Comparisons of creatine kinase primary structures

Comparisons of nine creatine kinase sequences show that 67% of the protein sequence is identical among rabbit, rat, mouse, and chicken muscle, rabbit, rat, and chicken brain, and electric organ sequences from two species of electric ray(Torpedo). The extensive homology precludes a facile prediction of active-site residues based on sequence conservation. The sequences are more similar within isozyme types than are the different isozymes from any one species. There are 35 positions in the muscle and brain sequence pairs for three species which differentiate the two forms. TheTorpedo sequences do not fall completely into either of these patterns. Except for homology with partial sequences of other ATP-guanidino phosphotransferases, no significant homology with other protein or nucleic acid sequences in available databases was found. Preliminary secondary structural predictions suggest that the C-terminal half of the protein is likely an /-type protein. Placement in the sequence of two peptides found in previous cross-linking studies reveals two stretches of primary structure that are presumably close in space to the reactive Cys-283 and hence close to the active site.     

Crystallographic studies and primary structure of the antitumor monoclonal CC49 Fab′

The Fab′ of CC49, a murine monoclonal antibody directed against the human tumor-associated antigen TAG-72 has been crystallized. The crystals are monoclinic, space group P2₁ with cell parameters a = 115.6 Å, b = 116.4 Å, and c = 70.3 Å; β = 97.8°. The size of the unit cell is compatible with four Fab′ molecules in the asymmetric unit. The Fab molecules are related by two approximately perpendicular pseudo-2-fold axes. One pseudo-2-fold axis is parallel to the crystallographic 2-fold axis and was found by inspection of the Harker section of the native Patterson map; the other was found by a self rotation function. The primary structures of the variable regions of the CC49 antibody light and heavy chains have been determined and are compared with those of the related antitumor antibody B72.3. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

从超氧化物歧化酶的分布和结构看其分子进化

超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)是一种催化超氧化物阴离子自由基发生歧化反应, 生成氧和过氧化氢的金属酶. 按其结合的金属离子, 区分为Fe-SOD, Mn-SOD和CuZn-SOD三种. Fe-SOD主要存在于原核细胞中;Mn-SOD在原核和真核细胞中都存在;CuZn-SOD主要存在于真核细胞中. Fe, Mn-SOD的一级结构, 空间结构及其性质很相似, 来自一个共同的祖先; CuZn-SOD的结构与前两者相差较大, 是在以后的发展中单独进化的.     

Prediction of protein secondary structure from amino acid sequence

The conformational parametersP _k for each amino acid species (j=1–20) of sequential peptides in proteins are presented as the product ofP _i,k , wherei is the number of the sequential residues in thekth conformational state (k=-helix,-sheet,-turn, or unordered structure). Since the average parameter for ann-residue segment is related to the average probability of finding the segment in the kth state, it becomes a geometric mean of (P _k )_av=(P _i,k ) ^1/n with amino acid residuei increasing from 1 ton. We then used ln(P_k)_av to convert a multiplicative process to a summation, i.e., ln(P _k ) _av =(1/n)P _i,k (i=1 ton) for ease of operation. However, this is unlike the popular Chou-Fasman algorithm, which has the flaw of using the arithmetic mean for relative probabilities. The Chou-Fasman algorithm happens to be close to our calculations in many cases mainly because the difference between theirP _k and our InP _k is nearly constant for about one-half of the 20 amino acids. When stronger conformation formers and breakers exist, the difference become larger and the prediction at the N- and C-terminal-helix or-sheet could differ. If the average conformational parameters of the overlapping segments of any two states are too close for a unique solution, our calculations could lead to a different prediction.     

甲壳质脱乙酰基酶的研究概况及进展

甲壳质脱乙酰基酶（ｃｈｉｔｉｎｄｅａｃｅｔｙｌａｓｅ）最初是从真菌毛霉（Ｍｕｃｏｒ．ｒｏｕｘｉ）分离纯化的一种乙酰基转移酶。这种酶可以催化脱去甲壳质分子中Ｎ－乙酰葡糖胺链上的乙酰基,而使之变成壳多糖［１］。除几种真菌外,在昆虫中也发现了这种酶的存在［２］。真菌的甲壳质脱乙酰基酶主要参与真菌细胞壁的形成［３］,还与真菌自溶的过程中的细胞壁裂解有关［４］。最近又发现它参与植物和病原微生物的相互作...     

A 3D building blocks approach to analyzing and predicting structure of proteins

A new approach is introduced for analyzing and ultimately predicting protein structures, defined at the level of C alpha coordinates. We analyze hexamers (oligopeptides of six amino acid residues) and show that their structure tends to concentrate in specific clusters rather than vary continuously. Thus, we can use a limited set of standard structural building blocks taken from these clusters as representatives of the repertoire of observed hexamers. We demonstrate that protein structures can be approximated by concatenating such building blocks. We have identified about 100 building blocks by applying clustering algorithms, and have shown that they can "replace" about 76% of all hexamers in well-refined known proteins with an error of less than 1 A, and can be joined together to cover 99% of the residues. After replacing each hexamer by a standard building block with similar conformation, we can approximately reconstruct the actual structure by smoothly joining the overlapping building blocks into a full protein. The reconstructed structures show, in most cases, high resemblance to the original structure, although using a limited number of building blocks and local criteria of concatenating them is not likely to produce a very precise global match. Since these building blocks reflect, in many cases, some sequence dependency, it may be possible to use the results of this study as a basis for a protein structure prediction procedure.     

松科4属植物茎初生结构比较研究

研究比较观察了松科云杉属的云杉（Ｐｉｃｅａ ａｓｐｅｒａｔａ）、油杉属的油杉（Ｋｅｔｅｌｅｅｒｉａ ｆｏｒｔｕｎｅｉ）、雪松属的雪松（Ｃｅｄｒｕｓ ｄｅｏｄｅｒａ）、松属的海南五针松（Ｐｉｎｕｓ ｆｅｎｚｅｌｉａｎａ）和大明松（Ｐ．ｔａｉｗａｎｅｎｓｉｓ Ｈａｙａｔａ ｖａｒ．ｄａｍｉｎｇｓｈａｎｅｎｓｉｓ）５个种的幼茎初生结构。结果表明,皮下层的细胞层数、皮层细胞的组成,树脂道的分布,鞘细胞的排     

地生枝顶孢胞外多糖的理化性质和结构初步分析

报道分离自地生枝顶孢Acremonium terricola RCEF0260菌株发酵滤液中的胞外多糖EPS-Ia的理化性质和一级结构。EPS-Ia分子量为416kD,至少含有D-甘露糖、D-葡萄糖、D-半乳糖、D-阿拉伯糖、D-木糖,各单糖摩尔比为4.46: 0.24: 2.38: 0.90: 0.19。糖醛酸含量为27.4%。硫酸基含量0.92%、蛋白质含量2.23%。氨基酸组成分析显示:EPS-Ia中含有17种常见氨基酸。EPS-Ia为型吡喃糖,含有1→3糖苷键,1→6糖苷键及1→2糖苷键,其中的糖肽键是N-糖苷键。     

Thioesterases: A new perspective based on their primary and tertiary structures

Thioesterases (TEs) are classified into EC 3.1.2.1 through EC 3.1.2.27 based on their activities on different substrates, with many remaining unclassified (EC 3.1.2.–). Analysis of primary and tertiary structures of known TEs casts a new light on this enzyme group. We used strong primary sequence conservation based on experimentally proved proteins as the main criterion, followed by verification with tertiary structure superpositions, mechanisms, and catalytic residue positions, to accurately define TE families. At present, TEs fall into 23 families almost completely unrelated to each other by primary structure. It is assumed that all members of the same family have essentially the same tertiary structure; however, TEs in different families can have markedly different folds and mechanisms. Conversely, the latter sometimes have very similar tertiary structures and catalytic mechanisms despite being only slightly or not at all related by primary structure, indicating that they have common distant ancestors and can be grouped into clans. At present, four clans encompass 12 TE families. The new constantly updated ThYme (Thioester‐active enzYmes) database contains TE primary and tertiary structures, classified into families and clans that are different from those currently found in the literature or in other databases. We review all types of TEs, including those cleaving CoA, ACP, glutathione, and other protein molecules, and we discuss their structures, functions, and mechanisms.     

丹皮多糖PSM2b-A的结构研究

研究了从中药丹皮(Moutan Cortex)中得到的酸性多糖PSM2b-A的化学结构.实验结果表明PSM2b-A由鼠李糖、阿拉伯糖、葡萄糖、半乳糖、甘露糖和少量蛋白质、糖醛酸组成.甲基化分析、部分酸水解、高碘酸氧化和smith降解等化学方法和IR,13C NMR试验进一步表明PSM2b-A为以(1→6)、(1→4)连接为主链的、带有少量分支的结构复杂的杂多糖,在分子间氢键的作用下能形成高级结构.该多糖化学结构为首次报道.     

Primary structure and configuration of tea polysaccharide

The monosaccharide composition of a tea polysaccharide (TGC) was determined by GC-MS method. Furthermore, the primary structure of tea polysaccharide and its configuration in the aqueous solution were investigated utilizing a combination of classical chemical methods and modern instrumental techniques including GC-MS, Proton NMR, UV and CD. The results indicate that TGC consists of 6 monosaccharides: Rha, Ara, Xyl, Glu, Man and Gal. The configuration of TGC in water solution is proposed to be an ordered helix. The possible primary structure of TGC was outlined as below: the basic structure of the main chain consists of Rha, Glu and Gal units. All three monosaccharides can potentially be connected to branch chains consisting of mainly Ara, and the linkages could be in β1 → 2, β 1 → 3, β 2 → 3 forms. When branch chain is absent in the basic structure of the main chain the linkage consists of only β 1 → 3; Xyl exists at the terminal end of either the main chain or the branch chain with β 1 → linkage.     

Primary structure and configuration of tea polysaccharide

Polysaccharide is a class of natural macromole-cules of which many species have been found to carry significant biological activities. Although the research on activities of saccharide has been at a lower level in the past comparing to those of proteins and nucleic acids, much progress has been made in recent years because of accelerated activities worldwide[1]. Such progress has been made mostly in areas of structural analysis, and researches on structure-activity relation-ships. The biologic…     

Identification of Parvalbumin Alpha in Bovine Hypothalamus: A Partial Primary Structure

In the course of the study of structure-functional properties and molecular mechanisms of neuropeptides and of low molecular weight proteins of the central nervous system we succeeded in isolating from the soluble fraction of bovine hypothalamus a protein having Mr 11897.3, according to mass spectral analysis. The purification procedure was mainly based on reversed phase HPLC. As the N-terminus of the molecule was found to be blocked, we have subjected it to CNBr degradation. By Edman microsequence analysis of the peptide fragments and by data base searching the isolated substance was identified as parvalbumin alpha (PRVA)—one of the calcium-binding proteins. However, its primary structure was found not to be identical to that of the known PRVAs from other sources. One of the features of PRVA is its stability. Being subjected to an exhausting purification procedure it retains its complete structure. As neuropeptides and low molecular weight proteins are found to be polyfunctional, a central question concerns the biological role of PRVAs in terms of where and when they express their action.     

The primary structure of hemoglobin from amur-leopard (Panthera pardus orientalis)

The complete amino acid sequence of the major component of hemoglobin from amur-leopard (Panthera pardus orientalis) is presented. The major component accounts for more than 90% of the total hemoglobin. Separation of the globin subunits was achieved by ion-exchange chromatography on CM-cellulose in urea. The sequence was studied by automatic Edman degradation of tryptic and hydrolytic peptides. Alignment was carried out with human hemoglobin sequence. The NH₂ terminus is blocked with Ac-serine. The data are compared with other mammalian hemoglobins and results are discussed with respect to sequence and physiology.85th communication on hemoglobin.     

Primary structure of hemoglobin from cobraNaja naja naja

Cobra snakeNaja naja naja hemoglobin shows four bands on Triton electrophoresis. We present the primary structure of one and one chain. The separation of polypeptide chains was achieved by ion exchange chromatography on carboxymethyl cellulose column. The amino acid sequence was established by automatic Edman degradation of the native chains and tryptic and hydrolytic peptides in a gas-phase sequencer. The structural data are compared with those of human and other reptile hemoglobins and reveal not only large variations from human but within reptiles. The amino acid exchanges involve several subunit contacts and heme binding sites. This is the first study on the hemoglobin of a land snake. There are only two amino acid sequences of sea snake hemoglobin (Microcephalophis gracilis gracilis andLiophis miliaris) reported in the literature.     

Isolation and Primary Structure of Trypsin from the King Crab Paralithodes camtschaticus

Trypsin from hepatopancreas of the crab Paralithodes camtschaticuswas isolated in homogeneous state by successive ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex, affinity chromatography on Agarose modified with peptide ligands from trypsin hydrolysate of salmin, and ion-exchange chromatography on a Mono Q column. The total yield of the protein was 64%. Its N-terminal amino acid sequence was determined (IVGGTEVTPG-). A sample of amplified total cDNA of hepatopancreas of king crab was obtained. A cDNA fragment containing the complete coding part of the gene was isolated on the basis of the known N-terminal amino acid sequence of the mature form of the trypsin. The polypeptide chain of the proenzyme consists of 266 aa. The mature trypsin involves 237 aa, which corresponds to its molecular mass of 24.8 kDa. A comparison of the amino acid sequence of the king crab trypsin with those of trypsins from other species of crustaceans demonstrated their high structural homology. The trypsin from the shrimp Penaeus vannamei appeared to be closest in primary structure to that of the king crab (65% identity).     

Structural and antifungal properties of a pathogenesis-related protein from wheat kernel

We have purified and characterized a protein from the water-soluble fraction of wheat kernel (Triticum aestivum cv. S. Pastore) consisting of a single polypeptide chain blocked at its N-terminus by a pyroglutamate residue; the complete amino acid sequence has been determined by automated sequence analysis performed on peptide fragments obtained by enzymatic hydrolyses of the protein. Homology studies have shown that this protein is very similar (97% sequence identity) to the previously characterized wheatwin1 as well as to other members of the pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins of class 4; in analogy with wheatwin1, we have termed this protein wheatwin2. Both wheatwin1 and wheatwin2 have specific antifungal activity toward the wide-host-range pathogenBotrytis cinerea and the wheat-specific pathogenic fungi of wheatFusarium culmorum andFusarium graminearum of groups 1 and 2. On the basis of their structural and functional properties, wheatwin1 and wheatwin2 can be classified as members of the PR4 protein family; this represents the first report concerning the presence of this kind of protein in wheat.     

新型抗高血压活性肽GAP-A的一级结构及生理活性研究

研究了新型乳酪蛋白源抗高血压活性肽GAP-A的分子量与一级结构,并检测了其对体外血管紧张素转化酶(ACE)的抑制活性及体内降血压效果。结果显示:抗高血压活性肽GAP-A分子量为M2,氨基酸序列为B1-B2-B3;GAP-A在体外对ACE有很强的抑制活性,抑制率为79.6%;GAP-A对自发性高血压大鼠(spontaneously hypertensive rats,SHR)有显著的降血压作用,而对血压正常的SD大鼠的血压没有影响。     

Hemoglobin and the genetic code

Summary One-half of the twenty amino acids of the genetic code are just one mutational step away from the chain-terminator codons UAA, UAG, and UGA. It is postulated that somatic mutation to terminator is a hazard to which the organism has had to respond by adjusting certain proteins in the direction of fewer mutable residues. This view is supported by calculations based on the primary structure of five of the human hemoglobin chains. Each chain is scored for mutability to terminator in accord with the numbers and kinds of amino acids present. Among the adult chains, the most essential one, the alpha, has lowest mutability. The beta and delta follow, and in order of the presumed harm to the organism of a shortage of chain copies. Ante-natal chains tend to have higher mutabilities, supporting the view that cumulative mutational change in DNA can do little harm if the gene ceases to transcribe early in life. Two other predictions based on the supposition of effective selection against mutability to terminator are also met: chain length of polypeptides is negatively correlated with their scores for mutability to terminator, and examination of the recently determined sequence of beta messenger RNA shows preferential use of codons that are not readily mutable to terminator.Supported in part by the National Institutes of Health, Grant HL-16005     

3属4种罂粟科植物幼苗初生维管系统的结构

罂粟科属间演化关系一直存在争议。本文以罂粟科罂粟属的虞美人（Papaver rhoeas）和东方罂粟（Papaver orientale）、白屈菜属的白屈菜（Chelidonium majus）以及紫堇属的地丁草（Corydalis bungeana）为材料,应用整体透明和石蜡连续切片的方法,在明场显微镜和偏光显微镜下对其幼苗期的结构及发育进行了观察。结果表明,3属植物幼苗子叶节区下部存在的单中柱类型各异：罂粟属为外始式二原型圆形单中柱,白屈菜属为外始式二原型近圆形单中柱,紫堇属为外始式二原型“S”形单中柱。3属植物的子叶脉序也存在区别：虞美人和东方罂粟具单一叶脉,无叶隙;白屈菜为环结曲行羽状脉;地丁草为基出完全顶聚脉。根据上述幼苗初生维管系统的结构,认为3属中罂粟属较为原始,白屈菜属较为进化,紫堇属更为进化。