as in the earlier study, increases with the speedv, widths _o and lengthl _o of the car, and decreases with widths of the lane. However, this probability also depends on several parameters which characterize the psychobiological constitution of the driver. Unpublished experiments by Ehrlich, which corroborate the general conclusions, are briefly described.     

A systematic study of the pulchra species group of Archips occurring in Japan (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae)

This paper reviews the pulchra species group of Archips, describes a new species, Archips stellata, and redescribes A. pulchra (Butler) and A. abiephaga (Yasuda). Although long confused with each other, these three species are distinguishable by differences in the wing markings, abdominal dorsal pits, and genitalia. To position the pulchra group systematically within the genus Archips, earlier related studies are reviewed and the phylogenetic relevance and polarities of traits are discussed. The forewing pattern, consisting of transverse black and glossy gray fasciae, is presumed to be the only synapomorphy of this group; affinity between the pulchra group and other groups of Archips in some traits may reflect symplesiomorphy.     

Comments on the approximate solution of the diffusion equation: II

On the basis of a previous general formulation (Bull. Math. Biophysics,15, 21–29, 1953a) a discussion is given of the error in the approximation method of N. Rashevsky. This error, inherent in the method when the metabolic rate is different at each point in the cell, is discussed in detail and numerical values are presented for two particular cases: the rate proportional to the concentration and the rate a prescribed function of the spatial coordinates. It is shown that the formulation for the first case also applies to several other cases, that the error is negligible provided the rate is sufficiently small, and that the error is fairly sensitive to the cell size. If the rate depends upon the coordinatesalone a small rate is not sufficient to insure a negligible error. The relations between the exact method, the standard approximate method, an earlier approximate method (Physics,7 260, 1936), and a more recent refinement (Bull. Math. Biophysics,10, 201, 1948) of the standard method are discussed. This work was performed while the author was a research participant, Oak Ridge Institute of Nuclear Studies, assigned to the Mathematics Panel, Oak Ridge National Laboratory.     

复合益生菌对白羽肉鸡肌肉品质的影响及作用机理

【目的】探究饮水中添加复合益生菌制剂(地衣芽孢杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌和丁酸梭菌)对肉鸡肌肉品质的影响及作用机理。【方法】试验随机选取360只1日龄白羽肉仔鸡,随机分为3个处理组：对照组(CON),正常饮水;低剂量益生菌组(LG),饮水添加0.2%复合益生菌;高剂量益生菌组(HG),饮水添加0.4%复合益生菌,试验为期42d。【结果】与CON组相比,LG组和HG组显著增加肉鸡7、35和42 d平均体重,显著提高HG组肉鸡21-28、28-35、35-42阶段的平均日增重(P<0.05),LG组仅显著提高35-42阶段平均日增重;显著提高胸肌45 min、24 h、48 h红度和24 h黄度,降低24 h和48 h亮度及48 h滴水损失和蒸煮损失。HG组胸肌粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量显著高于CON组,而LG组差异不显著;两组均可降低胸肌灰分含量。添加复合益生菌可显著提高总抗氧化能力(total antioxidant capacity,T-AOC),而总超氧化物歧化酶(total-superoxide dismutase,T-SOD)、过氧化氢酶(catalase,CAT)含量有上升趋势;显著上...     

探讨不同浓度的清郁和降汤对反流性食管炎大鼠肠道菌群的影响

【目的】观察不同浓度的清郁和降汤对反流性食管炎（reflux esophagitis，RE）的治疗效果，并探讨其对肠道菌群的影响。【方法】将36只健康雄性SD大鼠随机分为6组，其中1组为假手术组，剩余5组大鼠采用“前胃结扎+外置幽门部分结扎术”手术造模方法建立反流性食管炎模型。造模2周后将术后全部存活的30只大鼠随机分成对照组、中药高剂量组（予高剂量清郁和降汤）、中药中剂量组（予中剂量清郁和降汤）、中药低剂量组（予低剂量清郁和降汤）、西药组（予泮托拉唑钠肠溶胶囊+枸橼酸莫沙比利分散片+复方嗜酸乳杆菌片），每组6只。于术后第15天开始灌胃，其中假手术组及对照组予蒸馏水灌胃，其他组分别给予相应的药物灌胃，持续灌胃14 d后将所有大鼠处死后进行取材。以苏木精-伊红（hematoxylin-eosin，HE）染色观察大鼠食管组织的病理学改变；采用16S rRNA基因高通量测序检测其肠道黏膜的菌群构成。【结果】反流性食管炎大鼠存在着较为明显的肠道菌群结构变化及肠道菌群多样性较低的情况，B组（对照组）中厚壁菌门和拟杆菌门占比减少，变形菌门占比增多，且假单胞菌属、青枯菌属等细菌增多。低、中、高3种浓度的清郁和降汤均能够提升RE大鼠的肠道菌群多样性，增加拟杆菌门及厚壁菌门，降低变形菌门的占比，从属水平上看，清郁和降汤能够提升大鼠肠道中拟杆菌属、乳杆菌属、瘤胃球菌属、颤螺旋菌属、双歧杆菌属和狄氏副拟杆菌属等益生菌占比。以D组（中剂量组）对大鼠肠道菌群多样性提升最为明显，其效果最接近假手术组。特征微生物方面，B组以变形菌门为特征性微生物，D、E两组出现了放线菌门及拟杆菌门下属细菌为特征微生物的情况，在门水平与F组相同。【结论】清郁和降汤能够有效地治疗反流性食管炎，其机制可能与改变RE大鼠的肠道菌群结构、减少有害菌、提升益生菌的占比和改善肠道菌群多样性有关。     

茶轮斑病对茶树叶片内生真菌群落结构的影响

[目的]茶树叶片内生真菌长期与茶树协同进化,互利共生,在生物和非生物胁迫的生态系统中对茶树起着重要的保护作用,其群落结构组成相对稳定,但在外界因素的影响下,也会发生一定的变化.然而,关于生物胁迫对茶树叶片内生真菌群落结构的影响还缺乏系统的研究.因此,对生物胁迫下叶片内生真菌群落结构的多样性研究具有重要意义.[方法]本研...     

Nomenclatural changes in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Lithospermum</Emphasis> (Boraginaceae) and related taxa following a reassessment of phylogenetic relationships

Lithospermum (Boraginaceae) comprises approximately 40 species in both the Old and New Worlds, with a center of diversity in the southwestern United States and Mexico. Using ten cpDNA regions, a phylogeny of Lithospermum and related taxa was reconstructed. Lithospermum (including New World and Old World species) and related New World members of Lithospermeae form a monophyletic group, with Macromeria, Onosmodium, Nomosa, Lasiarrhenum, and Psilolaemus nested among species of Lithospermum. New World Lithospermeae also is a monophyletic group, with Eurasian species of Lithospermum sister to this group. Because Lithospermum is not monophyletic without the inclusion of the other New World genera, species from these genera are transferred to Lithospermum, and appropriate nomenclatural changes are made. New combinations are Lithospermum album, Lithospermum barbigerum, Lithospermum dodrantale, Lithospermum exsertum, Lithospermum helleri, Lithospemum leonotis, Lithospermum notatum, Lithospermum oaxacanum, Lithospermum pinetorum, Lithospermum rosei, Lithospermum trinverium, and Lithospermum unicum; new names are Lithospermum chiapense, Lithospermum johnstonii, Lithospermum macromeria, Lithospermum onosmodium, Lithospermum rzedowskii, and Lithospermum turneri.     

改造大肠杆菌卟啉代谢途径对重组过氧化物酶活性的影响

【目的】原核表达某些需辅因子的外源蛋白时往往酶活偏低,为提高酶活和减少外加辅因子的成本,我们尝试在大肠杆菌中表达外源过氧化氢-过氧化物酶的同时提高大肠杆菌中与该酶辅因子相关的合成代谢。【方法】本研究克隆了中度嗜盐菌Halomonas elongata DSM2581的过氧化氢-过氧化物酶CAT-POD(catalase-peroxidase)编码基因kat G的ORF,构建原核表达载体p ET28a-kat G,实现了CAT-POD在大肠杆菌中的重组表达。由于CAT-POD活性依赖其活性中心血红素,而血卟啉是血红素的骨架,通过构建原核表达载体p UC19-tac-hem A,将编码5-氨基乙酰丙酸合成酶的hem A基因在大肠杆菌中过量表达,提高卟啉的含量,从而提高重组蛋白CAT-POD的酶活。【结果】最终的CAT酶活达到了377 U/m L,为对照组的7.5倍。【结论】本研究为工业生产高活性CAT-POD提供了有效的方案,也为体外重组表达含辅因子的蛋白提供可借鉴的思路。     

Two remarks on the mathematical biology of automobile driving

In connection with a series of previous papers by this author (Bulletin of Mathematical Biophysics,21, 299–308, 375–385;22, 257–262, 263–267;23, 19–29;24, 319–325) results obtained by A. Crawford (Economics 5, 417–428) on the effects of irrelevant lights on reaction times toward a given light stimulus are discussed. The conclusions from a previous paper of this author (Bulletin of Mathematical Biophysics,23, 19–29) are elaborated.     

Control and heterologous expression in Escherichia coli of the Klebsiella pneumoniae gene encoding alginate lyase

The gene (aly) encoding the guluronate-specific alginate lyase from Klebsiella pneumoniae has been subcloned into the plasmid vector pHG327, transformed into Escherichia coli, and expressed in this host. Three groups of lyase-positive clones have been identified in which one or more copies of a 1.95-kb Hind III fragment encoding the gene have been inserted. The enzyme is expressed constitutively from its own promoter, but the efficiency depends on the orientation of the insert within the vector. Similarly, enhanced expression by induction of the vector's lac promoter is also orientation-dependent.     

哈尼梯田稻鲤共作与单养模式下福瑞鲤肠道菌群结构比较研究

【目的】分析不同养殖模式的福瑞鲤肠道菌群结构组成和群落特征。【方法】通过16S rRNA高通量测序技术,分析比较哈尼梯田稻鲤共作、传统池单养、水泥池单养模式下的福瑞鲤肠道菌群的结构组成和丰度差异。【结果】梯田稻鲤组(RCIC)、传统池鲤组(YPIC)和水泥池鲤组(HPIC)分别获得了2345、238和118个OTU。RCIC组的Sobs指数及PD指数最高,显著高于YPIC组(P<0.05),极其显著高于HPIC组(P<0.01);池塘单养模式下,两组之间多样性指数也存在显著差异,YPIC组大于HPIC组(P<0.05)。含量大于10%优势菌门：RCIC组主要为变形菌门(39.39%)、梭杆菌门(38.55%)和厚壁菌门(15.4%);YPIC组为变形菌门(21.87%)、梭杆菌门(58.27%);HPIC组为变形菌门(46.63%)、梭杆菌门(53.14%)。变形菌和梭杆菌为3组福瑞鲤肠道样品的优势菌群,其中的鲸杆菌属(Cetobacterium)、气单胞菌属(Aeromonas)为核心优势菌属。LEfSe线性判别分析(LDA>3)显示17个具有差异的标记菌属,...     

Passiflora tacanensis, a new species of Passiflora subgenus Decaloba supersection Cieca from Mexico

Passiflora tacanensis, a new species from southern Mexico, is described and illustrated. It was discovered during the course of a taxonomic revision ofPassiflora subgenusDecaloba supersectionCieca and is assigned to that group of apetalous passion flowers.Passiflora tacanensis is known only from one fruiting herbarium specimen that was collected in southern Mexico on Volcán Tacaná in a high mesophytic forest. It is distinguished from its closest relatives,P. coriacea, P. sexocellata, P. mcvaughiana, andP. xiikzodz, by its foliose stipules, leaves that lack laminar nectaries but possess petiolar nectaries, and wide seeds with a chalazal beak that is not well developed.     

Physical aspects of organic evolution

The system composed of species of living organisms and their environment evolves under a stream of available energy from the sun. The differential survival of the components depends on the degree of success of each in securing its share of energy from this stream. This type of problem is familiar from the study of physicochemical systems in which the distribution and change in distribution of matter among specified components is examined in its relation to parameters of state. But whereas it is characteristic of physicochemical systems commonly considered that structure and mechanism play at most a subordinate role, in the study of organic evolution the structure and mechanical properties of the components, on which their aptitude for capturing energy depends, play the dominant role. Address delivered before the Symposium on Mathematical Biology held during the meeting of the A.A.A.S. in Chicago, December 26–27, 1947. Other papers presented at the Symposium are also being published inThe Bulletin. Those include: Rapoport, Anatol and Shimbel, Alfonso. 9, 169, 1947; Culbertson, J. T.10, 31, 1948; Rapoport, Anatol and Shimbel, Alfonso.10, 41, 1948; Hearon, John Z.10, 175, 1948; Morales, Manuel F. and Smith, Robert E.10, 191, 1948. For technical reasons the papers are not published in the same order as they were presented. A complete list of the papers presented at the Symposium on Mathematical Biology, together with abstracts is published inBiometrics,4, No. 2, 1948.Editor.     

Properties of Oligonucleotide with Phenyl-Substituted Carbocyclic Nucleoside Analogs for the Formation of Duplex and Triplex DNA

(1S,3S,4R)-1-Phenyl-1-thymidyl-3-hydroxy-4-hydroxymethylcyclopentane (10) and their analogs were synthesized, incorporated into the oligodeoxynucleotides, and their properties were evaluated for the formation of duplex and triplex DNA. The known chiral cyclopentanone derivative was converted into the corresponding ketimine sulfonamide derivative, which was subjected to a stereoselective PhLi addition. The formed sulfonamide was hydrolyzed to afford the primary amino group, on which the thymine moiety was built. The benzyl protecting groups were removed to form the nucleoside analog having a phenyl group and the thymine unit at the 1′ position of a carbocyclic skeleton (10). In the estimation of the oligodeoxynucleotides incorporating 10 for duplex and triplex formation, the carbocyclic nucleoside analog 10 did not show the stabilizing effect for duplex formation; on the other hand, it stabilized the triplex. Therefore, the skeleton of the phenyl-substituted carbocyclic nucleoside analog 10 may be a platform for the formation of stable triplex DNA.