Spatial heterogeneity of DTPA-extractable zinc in cultivated soils induced by city pollution and land use

The spatial heterogeneity of DTPA-extractable zinc in the cultivated soils of Shenyang suburbs in Liaoning Province of China was investigated, and its map was drawn by the methods of geostatistics combined with geographic information system. The data of soil DTPA-extractable zinc fitted normal distribution after logarithm transformation, and its semivariogram fitted a spherical model. The semivariogram indicated that the spatial dependence of soil DTPA-extractable zinc content was moderate, with the spatial dependence range of 1.69 km and the fractal dimension of 1.96. Stochastic factors contributed to 49.9% of the spatial variability, while structural factors contributed to 50.1% of it. The spatial heterogeneity of soil DTPA-extractable zinc shown by a kriged interpolation map was deeply influenced by stochastic factors such as city pollution, land use pattern and crop distributions. For example, the average content of Zn in vegetable garden soils was 2.5-4 times as much as in their originated soils, and was lower in paddy soils than in their originated soils. The areas with a higher content of soil DTPA-extractable zinc appeared in the near suburbs and the riverside along Hunhe River and the wastewater drainage of Xihe River, and the extremely high values in the near suburb of the city's residential area were a striking feature, indicating the key role of city pollution in the spatial heterogeneity of soil DTPA-extractable zinc. When recorded in the form of a soil pollution map,the results of such a survey make it possible to identify the unusually polluted areas, and to provide more information for precise agriculture and environmental control.     

Spatial heterogeneity of DTPA-extractable zinc in cultivated soils induced by city pollution and land use

The spatial heterogeneity of DTPA-extractable zinc in the cultivated soils of Shenyang suburbs in Liaoning Province of China was investigated, and its map was drawn by the methods of geostatistics combined with geographic information system. The data of soil DTPA-extractable zinc fitted normal distribution after logarithm transformation, and its semivariogram fitted a spherical model. The semivariogram indicated that the spatial dependence of soil DTPA-extractable zinc content was moderate, with the spatial dependence range of 1.69 km and the fractal dimension of 1.96. Stochastic factors contributed to 49.9% of the spatial variability, while structural factors contributed to 50.1% of it. The spatial heterogeneity of soil DTPA-extractable zinc shown by a kriged interpolation map was deeply influenced by stochastic factors such as city pollution, land use pattern and crop distributions. For example, the average content of Zn in vegetable garden soils was 2.5–4 times as much as in their originated soils, and was lower in paddy soils than in their originated soils. The areas with a higher content of soil DTPA-extractable zinc appeared in the near suburbs and the riverside along Hunhe River and the wastewater drainage of Xihe River, and the extremely high values in the near suburb of the city’s residential area were a striking feature, indicating the key role of city pollution in the spatial heterogeneity of soil DTPA-extractable zinc. When recorded in the form of a soil pollution map, the results of such a survey make it possible to identify the unusually polluted areas, and to provide more information for precise agriculture and environmental control.     

Analysis of Spatial Variations and Sources of Heavy Metals in Farmland Soils of Beijing Suburbs

To understand the effect of intense human activities in suburbs on environmental quality, we obtained 758 measurements of the heavy metals in certain farmland soils of the Beijing suburbs. Multivariate statistical analysis and geostatistical analysis were used to conduct a basic analysis of the heavy metal concentrations, the distribution characteristics and the sources of pollution of the farmland soils in these suburbs. The results showed the presence of eight heavy metals in the agricultural soils at levels exceeding the background values for As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn. In particular, all the measured Cr concentrations exceeded the background value, while As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn were present at 1.13, 1.68, 1.95, 1.43, 1.63, 0.79, 0.92 and 1.36 times their background values, respectively. The results of correlation, factor and spatial structure analyses showed that Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn were strongly homologous, whereas Cr and Hg showed a degree of heterogeneity. The analysis further indicated that in addition to natural factors, Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn in the soil were mainly associated with distribution from road traffic and land use status. Different agricultural production measures in the various areas were also important factors that affected the spatial distribution of the soil Cr concentration. The major sources of Hg pollution were landfills for industrial waste and urban domestic garbage, while the spatial distribution of As was more likely to be a result of composite pollution. The regional distribution of the heavy metals indicated that except for Cr and Hg, the high heavy metal levels occurred in districts and counties with higher organic matter concentrations, such as the northwestern and southeastern suburbs of Beijing. There was no significant Ni pollution in the agricultural soils of the Beijing suburbs.     

沈阳城市土壤全钾和碱解氮的空间变异性

采用地统计学和地理信息系统（GIS）相结合的方法研究了沈阳城市土壤全钾、碱解氮2种土壤养分的空间变异性.结果表明：全钾的最佳拟合模型为指数模型,碱解氮的最佳拟合模型为高斯模型;其块金值/基台值［C₀/(C₀+C)］分别为10.65%和17.96%,说明沈阳城市土壤全钾和碱解氮的空间相关性较强,其空间变异主要是由结构性因素引起的.通过克立格插值对沈阳城市土壤全钾和碱解氮的空间分布特征进行分析发现：全钾的空间分布没有明显的规律性;碱解氮的空间分布则为周边高、城区中部低.     

阜新市农田土壤重金属含量及其分布特征

通过对辽宁省阜新市城郊区县180处农田土壤的取样调查分析,初步了解了农田土壤重金属As、Cu、Zn、Ni的含量特征及其空间分布,并探讨了当地矿业开采活动对农田土壤重金属积累及空间分布的影响.结果表明,研究区域内农田土壤Cu、Zn和Ni的几何平均含量均高于背景值,且这3种重金属存在普遍累积的现象;不同种植类型土壤中,菜地土壤Cu、Zn、As含量显著高于粮田,且重金属积累更为明显;4种重金属的空间分布均呈城区高于郊县的趋势;重金属含量较高的区域与矿山开采区域基本重叠.研究区域内采矿活动是农田重金属的重要来源,同时畜禽养殖业所产生的畜禽粪便可能对农田土壤中Cu、Zn和As的增加有一定作用.当地农牧业生产和布局应适当考虑土壤污染的风险.     

沈阳市苏家屯区耕层土壤养分空间变异性研究

利用地统计学和地理信息系统相结合的方法。研究了沈阳市苏家屯区耕地土壤(0～20cm)有机质、速效氮、速效磷、速效钾含量的空间变异性特征。结果表明,各变量符合正态分布或经对数转换后符合正态分布,最佳的变异函数理论模型均为球状模型,有机质具有较强的空间相关性(C0与C0+C比值为24．11％),速效氮、速效磷、速效钾具有中度的空间相关性(C0与C0+C比值分别为29．53％、60．77％、58．82％),各变量的空间自相关距离分别为26．051、28．293、15．132和23．813km。有机质和速效氮的空间变异主要受结构性因子(如成土因子)的影响,速效磷和速效钾主要受随机性因子(如施肥)的影响,Kriging插值绘制出的养分含量空间分布图显示了养分的空间分布格局,它将有助于进一步监测养分动态,为农业和环境管理提供数字地图支持。     

Spatial heterogeneity of available zinc, copper, and manganese in Xiangcheng tobacco planting fields, Henan province, China

Geostatistical methods were used in combination with geographical information system (GIS ) technology to analyze the spatial distribution characteristics of available zinc, copper, and manganese in the Xiangcheng tobacco planting fields, Henan province, China. Analysis of the isotropic variogram indicated that the Zn semivariogram was well described with the Gaussian model, with the distance of spatial dependence being 900.7 m; while the Mn semivariogram was well described with spherical models, with the distance of spatial dependence being 14 060 m; and, the Cu semivariogram was well described with exponential models, with the distance of spatial dependence being 27 860.7 m. Mn and Zn were strongly spatially dependent, with the C₀/sill being 0.014 and 0.147 in this given region; while Cu was moderately spatially dependent, with the C₀/sill being 0.3528. With the kriging analysis, the spatial distribution maps of contents of these three trace elements in the Xiangcheng tobacco planting regions was drawn with the Arcview software. It was found that the soils with higher content of Mn were mainly distributed in the high mountains of the southern part of the given regions, while the soils with higher content of Cu were mainly distributed in the south, decreasing from the south to the north. The soil with contents of Zn in the range of 0.76–1.33 mg/kg existed in the high mountains of the west and middle parts of the investigated regions, accounting for 76.11% of the whole area.     

喀斯特木论自然保护区旱季土壤水分的空间异质性

采用经典统计学和地统计学方法,分段研究了喀斯特木论自然保护区典型峰丛坡地和洼地旱季表层土壤水分（0～5 cm和5～10 cm）的空间异质性.结果表明：研究区旱季表层土壤水分仍然较高,总体上具有良好的半方差结构;坡地和洼地0～5 cm和5～10 cm土层土壤水分的空间分布均符合指数模型,同一立地条件下两土层土壤含水量具有相似的空间结构和分布格局,相同土层不同立地条件下的差异明显;坡地土壤水分含量的空间相关性中等且连续性好,具有明显的斑块分布格局,其Moran I值的变化相对缓慢;洼地土壤水分含量具有强烈的空间自相关,但变程很短,其Moran I值的波动较大,斑块比较破碎.地形、微地貌、降雨、人为干扰特别是植被是保护区土壤含水量空间变异的重要影响因素,保存完好的原始森林对土壤水分空间异质性具有良好的调控作用.     

Spatial heterogeneity of available zinc, copper, and manganese in Xiangcheng tobacco planting fields, Henan province, China

Geostatistical methods were used in combina-tion with geographical information system (GIS) technol-ogy to analyze the spatial distribution characteristics of available zinc, copper, and manganese in the Xiangcheng tobacco planting fields, Henan province, China. Analysis of the isotropic variogram indicated that the Zn semivar-iogram was well described with the Gaussian model, with the distance of spatial dependence being 900.7 m; while the Mn semivariogram was well described with spherical models, with the distance of spatial dependence being 14 060 m; and, the Cu semivariogram was well described with exponential models, with the distance of spatial dependence being 27 860.7 m. Mn and Zn were strongly spatially dependent, with the C0/sill being 0.014 and 0.147 in this given region; while Cu was moderately spatially dependent, with the C0/sill being 0.3528. With the kriging analysis, the spatial distribution maps of contents of these three trace elements in the Xiangcheng tobacco planting regions was drawn with the Arcview software. It was found that the soils with higher content of Mn were mainly distributed in the high mountains of the southern part of the given regions, while the soils with higher content of Cu were mainly distributed in the south, decreasing from the south to the north. The soil with contents of Zn in the range of 0.76-1.33 mg/kg existed in the high mountains of the west and middle parts of the investigated regions, accounting for 76.11% of the whole area.     

空间异质性定量研究理论与方法

通过变异函数对空间异质性定量研究进行了讨论．结果表明,空间异质性定量研究应从空间特征和空间比较两方面去考虑．对空间特征,着重讨论怎样应用变异函数将空间异质性分解成各定量组分;确定空间异质性程度;探测空间异质性变化的尺度．对空间比较,怎样对同一变量和不同变量用变异函数比较空间异质性时的统计检验;采用标准化变异函数比较同一地点上的不同变量的空间异质性．最后通过阔叶红松景观中林型和土壤类型的空间异质定量研究实例验证了上述理论与方法．     

黄土高原小流域土壤养分的空间异质性

利用地理信息系统的空间分析功能,通过地统计学的半变异函数定量研究了黄土高原典型小流域土壤养分的空间异质性特征。结果表明;土壤有机质,全氮,有效氮,全磷和有效磷的理论模型均为球状模型,由随机因素引起的空间变异占空间总变异的比例小,其值分别为13.333%,10.938%,22.000%,9.091%和27.536%,反映5种养分具有较强的空间自相关格局,但它们的空间自相关范围具有明显的差异。土壤全氮和有效氮变程小,分别是90m和110m,有机质次之,变程是120m,而土壤全磷和有效磷的变程最大为160m,研究成果将有效地指导土壤的取样设计,以及进行土壤养分的空间内插和制图。     

沈阳市城郊土壤有机污染特征

对沈阳市城郊土壤中35种有机污染物进行了检测,分析了土壤有机污染检出特征和空间分布特征.沈阳市城郊土壤共检出了15种有机污染物;苯并(a)芘、六氯苯、滴滴涕和六六六的变异系数均大于l,其污染物浓度局部富集程度高,含量起伏变化大,土壤有机污染呈现“一多三少”的现象,即全区检出有机污染物的采样点多,检出的有机污染物种类较少,有机污染物含量少,且无超标点.受土壤包气带岩性影响,城郊土壤垂向上有机污染规律明显.土壤区域有机污染分布特征与城市土地利用功能一致性较高.分析了各类有机污染物含量和分布特征的主要影响因素,对防治城市土壤污染,进而保障居民的食品安全和饮水安全具有重要意义.     

石栎-青冈常绿阔叶林土壤有机碳和全氮空间变异特征

在1hm2(100 m×100 m)石栎(Lithocarpus glaber)-青冈(Cyclobalanopsis glauca)常绿阔叶林内100个10 m×10 m小样方的中心位置,按0—10 cm、10—20 cm和20—30 cm土层采集土壤样品,测定土壤有机碳(C)和全氮(N)含量。基于区域化变量理论和地质统计软件(GS+Version 9)的空间分析功能,应用地统计学的半方差函数定量研究该常绿阔叶林土壤有机C和全N的空间变异特征。结果表明:该林地土壤有机C含量平均值为18.61 g/kg,变化范围为9.53—39.40 g/kg,全N含量平均值为1.63g/kg,变化范围为0.73—3.32 g/kg。土壤有机C半方差函数的理论模型符合球状模型,全N半方差函数的理论模型符合高斯模型。土壤有机C和全N的空间异质性主要是由结构性因素引起的,且空间自相关程度均为中等程度。分形维数反映了有机C和全N空间格局差异及尺度依赖特征,有机C分形维数较大,空间格局比全N略为复杂。采用Kriging插值方法,1hm2森林内土壤有机C和全N具有相似的空间分布格局,呈现明显的条带状和斑块状的梯度变化。土壤有机C含量与海拔、凹凸度呈负相关,但相关性不显著,与林地凋落物量呈极显著正相关。土壤全N含量与海拔、凹凸度呈显著负相关,与林地凋落物量呈正相关,反映出土壤N的淋溶特性。     

基于增强回归树的流域非点源污染影响因子分析

地表水的非点源污染在点源污染不断得到控制的前提下已经成为水环境污染的首要问题.非点源污染影响因子的复杂性及不确定性一直是流域非点源污染研究的重点和难点.本文利用SWAT(Soil and Water Assessment Tool)模型,以辽河子流域汎河流域为例,模拟了2003—2012年的非点源污染状况,对其空间分布状况进行了分析,并应用增强回归树的方法定量分析各种影响因子(坡度、土地利用类型、高程和土壤类型)对该流域非点源污染的贡献率.结果表明: 在汎河流域,非点源污染呈现较高的空间异质性,其中总氮的空间分布差异较大,总磷的空间分布差异较小.坡度因子与载体泥沙、总氮和总磷均呈极显著正相关关系(P<0.01),对泥沙和总磷有显著影响,其贡献率分别为46.5%、38.2%;土地利用因子对载体泥沙、总磷的负荷量有重要影响,其贡献率分别达到27.2%、35.3%;高程较低、坡度较缓的耕地地区易产生较高的总磷负荷量;褐色土壤最易流失总磷,而草甸土易流失总磷,且易受泥沙侵蚀.本研究利用增强回归树模型克服了流域非点源污染影响因子的复杂性,可加深对非点源污染产生机制的理解.     

Geostatistical estimation of surface soil carbon stock in Mt. Wakakusa grassland of Japan

Although nation-wide assessments on the grassland soil carbon storage have been conducted in Japan, the uncertainty of the estimation accuracy remains with its local variability. In the present study, using geostatistical approach, we assessed the spatial variability and distribution pattern of organic carbon (OC) and estimated its total stock in the surface soils (0–5 cm) over Mt. Wakakusa grassland (30.2 ha) of Central Japan. The exploratory statistics indicated that the surface soils had 1.88?±?0.28 kg C m^?2 of soil OC density on average (n?=?147) with a moderate variability (CV?=?18.8%), while the geostatistical analysis unveiled that its semivariogram was well fitted by a spherical model (R²?=?0.93, RSS?=?1.15E^?05) and had a strong spatial dependency (nugget–sill ratio?=?0.31). Based on these results, we constructed an interpolated map and estimated total OC stock to 552 Mg C in the surface soil of Mt. Wakakusa grassland.

     

人类群体遗传空间结构的"克立格"模型

通过将“克立格”技术应用于人类群体遗传学领域,构建了人类群体遗传空间结构的“克立格”模型,并论述了其原理和计算方法。以HLA-A基因座为例,应用“克立格”模型,定量分析了中国人群HLA-A基因座的空间遗传异质性;对HLA-A基因频率的空间数据矩阵进行了主成分分析,进而定义了人类群体遗传结构的综合遗传测度(SPC),绘制了综合遗传测度和主成分(PC)的“克立格”地图,分析了其群体遗传空间结构特性。与其他空间插值或平滑方法相比,人类群体遗传空间结构的“克立格”模型具有明显优点：1)“克立格”估计以空间遗传变异函数模型为基础,在绘制空间遗传结构地图之前,可利用变异函数模型定量分析所研究基因座(或多基因座)的空间遗传异质性;2)“克立格”插值方法是真正意义上的无偏估计模型,它利用待估区域周围的已知群体遗传调查点数据,并充分考虑调查点的空间影响范围,给出待估区域的最优估计值;3)“克立格”模型允许估计插值误差,这种插值误差既可用于评价空间估计效果,又可通过绘制误差地图指导在误差过高的地点增加新的群体遗传调查样本点,以优化估计效果。然而,人类群体遗传空间结构的“克立格”模型也存在一定缺点：1)若不能用任何理论遗传变异函数模型拟合观察遗传变异函数值,则不能建立“克立格”模型;2)若理论遗传变异函数的拟合优度很低,则据此建立的“克立格”模型的估计标准差在整个空间范围内会很大,此时“克立格”模型不适用于估计群体遗传空间结构。出现上述两种情形时,应选用不考虑空间相关性的空间随机插值方法绘制群体遗传结构地图,如基因绘图软件中的Cavalli-Sforza方法,反向距离加权法和条样函数插值法等。     

Determination of threshold value of iron in soils and plants for the response of rice and lentil to iron application in calcareous soil

Summary In a pot experiment with 26 calcareous soils, the critical limit of Fe in soils and plants was evaluated. DTPA-extractable Fe was found significanty correlated with Bray's per cent yield in rice. The Fe²⁺ (iron) in rice and lentil was also found significantly correlated with DTPA-extractable Fe as well as Bray's per cent yield showing thereby the superiority of Fe²⁺ (iron) in leaves over DTPA-extractable soil Fe to differentiate Fe responsive soils from non-responsive ones. The total Fe content in plant tissues does not seem correlated with the occurrence of Fe deficiency. The threshold values of DTPA-extractable soil Fe and Fe²⁺ (iron) in rice and lentil leaves were 6.95, 44 and 74.5 ppm, respectively below which appreciable responses to Fe application were observed. The optimum Fe level for these soils was found to be 10 ppm in which the dry matter yield response in all the 19 rice soils and 16 lentil soils ranged from 14.28 to 56.16 (Av. 25.75%) and 13.31 to 53.97 (Av. 22.47%), respectively.     

喀斯特地区坡耕地与退耕地土壤有机碳空间异质性及其影响因素

利用网格采样(10 m×10 m),对比分析了典型喀斯特坡耕地(长期耕作)和退耕地(自然恢复)表层(0—15 cm)土壤有机碳(SOC)的空间变异特征,以期探究退耕恢复20a后SOC的空间异质性及其主要影响因素的变化。结果表明退耕地SOC含量(75.5 g/kg)显著高于坡耕地(15.1 g/kg),为坡耕地的5.0倍,说明自然恢复能显著提高SOC累积量;半变异函数分析结果表明退耕地基台值(521.7)为坡耕地(25.7)的14.9倍,说明退耕地SOC空间异质性远大于坡耕地。坡耕地和退耕地SOC的主要影响因子存在较大差异,土地覆盖类型、坡位、岩石出露率以及三者的交互作用显著控制着坡耕地SOC的空间格局,其贡献率分别为9.1%、6.3%、4.6%以及17.0%;土壤水分、坡度、岩石出露率以及三者的交互作用显著控制退耕地SOC的空间格局,其贡献率分别为26.0%、10.7%、7.2%以及3.6%;尽管岩石出露率对坡耕地和退耕地SOC的空间格局均有显著影响,但坡耕地SOC的主要控制因子为土地覆盖类型以及各因子的交互作用,而退耕地的主要控制因子为土壤水分。以上研究表明随着植被恢复和物种多样性增加,喀斯特坡地SOC的累积量和空间异质性增强,自然因素对SOC空间格局影响凸显,而岩石出露率始终控制SOC空间格局。     

毛乌素沙漠-黄土高原过渡带土壤养分空间异质性

毛乌素沙漠-黄土高原过渡带土壤养分的空间异质性和生态学过程,对沙荒地整治的机理研究具有重要的意义。以毛乌素沙漠-黄土过渡带为研究区,结合布点取样和室内分析,运用经典统计学和地统计学方法对其全氮、有效磷、速效钾含量的空间异质性进行分析。结果表明,(1)土壤全氮、有效磷、速效钾的平均含量分别为0.39 g/kg、9.65 mg/kg和106.84 mg/kg。3种养分的变异系数为40.54%—84.62%,均属于中等程度变异,其中全氮变异系数最大,速效钾变异系数最小。(2)半方差分析结果显示,3种养分空间变异性的最佳拟合模型均为高斯模型,空间自相关性均随着滞后距离的增加而呈下降趋势。3种养分空间变异性的块金值/基台值比值在0.09%—32.82%,全氮、有效磷具有强烈的空间相关性,结构性因素对变异起主导作用;速效钾具有中等强度的空间相关性,结构性因素和随机性因素共同对变异起主导作用。(3)克里金插值图显示3种养分含量均表现为随着地势的降低而逐渐升高的趋势,全氮含量整体呈斑点状分布,插值图较破碎,有效磷和速效钾含量整体呈条带状分布,连续性较好。(4)毛乌素沙漠-黄土过渡带土壤养分的空间变异性与地形、地貌、植物分布以及非自然因素都有关,但是以地形因素的影响为主。开展沙漠-黄土过渡带土壤养分空间异质性特征研究,为开展沙荒地整治工程,生态系统修复提供了理论依据。     

宁夏东部荒漠草原灌丛引入下土壤水分空间异质性

结合地理信息系统(GIS),运用经典统计学和地统计学方法对宁夏东部荒漠草原人工灌丛引入下0～200 cm土层土壤水分空间异质性进行研究.结果表明: 0～200 cm土层土壤含水量为0.6%～19.0%,均值为4.4%,土壤水分含量较低,变异系数为49.5%～86.3%,属于中等变异.不同土层半变异函数的最佳理论模型分别为:0～60、80～120 cm各层土壤水分符合球状模型,60～80 cm符合指数模型,120～200 cm符合高斯模型.不同土层土壤含水量均呈不同程度的空间相关,0～40、60～80、120～200 cm各层土壤水分的块金系数C₀/(C₀+C)为26.1%～49.9%,为中等程度空间相关;40～60、80～100、100～120 cm各层土壤含水量的块金系数为15.5%～22.1%,具强烈空间相关.0～200 cm不同土层土壤水分含量变程不同,0～20 和 20～40 cm土层变程较大,为37.10～45.18 km,40～200 cm各层土壤含水量的变程较小,为3.58～8.66 km.荒漠草原人工灌丛引入过程中加速土壤水分利用和深层水分消耗,导致土壤水分的空间异质性和破碎化程度加强,且对深层次土壤水分作用更强.