Rapid initial removal of chylomicron remnants by the mouse liver does not require hepatically localized apolipoprotein E

Apolipoprotein E (apoE) is a ligand for the low density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) and the low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP). The aim of the present study was to clarify the role of hepatically localized apoE in the rapid initial removal of chylomicron remnants by using the isolated perfused liver. Radiolabeled chylomicron remnants were perfused in a single nonrecirculating pass into the livers of C57BL/6J (wild-type) mice, apoE-knockout mice, and apoE/LDLR-knockout mice for a period of 20 min. Aliquots of the perfusate leaving the liver were collected at regular intervals and the rate of removal of radioactivity was determined. At a trace concentration of chylomicron remnants (0.05 microgram of protein per ml), wild-type mouse livers removed at a steady state of 50-55% of total chylomicron remnants perfused per pass; livers from apoE-knockout mice had the same capacity as wild-type mouse livers. When the concentration of remnants was increased to 12 microgram of protein per ml, a level at which it has been shown that LDL receptor and LRP are near saturation, the capacity of the wild-type mouse livers to remove chylomicron remnants was decreased to 10-25% per pass, confirming that the removal mechanisms were nearing saturation. However, instead of finding a greater reduction in the removal rates or impairment in chylomicron remnant removal, livers from apoE-knockout mice were just as efficient as those from wild-type mice in removing remnants. Livers of mice that lacked both apoE and the LDLR also had a similar rate of removal at relatively low remnant concentrations (0.05-0.5 microgram/ml), but had reduced capacity in removing remnants at a relatively high concentration (4-12 microgram/ml) of chylomicron remnants ( approximately 20% per pass). The rate of removal at these concentrations, however, was similar to that attributed to the LRP in previous studies. Chylomicron remnants, whose apolipoproteins were disrupted by trypsinization, were removed at a normal rate by wild-type mouse livers but there was almost no removal by apoE-knockout mouse livers. At higher concentrations, however, the removal of apolipoprotein-disrupted chylomicron remnants was decreased.Our present findings do not support the hypothesis that hepatically localized apoE is a critical factor in the rapid initial removal of chylomicron remnants by either of the major pathways but do suggest that hepatically localized apoE can be added to lipoproteins to accelerate their uptake, although this process may have a limited capacity to compensate for apoE deficiency on lipoproteins.     

Evaluation of the components of the chylomicron remnant removal mechanism by use of the isolated perfused mouse liver.

The isolated perfused mouse liver was utilized to evaluate the relative contribution of various molecules believed to participate in the removal of chylomicron remnants by the liver. Sixty percent of asialofetuin was removed from the perfusate per pass; bovine serum albumin was not removed. Normal mouse livers removed chylomicron remnants more efficiently (40-50%/pass) than nascent chylomicrons (10-20%/pass). The fractional removal rate of remnants decreased as their concentration in the perfusate increased demonstrating saturability. Remnant removal by livers of low density lipoprotein receptor-deficient (LDLRD) mice paralleled that of normal mice at low remnant concentrations (0.05, 0.2 microg protein/ml); as concentration increased (4-16 microg protein/ml), removal by LDLRD livers was reduced. About 50% of the capacity to remove remnants was due to the LDL receptor. The role of the LDLR-related protein (LRP) was estimated using the receptor-associated protein (RAP). Four microg/ml of RAP inhibited only LRP; it reduced the removal of remnants by 30-40% in normal livers. When RAP was included in the perfusate of LDLRD livers, remnant removal persisted but was diminished, particularly late in the perfusion; the capacity was approximately 30% of controls. The present study has established that there is more than one mechanism operating for the removal of chylomicron remnants by the liver, provides estimates of the concentration of each to the removal of remnants, and indicates a method for further studies.It is concluded that in normal livers, the LDL receptor has the greatest capacity for removing chylomicron remnants. The LRP contributes to the process as well and a third component, perhaps "sequestration," accounts for up to 30% of the capacity for the initial removal of chylomicron remnants.     

3M纳米树脂在牙齿修复中的临床效果

目的：分析3M纳米树脂在牙齿修复的临床效果。方法：于2014 年1 月到2014年9 月,选取我院患者90 例,360 颗患牙,随 机分为3M纳米复合树脂组、光固化复合树脂组、玻璃离子水门汀组,观察术后患者的满意度、临床疗效。结果：在术后即时,三组 之间的患者满意度上的差异无统计学意义;在术后1 年后,3M纳米复合树脂组的患者满意度高（89.66 %）于光固化复合树脂组 （78.57 %）和玻璃离子水门汀组（68.97 %）（P<0.05）;在临床疗效方面,3M纳米复合树脂组成功率为93.10%,远高于光固化复合树 脂组（75.00 %）、玻璃离子水门汀组（68.97 %）,组间差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）;而光固化复合树脂组和玻璃离子水门汀组之 间患者满意度和临床疗效上的差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论：3M纳米树脂治疗在牙齿修复中具有良好的美观性和理想的临 床疗效。     

脉冲Nd:YAG激光照射氟斑牙后充填微渗漏的实验研究

目的:观察氟斑牙经脉冲Nd-YAG激光照射后充填微渗漏的发生情况,为相关研究提供参考。方法:选取人体因各种原因而拔除的氟斑牙(重度)30颗,分成A、B两组。A组为Nd:YAG激光消除龋坏组织作为实验组,B组用传统涡轮钻去龋作为对照组。所有牙齿用树脂充填,经冷热循环处理后,再进行微渗漏观察。结果:实验组充填体边缘微渗漏比对照组明显低(P0.01)。结论:脉冲Nd:YAG激光去除氟斑牙坏死组织有助于增强充填物与釉质连接,不增加微渗漏,有助于充填成功。     

Tensile bond strength of orthodontic resins on the human tooth surface

Composite resin has been used in the field of orthodontics for more than twenty years. Although there have been many studies and discussions regarding the bond strength of orthodontic brackets to the human tooth surface, a definitive conclusion has not yet been established. In this study, sixty bicuspids extracted from teenagers were employed for testing, in conjunction with 6 different brands of orthodontic resins: Concise, Unitek, Ormco, American, Mono-lok and Right-on. On the buccal surface of the crown, the tensile bond strength for the various resins were tested and recorded. The bond strength was 0.69 kg/mm2 for Concise, 0.64 kg/mm2 for Unitek, 0.58 Kg/mm2 for Ormco, 0.55 kg/mm2 for American, 0.54 kg/mm2 for Mono-log and 0.45 kg/mm2 for Right-on, respectively. The broken surfaces were examined by scanning electron microscopy, as well as energy dispersive x-ray spectrometry. The broken surfaces were either at interface between the resin and bracket base, at the resin itself, interface between tooth surface and resin or in a combination of them. On the broken surface of the bracket base, components of broken tooth fragments were also detected. The percentage for the frequency of samples of each type of orthodontic resin of broken tooth fragments found was 30% for Concise, 10% for Unitek, 50% for Ormco, 40% for American, 50% for Mono-lok and 80% for Right-on.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

脉冲式冲牙器预防正畸患者牙龈炎的纵向对比研究

目的:正畸患者口腔内环境往往会受到多种不良影响,造成大量微生物种群定植于牙龈周围,并形成牙菌斑改变牙周组织的形态和结构,对正畸效果及疗程产生较大不利因素,如何采用合理干预措施降低口腔正畸患者牙菌斑和牙龈炎的发生率,成为正畸是否成功的关键因素之一。本研究旨在探讨脉冲式冲牙器对正畸患者牙菌斑及牙龈炎症的影响。方法:以82例青少年正畸患者及健康志愿者为研究对象,将正畸患者随机分为研究组(41例)和对照组(41例);于正畸后30天后对患者进行口腔卫生宣教及日常刷牙方法系统培训,研究组正畸患者采用脉冲式冲牙器;于干预前后评价牙龈指数(gingival index,GI)和Quigley-Hein菌斑指数(plaque index,PI)。结果:在干预前,志愿者与正畸30天患者均存在不同程度口腔卫生问题,正畸患者GI及PI等指数明显高于健康人群,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);经过一定周期的干预,两组正畸患者的GI均有不同程度的改善,但以研究组患者效果更为明显,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:脉冲式冲牙器能够产生超细高压脉冲水柱,可以在正畸治疗期间有效提高菌斑清除率,减缓牙龈炎的进程,不同程度改善正畸患者口腔卫生,有助于提高正畸治疗效果。     

Regulation of the hepatic removal of chylomicron remnants and beta-very low density lipoproteins in the rat.

The contribution of the low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor to the removal of chylomicron remnants was determined in vitro and in vivo by using interventions that up- or down-regulate the LDL receptor but not the LDL receptor-related protein (LRP). In vitro, chylomicron remnants and beta-very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) bind to the LDL receptor on endosomal membranes; their binding can be competed by LDL and beta-VLDL and the binding capacity is greatly augmented in membranes from estradiol-treated rats. Likewise, estradiol treatment almost doubled the removal of chylomicron remnants during a single pass through perfused rat livers. However, in vivo the removal of chylomicron remnants and beta-VLDL was very rapid even in untreated rats so that the effect of the stimulation by estradiol was barely detectable when trace amounts of lipoproteins were injected. Yet, when saturating doses of either lipoprotein were injected, the effect of estradiol treatment on the removal of chylomicron remnants and beta-VLDL was readily disclosed. In rats fed a diet containing lard, cholesterol, and bile acids, removal of chylomicron remnants or beta-VLDL was significantly retarded. Likewise, perfused livers from diet-fed rats removed only a mean of 16% of chylomicron remnants during a single passage as compared to 29% in livers from control animals. Also, when large doses of beta-VLDL had been infused into rats for 4 h, in subsequent perfusions of the livers the removal of chylomicron remnants was decreased to 11%. From these results it is concluded that the LDL receptor mediates the hepatic removal of a major fraction of chylomicron remnants and beta-VLDL.     

Solid-phase synthesis of peptides containing phosphoserine using phosphate tert.-butyl protecting group

In this paper, we report the solid-phase synthesis of peptides containing O-phosphonoserine using BOP as coupling reagent. Commercially available Fmoc amino-acids linked to p-alkoxybenzyl resin were used in the first step and Alloc amino acids in the following. Alloc group was removed by catalytic hydrostannolytic cleavage. Acid-labile side-chain protecting groups (including phosphate residue) were used. Thus, both removal of side-chain protecting groups and cleavage of the phosphopeptide from the resin were achieved in one step by treatment with TFA. Alloc serine was phosphorylated by the phosphoramidite method. This strategy enables the preparation of peptides with selectively phosphorylated residue and overcomes problems due to repetitive treatments with TFA and final cleavage with HF.     

Distribution of 3H-proline within transseptal fibers of the rat following release of orthodontic forces

Maxillary right first molar teeth of rats were tipped mesially with an orthodontic appliance for 2 weeks (experimental group), 3H-proline was injected, and orthodontic forces were removed 6 hr later (time 0). The contralateral molar teeth of treated (internal control group) and age- and weight-matched untreated animals (external control group) were also studied. Diastemata were created between the molar teeth by the orthodontic appliance, and transseptal fibers between first and second (P less than 0.001) and second and third molars (P less than 0.005) were significantly lengthened as compared to external and internal controls at time 0. Diastemata between molar teeth were closed 5 days after removal of orthodontic force. Transseptal fibers adjacent to the source of the orthodontic force (mesial region) had the highest mean number of 3H-proline-labeled proteins at time 0 and at all times following removal of the force (P less than 0.001), and had the highest rate of labeled protein removal (P less than 0.001). Half-lives for removal of 3H-proline-labeled transseptal fiber proteins were significantly greater in mesial and distal regions and significantly less in middle regions of experimentals than in corresponding regions of external controls (P less than 0.001). These data suggest the following: 1) transseptal fibers adjust their length by rapid remodeling in regions experiencing a tensile force; 2) collagenous protein turnover within the middle third of the transseptal fibers is more rapid subsequent to release of orthodontic force than during normal physiologic drift, suggesting that this region adapts rapidly to changes in adjacent tooth position and that these fibers do not play a significant role in relapse of orthodontically relocated teeth; and 3) significant differences in turnover rates of 3H-proline-labeled transseptal ligament proteins of external and internal control quadrants suggest that tooth movement produces both local and systemic effects on collagenous protein metabolism.     

正畸带环与树脂临时冠对牙隐裂暂时性保护的疗效比较

目的:研究正畸带环与树脂临时冠对牙隐裂暂时性保护的临床疗效,为临床治疗提供依据。方法:选取2013年5月到2015年4月我院收治的牙隐裂患者196例,按照随机数字表法将患者分为A组和B组,每组98例,A组给予正畸带环治疗,B组给予树脂临时冠治疗,比较两组固定效果、咬合情况、牙周情况以及满意度。结果:两组固定成功率比较无统计学意义(P0.05);A组牙龈炎发生率为12.2%显著高于B组的3.1%,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);B组满意度为95.9%显著显著高于A组的80.6%,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:树脂临时冠较正畸带环对牙隐裂暂时性保护作用较好,患者满意率较高,值得临床推广应用。     

The synthesis of oligonucleotides containing a primary amino group at the 5''-terminus.

Oligonucleotides containing a primary amino group at their 5'-termini have been prepared and further derivatised with amino specific probes. The sequence required is prepared using standard solid phase phosphoramidite techniques and an extra round of synthesis is then performed with N-monomethoxytrityl-0-methoxydiisopropylaminophosphinyl 3-aminopropan(1)ol. After cleavage from the resin, removal of the phosphate and base protecting groups and purification gives a monomethoxytrityl-NH(CH2)3PO4-oligomer. The monomethoxytrityl group can be removed with acetic acid to give the desired amino containing oligomer. The amino group can be further derivatised with amino specific probes yielding fluorescent or biotinylated oligonucleotide products.     

杜仲叶多糖的提取分离、抗补体活性及结构研究

经石油醚脱脂、除胶后,采用热水提取、分步醇沉工艺获得杜仲叶水溶性多糖PsEUL1、PsEUL2、PsEUL3,分别经S-8大孔树脂脱色,Sevag法脱蛋白及透析,其中PsEUL1经DEAE-52纤维素柱层析分离得多糖组分PsEUL11、PsEUL12、PsEUL13,抗补体活性实验表明,其中有多个组分有不同程度的抗补体活性,并呈一定的剂量效应关系。活性多糖PsEUL13经硫酸-咔唑反应及气相色谱法测定,单糖组成为:L-鼠李糖、D-岩藻糖、D-阿拉伯糖、D-木糖、D-葡糖糖、D-半乳糖、糖醛酸,含量比为11.8∶1.6∶37.7∶4.2∶10.7∶12.8∶21.2。     

预酸蚀乳牙牙本质对自酸蚀粘接系统粘接强度的影响

目的:探讨预酸蚀乳牙牙本质对自酸蚀粘接系统粘接强度的影响。方法:随机选取28颗健康乳磨牙,磨除颊舌面釉质,暴露牙本质粘接面,沿近远中向劈开形成56个样本,随机分为7组(n=8)。直接涂布组(A1组,A2组和A3组)分别涂布AdperTM Easy One(AEO),Xeno-V(XV)和OptiBond All In One(AIO)三种自酸蚀粘接剂,预酸蚀组(B1组,B2组和B3组)在涂布三种自酸蚀粘接剂前先使用35%磷酸酸蚀乳牙牙本质15 s,对照组(C组)使用Prime&Bond NTTM(NT)全酸蚀粘接剂,每个样本用Z350复合树脂堆砌成直径为3 mm的树脂小柱,通过剪切试验测试剪切粘接强度,并通过扫描电子显微镜观察断裂表面形态。结果:B1组,B2组的剪切粘接强度值明显高于A1组,A2组(P<0.001);B3组与A3组的剪切粘接强度值比较无明显差别(P=0.94)。A2组的剪切粘接强度值低于C组(P<0.05);B1组的剪切粘接强度值明显高于C组(P<0.001)。扫描电镜观察结果显示各组试件断裂面形态多为牙本质和复合树脂界面破坏。直接涂布组(A1组,A2组和A3组)断裂多发生在混合层的底部,树脂突较少且低于小管口。B1组和B2组试件断裂面可见多数牙本质小管被树脂突填满,断裂多发生在混合层的中上部。B3组试件断裂面可见牙本质小管空虚,树脂突较少。结论:预酸蚀乳牙牙本质可以提高AEO,XV两种自酸蚀粘接剂的剪切粘接强度。自酸蚀粘接剂处理乳牙牙本质可以达到全酸蚀粘接剂处理的粘接强度,但应用自酸蚀粘接剂前预酸蚀乳牙牙本质可以获得更高的粘接强度。     

Rates of removal and degradation of chylomicron remnants by isolated perfused rat liver

Chylomicron remnants are removed intact by isolated perfused rat livers and their lipid components are metabolized by the liver (Biochim. Biophys. Acta 488: 464, 1977). The present study provides quantitative information regarding these processes. When the lipoprotein concentration of the perfusate was constant, the removal of chylomicron remnants increases lineraly for 17 min. The rate of remnant removal was a hyperbolic function of the perfusate's remnant concentration. The removal rate had aV max of 28microgram cholesterol per g liver per min and an apparent Km of 64 microgram cholesterol per ml perfusate. Feeding the liver donors a diet containing 1% cholesterol or 4% cholesterol and 1% cholic acid failed to alter the hepatic removal rate. The cholesteryl ester removed from the remnants was hydrolyzed at a rate that was a small fraction of the removal rate (about 0.5% of removed cholesteryl ester per min). The rate of cholesteryl ester hydrolysis did not appear to approach saturation in the range studied. Studies of the lysosomal cholesteryl ester hydrolase suggested that this enzyme was not responsible for limiting the initial rate of hydrolysis, raising the possibility that the degradation rate is determined by the movement of the removed remnant to the site of hydrolysis.     

Comparison of tensile bond strengths of four one-bottle self-etching adhesive systems with Er:YAG laser-irradiated dentin

This study aimed to investigate the interaction of current one-bottle self-etching adhesives and Er:YAG laser with dentin using a tensile bond strength (TBS) test and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in vitro. Two hundred and thirteen dentin discs were randomly distributed to the Control Group using bur cutting and to the Laser Group using an Er:YAG laser (200 mJ, VSP, 20 Hz). The following adhesives were investigated: one two-step total-etch adhesive [Prime & Bond NT (Dentsply)] and four one-step self-etch adhesives [G-Bond plus (GC), XENO V (Dentsply), iBond Self Etch (Heraeus) and Adper Easy One (3 M ESPE)]. Samples were restored with composite resin, and after 24-hour storage in distilled water, subjected to the TBS test. For morphological analysis, 12 dentin specimens were prepared for SEM. No significant differences were found between the control group and laser group (p = 0.899); dentin subjected to Prime & Bond NT, XENOV and Adper Easy One produced higher TBS. In conclusion, this study indicates that Er:YAG laser-prepared dentin can perform as well as bur on TBS, and some of the one-step one-bottle adhesives are comparable to the total-etch adhesives in TBS on dentin.     

氟对正畸儿童牙面菌斑变形链球菌的影响

目的:观察和探讨2%氟化钠对正畸患者牙面菌斑内细菌总数及变形链球菌数的影响.方法:选择34例正畸儿童,分为两组,试验组涂布2%氟化钠;对照组不做处理.分别于戴用矫治器前,戴入后1月采集上颌牙唇颊面菌斑,测定菌斑中细菌总数及变形链球菌数.结果:对照组戴用后1月,细菌总数及变形链球菌数较戴用前明显增加(P＜0.01).对照组与试验组戴用后1月相比,试验组细菌总数及变形链球菌数明显少于对照组(P＜0.05).结论:戴用固定矫治器后,牙面菌斑内细菌总数及变形链球菌数较戴用前增加,应用2%氟化钠可明显抑制正畸患者口腔内变形链球菌数,减少龋坏发生.     

Tungsten-based material as promising new lead-free gamma radiation shielding material in nuclear medicine

PurposeThe main objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of tungsten carbide as new lead-free radiation shielding material in nuclear medicine by evaluating the attenuation properties.Materials and methodsThe elemental composition of tungsten carbide was analysed using Field-Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) with energy dispersive X-ray (EDX). The purity of tungsten carbide was 99.9%, APS: 40–50 µm. Three discs of tungsten carbide was fabricated with thickness of 0.1 cm, 0.5 cm and 1.0 cm. Three lead discs with similar thickness were used to compare the attenuation properties with tungsten carbide discs. Energy calibration of gamma spectroscopy was performed by using ¹²³I, ¹³³Ba, ¹⁵²Eu, and ¹³⁷Cs. Gamma radiation from these sources were irradiated on both materials at energies ranging from 0.160 MeV to 0.779 MeV. The experimental attenuation coefficients of lead and tungsten carbide were compared with theoretical attenuation coefficients of both materials from NIST database. The half value layer and mean free path of both materials were also evaluated in this study.ResultsThis study found that the peaks obtained from gamma spectroscopy have linear relationship with all energies used in this study. The relative differences between the measured and theoretical mass attenuation coefficients are within 0.19–5.11% for both materials. Tungsten carbide has low half value layer and mean free path compared to lead for all thickness at different energies.ConclusionThis study shows that tungsten carbide has high potential to replace lead as new lead-free radiation shielding material in nuclear medicine.     

The uptake of chylomicron remnants and very low density lipoprotein remnants by the perfused rat liver

The regulation of the hepatic uptake of chylomicron remnants and very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) remnants was studied in the rat using a nonrecirculating liver perfusion system. The hepatic removal of remnant lipoproteins was shown to be by receptor-mediated processes since the concentration-dependent uptake was saturable and reductive methylation of the particles reduced the uptake of each lipoprotein by two-thirds. Treatment of liver donor rats with 17 alpha-ethinyl estradiol resulted in a 2-fold increase in the hepatic uptake of VLDL remnants, while cholesterol feeding of liver donor rats caused complete suppression of the receptor-mediated uptake of VLDL remnants. Chylomicron remnant removal was unaffected by estradiol administration and only slightly diminished by cholesterol feeding. The results of competition studies also indicated that a specific chylomicron remnant receptor exists in the liver. Apoprotein E was shown to be required for the receptor-mediated uptake of both remnant lipoproteins. Chylomicron remnants which contained no apoprotein E and VLDL remnants which contained reductively methylated apoprotein E were removed by the liver to about one-third of the extent of native particles. Thus the hepatic uptake of remnant lipoproteins occurs by receptor-mediated processes and the specific removal of both particles is mediated by apoprotein E. In addition, the uptake of VLDL remnants is regulated by the same factors that control hepatic low-density lipoprotein removal, while chylomicron remnant removal is unaffected by these factors.     

Computer based methodology for construction of orthodontic arch wire templates

This paper presents the details and logic of two Fortran computer programs. The program, BRACKET, is designed to evaluate the constant relationship among teeth and orthodontic brackets to which an arch wire is adapted. The program, WIRE, is used to initially fit brackets to teeth using the constants derived in BRACKETS, based upon a series of orthogonal transformations. Subsequently, an orthodontic arch wire is fitted through the brackets, and the results are displayed using computer graphics.It is anticipated that the system would be useful in the orthodontic clinical setting as an aid in arch wire formation. The graphics produce a template which incorporates essential points to consider in arch wire formation, namely, perimeter length, lateral widths, symmetry, and appropriate arch form for the patient.     

Various Effects of Sandblasting of Dental Restorative Materials

Background

Sandblasting particles which remain on the surfaces of dental restorations are removed prior to cementation. It is probable that adhesive strength between luting material and sandblasting particle remnants might exceed that with restorative material. If that being the case, blasting particles adhere to sandblasted material surface could be instrumental to increasing adhesive strength like underlying bonding mechanism between luting material and silanized particles of tribochemical silica coating-treated surface. We hypothesize that ultrasonic cleaning of bonding surfaces, which were pretreated with sandblasting, may affect adhesive strength of a resin luting material to dental restorative materials.

Methods

We therefore observed adhesive strength of resin luting material to aluminum oxide was greater than those to zirconia ceramic and cobalt-chromium alloy beforehand. To measure the shear bond strengths of resin luting material to zirconia ceramic and cobalt-chromium alloy, forty specimens of each restorative material were prepared. Bonding surfaces were polished with silicon abrasive paper and then treated with sandblasting. For each restorative material, 40 sandblasted specimens were equally divided into two groups: ultrasonic cleaning (USC) group and non-ultrasonic cleaning (NUSC) group. After resin luting material was polymerized on bonding surface, shear test was performed to evaluate effect of ultrasonic cleaning of bonding surfaces pretreated with sandblasting on bond strength.

Results

For both zirconia ceramic and cobalt-chromium alloy, NUSC group showed significantly higher shear bond strength than USC group.

Conclusions

Ultrasonic cleaning of dental restorations after sandblasting should be avoided to retain improved bonding between these materials.