Serumprotein polymorphisms in Iran

Summary The results of a population genetic investigation on Iranians are given and compared to the results obtained on other populations from Southwestern and Southern Asia. Our total material from Iran comprises n=1020 nonrelated male and female individuals of different age. The following serum groups have been typed: Hp, Gc, Gm, and Inv. In general there exist no remarkable age or sex differences in the distribution of phenotypes and alleles (the only exception: sex differences in the distribution of the Gm (7)-phenotype). The regional distribution of phenotypes and alleles yield no marked differences, too, apart from the Invphenotypes, however. For the total material of Iran the following alleles frequencies could be calculated: Hp¹=0.3045, Hp²=0.6595, Gc²=0.3405; Gm¹=0.1780, Gm^1,2=0.0537, Gm^1,5=0.0632, Gm⁵=0.7051. The Gm (7)-phenotype turned out to be 36.6%; the Inv (1)-phenotype amounts to 25.6%. Comparing with other populations, especially Pakistani and Indian samples, some heterogeneity in the distribution of phenotypes and alleles within Southwestern and Southern Asia was to be demonstrated. Some distributional trends of alleles frequencies shall be mentioned here: the increase of Hp², Gc¹, and Gm¹ alleles from West towards East, and in the opposite direction the decrease of Hp¹, Gc², and Gm⁵ alleles. Selective acting forces are supposed to be most important factors for this. D77     

Studies on serum groups in the Kumaon region,India

Summary A total of 469 individuals belonging to 4 endogamous groups (Brahamins, Rajputs, Doms and Tharus) from the Kumaon region (North India) were tested for Hp, Gc, Gm and Inv systems.The frequency of the Hp¹ allele is low (0.130–0.220) in all 4 groups as in the case of other Indian populations. The absence of the Gm⁵ allele and high frequency of Inv(1) (49.34%) confirm the Mongoloid affiliations of the Tharus. Brahamins, Rajputs and Doms possess 4 alleles (Gm¹, Gm^1,2, Gm^1,5 and Gm⁵) at the Gm locus and the frequency of Gm^1,2 allele is very low (0.067–0.106) for these groups. The frequency of Inv(1) for Brahamins (19.61%) and Doms (22.78%) lies within the range of variation of European populations. Rajputs, however, show a higher Inv(1) frequency (38.76%).Genetic distances calculated with the help of Hp, Gc and Gm systems demonstrate similarity between Brahamins, Rajputs and Doms and a deviant position for the Tharus.Supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft.     

The ethnological significance of the gamma-globulin (Gm) factors in melanesia

A study was made of the distribution of the immunoglobulin markers Gm(a), (x), (z), (f), (g), (b⁰), (b¹), (b³), (s), (t), (c³), (c⁵) and Inv (1) and Inv (a) in 906 individuals sampled from several population groups living in various parts of New Guinea and New Britain. A study of 123 families confirmed the presence of the following gene complexes: Gm^za;g, Gm^zax;g, Gm^za;b and Gm^fa;b. Gm(s), (t), (c³) and (c⁵) were absent and either all or none of Gm(b⁰), (b¹) and (b³) present. Striking differences occurred in the geographical and ethnic distribution of the Gm gene complexes. Gm^fa;g was either absent or in very low frequency, and Gm^za;b, Gm^zax;g and Gm^za;g were present in varying frequencies in both the highland and western coastal populations in the mainland of New Guinea. All of these populations spoke non-Austronesian languages. On the other hand Gm^fa;b was present in the Melanesian-speaking Motu of the Central District of the mainland, in the Melanesian-speaking Tolai and the non-Austronesian-speaking Sulka and Baining of the island of New Britain. It is suggested that Gm^fa;b and Gm^za;b are respectively Malayo-Polynesian and pre-Austronesian markers, although a clear cut distinction between modern populations derived from these stocks is often blurred by the effects of gene flow and drift. Considerable ethnic and geographical variation was also found in the distribution of Inv(1) and Inv(a). In two Highland NAN-speaking populations the Inv(1⁺a⁺) phenotype percentages were 1.0 and 5.4, whilst percentages ranging from 0.0 to 56.4% were found for coastal MN-speaking populations. The percentages of Inv(1⁺a⁺) in the total MN- and NAN-speaking populations were 31.6 and 10.0 respectively.     

Gm and Km(Inv) frequencies in two Roumanian populations

Summary Serum samples from 170 unrelated individuals from the Suceava District of Roumania and from 199 unrelated individuals from Bucharest, Roumania were tested for Gm(1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 13, 14, 17, 21) and Km(1)[Inv(1)]. Selected samples were also tested for Gm(15) and Gm(16).The frequencies of the three common Caucasoid haplotypes, Gm ^{3, 5, 13, 14}, Gm ^{1, 17, 21}, and Gm ^{1, 2, 17, 21} in these two populations were found to be similar to those in neighboring Slavic states and Hungary. Racial admixture was evidenced by the presence of the Gm ^{1, 13, 15, 16, 17} and Gm ^{1, 3, 5, 13, 14} haplotypes, which are primarily Mongoloid, and the Gm ^{1, 5, 13, 14, 17} haplotype which is primarily Negroid.Comparisons of these data with those from earlier studies of populations from Central Europe indicate that the frequency of the Gm ^{3, 5, 13, 14} haplotype within this region is high and essentially uniform. Published data for several blood group systems also indicate essentially uniform distributions of frequencies in this region. It is suggested that this region may be the center of a clin that radiates from it.Post-Doctoral Fellow supported by NIH Training Grant Gm07004.     

Zur Häufigkeit der Serumprotein-Polymorphismen Hp,Gc, Gm,InV und Lp in Griechenland

The authors report the frequencies of Hp-, Gc-, Gm-, InV-, and Lp-phenotypes and alleles in a Greek sample of 218 unrelated adult males and females. The following gene-frequencies were obtained: Hp¹=.2850, Hp²=.7150; Gc¹=.7590, Gc²=.2410; Gm¹=.1555, Gm^1,2=.1015, Gm¹²=.7430. The phenotype InV (1) was found to be 14.6%. Lp (ax)-typing showed 17.0% strong positive individuals, 9.7% weak positive ones, and 73.3% negatives. According to Speiser and Pausch (1965) this may be interpreted as the following phenotypes distribution: Lp (a+x+)=17.0%, Lp(a+x-)=9.7%, and Lp(a-x-)=73.3%. Our data differ somewhat from data obtained by other authors, which seems to indicate heterogeneity in the distribution of at least Hp- and Gm-phenotypes within the Greek population. This is project to further research.     

Immunoglobulins in the Eastern Carolines

Serum samples from Micronesian populations on the Pingelap, Mokil, Ponape and Kusaie islands were tested for the immunoglobulin G (IgG) allotypes, Gm (1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 13, 14, 21), and for Inv (1). All four populations have the Gm phenogroups, Gm^1,21, Gm^1,2,21, Gm^1,3,5,13,14, and Gm^1,5,6. The Ponapeans have Gm^1,5,13,14 also. Pedigree analysis shows that the Gm^1,5,6 phenogroup in the Pingelap and Mokil populations is derived from the single offspring of a member of a crew of a whaling ship and that the Gm^1,2,21 phenogroup was introduced by three non-native individuals. The Gm allotypes indicate that the Ponapean and Kusiean populations also have phenogroups from other races, and historical data show that there has been adequate opportunity for this to have occurred. Only the phenogroups Gm^1,21 and Gm^1,5,13,14 appear to be endemic to eastern Micronesia.     

A new human allotype carried by the γG3 subclass: Gm(25)

Summary The Gm(25) allotype has been tested on sera from various populations. It is closely related to Gm(5), Gm(10), Gm(11), and Gm(14) in Caucasoids, and to Gm(10) and Gm(11) in Mongoloids, but it distinguishes itself in Negroids where the Gm(5, 10, 11, 14,-25) phenotype is present with a frequency depending on the regions studied. It was demonstrated to be carried by the Fc fragment of G₂ Gm(5, 10, 11, 14). In a Caucasoid family it was possible to demonstrate the transmission of a rare gene, Gm^{1,10,11,17, 25}. Among Old World Monkeys Gm(25) is present in Baboons and absent in Cercopitheci.

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Résumé L'allotype Gm(25) a été étudié sur des sérums de populations variées. Il est lié aux Gm(5), Gm(10), Gm(11) et Gm(14) chez les Blancs, aux Gm(10) et Gm(11) chez les Jaunes, mais il s'en distingue chez les Noirs où se retrouve le phénotype Gm(5,10,11,14,-25) avec une fréquence variable selon les régions. Il est présent sur le fragment Fc des G₃ Gm(5,10,11, 14). Dans une famille Caucasoide nous démontrons la transmission du rare gène Gm ^{1,10,11,17,25}. L'étude sur des Singes de l'Ancien Monde démontre que le Gm(25) est présent chez les Babouins et absent chez les Cercopithèques.

     

Gammaglobulin groups (Gm and Inv) of various Southern African populations

Data are presented on the distribution of the Gm and Inv groups in approximately 3500 individuals belonging to a number of diverse Southern African populations. The indigenous peoples show the presence of the Gm alleles known to occur in Negroes (Gm^{1, 5, 13, 14}, Gm^{1, 5, 6, 14} and Gm^{1, 5, 6}) but the Bushmen possess some of them in very low frequencies and have, in addition and in appreciable frequencies the Gm¹ and Gm^{1, 13} alleles which have not been reported as occurring in West African populations. The distribution of the Gm^{1, 13} allele in various Bantu-speaking tribes of the sub-continent reveals a marked cline, increasing from north to south along the eastern seaboard. The correlation between the frequency of Gm^{1, 13} and the Khoisan morphological, features present in a number of the tribes, and with the linguistic evidence which has been used to group them is high. The Bushmen possess a Gm^{1, 5} allele and may also have a Gm^{1, 5, 13, 14, 17, 21} allele. A Gm^{1, 2, 5, 13, 14, 17} allele seems to be present in the Bantu. Its presence in Eastern New Guinea would also appear to be indicated by the population data presented here.     

Gm and Inv (Km) studies of melanesian people on the Huon Peninsula in northeast Papua New Guinea: Polymorphism for a Gm1,5,10,11,13,14,17,21,26 haplotype

Blood samples from 448 people living in six villages in the Huon Peninsula in northeast Papua, New Guinea, were tested for Gm(1,2,3,5,6,10,11,13,14,17,21,24,26) and Inv(1) [Km(1)]. All the people are non-Austronesian (NAN) speakers. As expected, there was a low frequency of the Gm^{1,3,5,10,11,13,14,26} haplotype, but in contradiction to expectations there was a complete absence of the Gm^1,2,17,21,26 haplotype. In addition, samples from people in one village (Yupna) and probably those for two other villages (Irumu 13 and 14) have the rare haplotype Gm^{1,5,10,11,13,14,21,26} at polymorphic frequencies. Two samples from people living in Yupna had the rare phenotype Gm(1,3,17,21,26), indicating the presence of any one of several rare haplotypes that had been observed in other populations. These are discussed.     

Gm and Km allotypes in 74 Chinese populations: a hypothesis of the origin of the Chinese nation

Summary This paper reports the distribution of immunoglobulin Gm and Km allotypes in 74 Chinese geographical populations. These populations are derived from 24 nationalities comprising 96.6% of the total population of China. A total of 9,560 individuals were phenotyped for Gm(1,2,3,5,21) factors, and 9,611 were phenotyped for Km(1). Phylogenetic trees were constructed on the basis of Gm haplotype frequencies and genetic distances. The results of cluster analysis show the heterogeneity of the Chinese nation, and confirm the hypothesis that the modern Chinese nation originated from two distinct populations, one population originating in the Yellow River valley and the other originating in the Yangtze River valley during early neolithic times (3,000–7,000 years ago). Frequencies of the Gm haplotype of 74 Chinese populations were compared with those of 33 populations from major racial groups. The results suggest that during human evolution, the Negroid group and Caucasoid-Mongoloid group diverged first, followed by a divergence between the Caucasoid and Mongoloid. Interrace divergence is high in comparison with intrarace divergence. There appear to be two distinct subgroups of Mongoloid, northern and southern Mongoloid. The northern and southern Mongoloid have Gm^1;21 and Gm^1,3;5 haplotypes as race-associate markers, respectively. Furthermore, the Caucasian-associated haplotype Gm^3;5 was found in several of the minorities living in the northwest part of China. The presence of the Gm^3;5 haplotype is attributed to the Caucasians living in Central Asia throughout the Silk Road. The amount of Caucasian admixture has been estimated. In contrast to the Gm haplotype distribution, Km¹ gene frequencies showed a random distribution in the populations studied.     

Gammaglobulin allotypes of Melanesians from Malaita and Bougainville, Solomon Islands

Data are presented on the distribution of the Gm and Inv allotypes of human IgG in samples from Melanesian populations, three from Malaita and three from Bougainville of the Solomon Islands. The Lau from Malaita are polymorphic for the phenogroup, Gm^{1, 2, 5, 13, 14}. This phenogroup is not known to be polymorphic in any other population of the world. The Inv¹ frequencies of the populations from Malaita are lower than the lowest observed in samples from Bougainville, and this may indicate an extension of the north-south cline for Inv¹ previously reported for Bougainville. Samples from Aita in the north of Bougainville and from the Nagovisi in the south confirm the existence of the north-south cline for Inv¹ in Bougainville and suggest the presence of a Gm cline.     

Gm and Km immunoglobulin allotypes in Reindeer Chukchi and Siberian Eskimos

Summary Blood samples from 403 Reindeer Chukchi of inland Chukotka, and 100 samples from Chaplin Eskimos of the Chukot Peninsula were tested for G1m (z,a,x,f), G2m (n), G3m (g,b0,b1,b3,b5,s,t), and Km (1) allotypic determinants. An apparent affinity between the Chukchi and the Eskimos could be inferred from similar frequencies of the two common haplotypes, Gm^za;g and Gm^za;bst, and from very similar frequencies of the Km¹ allele. However, none of the Eskimos had Gm^zax;g, though it occurred at a low or moderate frequency in the five Chukchi populations studied. It is assumed that Chukchi can be distinguished from adjoining Eskimos by the same G1m (x) outlier, that has been considered as a taxonomic marker useful in differentiating between Eskimos and American Indians. Comparison of North Asian and North American populations with respect to the array and frequencies of Gm haplotypes and the Km¹ allele, supports the hypothesis of a nonrandom distribution of the Gm^za;bst and Km¹ on both sides of the Bering Strait.     

Gm and Inv [Km] allotypes among Libyan and Ashkenazi Jews,and Armenians living in Israel

Summary Serum samples from Armenians, and from Libyan and Ashkenazi Jews living in Israel were tested for Gm (1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 10, 11, 13, 14, 17, 21, 24, 26) and for Inv(1) [Km(1)].The Gm data indicate that all three populations have Negroid and Mongoloid admixture. The minimum amount of admixture varies from 3.1% (Armenians) to 5.5% (Libyan Jews). This admixture had not been detected by the study of other polymorphisms, thus once again underlining the sensitivity of the Gm system. The haplotype frequencies among the Libyan Jews are markedly different from those among the Ashkenazi Jews. Surprisingly (coincidentally?) the haplotype frequencies among the Ashkenazi Jews and the Armenians are similar.The Libyan Jews have a significantly higher frequency of Inv ¹ than do the Ashkenazi Jews and among the latter, Inv ¹ is at least twice as frequent among Polish Jews as it is among Russian Jews.     

The frequencies of Gm(1), Gm(2), Gm(4), Gm(12), and Inv(1) in Hessen (Germany)

Summary The serum groups Gm(1) [Gm(a)], Gm(2) [Gm(x)], Gm(4) [Gm(f)]. Gm(12) [Gm(b)] and Inv(1) [Inv(1)] of 2000 sera of healthy blood donors from the land Hesse were examined. The results obtained were compared with those known until now. Three persons, not related to each other, possessed the extremely rare phenotype Gm(-1, 2, 4, 12) [Gm (a-x+b+f+)]. In 0.75% of the cases we found a discordant behaviour of the factors Gm(4) and Gm(12) [Gm(f) and Gm(b)].

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Zusammenfassung 2000 Seren von gesunden Blutspendern aus Hessen wurden bezüglich der Gamma-Globulin-Serumgruppen Gm(1) [Gm(a)], Gm(2) [Gm(x)], Gm(4) [Gm(f)]. Gm(12) [Gm(b)] und Inv(1) [Inv(1)] untersucht. Die gefundenen Resultate wurden mit den bisher bekannten verglichen. Drei miteinander nicht verwandte Personen wiesen den äußerst seltenen Phänotyp Gm(-1, 2, 4, 12) [Gm(a-x+b+f+)] auf. In 0.75% der Fälle fanden wir ein diskordantes Verhalten der Faktoren Gm(4) und Gm(12) [Gm(f) und Gm(b)].

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Director: Prof. Dr. W. Wachsmuth

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Director: Prof. Dr. W. Spielmann

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The nomenclature suggested by WHO at a round-table conference over genes, genotypes and allotypes of immunglobulins is used. The conference took place in Geneva on the 1965 31. 5. to the 5. 6. [5].

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With technical assistance of S. Mohs.     

Gm and Inv studies on baboons, Papio cynocephalus: analysis of serum samples from Kenya, Ethiopia and South Africa.

Serum samples from 526 baboons (Papio cynocephalus) from 10 troops from the Laikipia district of northern Kenya, from 60 baboons from two troops from the Awash National Park, central Ethiopia, and from 127 baboons from South Africa were tested for Gm and Inv allotypes. Four of the 10 troops from Kenya formed a western cluster and six formed an eastern cluster. The clusters were separated by approximately 10 miles. The samples were tested for Gm (1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 21, 24) and for Inv (1, 2, 3). All samples were negative for Gm (2, 6, 14, 16, 24). All from Kenya and Ethiopia were negative for Inv (2), and all were positive for Gm (11, 17) and for Inv (3). The south African samples differed from the others in that 10 were negative for Gm (11) and four were positive for Inv (2). Taking all animals into account, polymorphism was present for Gm (1, 3, 5, 11, 13, 15, 21) and for Inv (1, 2). No two Kenya troops had the same array of phenotypes or of haplotypes, but the four western troops were more similar to each other than to the six eastern troops. Three haplotypes were present in the eastern troops that were not present in the western troops and five were present in the western troops that were not present in the eastern troops. Five haplotypes appeared in at least some troops of each cluster of troops. The samples from each of the two troops from Ethiopia show the same three phenotypes but with significantly different frequencies. It is suggested that the variation in haplotype frequencies observed among the 10 troops from Kenya is the result of a founder effect deriving largely from fission of a large troop into two smaller troops. The data show that speculations about the evolutionary origin of the allotypes are premature. For most species, too few animals have been tested and except for those in this study their origins are not known. Finally, the samples have been from too restricted an area.     

Studies on blood groups and other genetic markers in forest Nentzi: Variation among the subpopulations

Summary A Samoyed-speaking group of fishers, hunters, and deer breeders numbering 1500 in total has been investigated. Seven territorial subgroups were examined with respect to 15 genetic systems. The presence of A₂, cde, C^wDe, Kp^a, AK², p^c, Gm^fb, and Gm^fnb genes or haplotypes in low or moderate frequencies was observed. An unexpected finding was a deleted Gm(-;n;gb) phenotype in three siblings.Significant local genetic heterogeneity was observed with regard to AB0, Rh, Tf, PGM₁, 6-PGD, and Gm systems. The summed genic heterogeneity was found to be highly significant ( ₁₃₂ ² =663.70, P< 0.001). Mean F_st was equal to 0.0228, reflecting variation among subpopulations dispersed in the forest-tundra area and living under conditions of partial isolation.     

Gm and Km allotypes in four Sardinian population samples

Serum samples of 683 unrelated male and female individuals of four Sardinian population samples (Sassari, Nuoro, Oristano and Cagliari) were typed for G 1 m (1, 2, 3, 17), G 3 m (5, 6, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 21, 26), and Km (1). Phenotype, haplotype (Gm), and allele frequencies (Km), respectively, show a remarkable variability between these four population samples. Comparisons with other Italian populations reveal the considerable genetic difference of the Sardinians, which is in particular caused by the presence of the haplotype Gm^{1, 3, 5, 10, 11, 13, 14, 26} in them. This haplotype is quite uncommon in Europeans and may reflect gene flow from Eastern populations (Phoenicians?) who came to this island in ancient-history times.     

Human-type blood groups and Gm factors in gibbons (Hylobates)

Blood specimens from 69 gibbons (63Hylobates lar, 4Hylobates concolor, and 2Hylobates pileatus) were tested for human-type ABO, MN, and Rh blood groups. AmongH. lar, three phenotypes were noted in the ABO and MN blood groups respectively, but all fourH. concolor were grouped as AM. All group A gibbons were of subgroup A₁; subgroups A₂B and A₁₂B were observed at a low frequency in group AB gibbons. Le^b antigen was detected in about 30% of the red cell samples fromH. lar, but all the samples were negative for Le^a. All the gibbons tested had c(hr) antigen but no other Rh antigens (D, C, E, and e) in their red cells. Some selected blood samples fromH. lar were also tested for some other blood group antigens and for the Gm and Inv factors. The Jk^a antigen was detected in all the red cell samples tested, but the S, s, U, K, k, and Fy^a antigens were not. In the tests of plasma with anti-Gm (1),H. lar could be divided into two groups, i.e., Gm(1)^Gi and Gm(–1)^Gi; Gm(2), Gm(4), and Inv(1) were absent in the species.     

Die Frequenzen von Gm(1,2,3,5) und Inv(1) in der Bevölkerung der Bundesrepublik Deutschland

Zusammenfassung Aus 7 verschiedenen Populationen der Bundesrepublik Deutschland wurden insgesamt 14450 Seren hinsichtlich der Faktoren Gm(1,2,3,5) und Inv(1) untersucht. Obwohl die Ergebnisse wesentlich homogener ausfielen, als auf Grund diverser Literaturangaben angenommen werden konnte, ergaben sich zwischen einigen Kollektiven statistisch signifikante Abweichungen der Merkmalsfrequenzen, die jedoch keinen geographisch ausgerichteten Trend erkennen lassen.

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The ineidence of Gm(1,2,3,5) and Inv(1) in the population of the Federal Republic of Germany

Summary 14450 specimens of serum from 7 different populations in the Federal Republic of Germany were tested for factors Gm(1,2,3,5) and Inv(1). Though the observed results were found to be much more homogeneous than expected from the literature, there were statistically significant differences in the Gm frequencies between some of our random samples, which did not, however, show any geographical trend.

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Unter technischer Assistenz von S. Mohs und R. Löhrer. Die Arbeit wurde 1970 der Medizinischen Fakultät der Universität Würzburg als Teil einer Habilitationsschrift vorgelegt.     

Untersuchungen zur Populationsgenetik von Island,insbesondere der Region Dalasýsla

The authors report the results of a population genetic survey of the Dalasýsla region (West-Iceland). Our sample size includes n=193 male and female individuals of different age. These individuals are partly related. The following blood and serum groups were determined: ABO, MNS, Rh, P; Hp, Gc, Gm, InV, and Lp. In all these systems observed and expected phenotype frequencies are found to be in good agreement. The following gene frequencies turned out: p₁ ^A=.0888, p₂ ^A=.0456, q^B=.0293, r^O=.8363; p^MS=.2256, p^Ms=.4474, p^NS=.0540, p^Ns=.2730; cde=.4123, Cde=.0966, cDe=.0338, CDe=.2984, cDE=.1589; p^P=.4833; Hp¹=.5157, Hp²=.4843; Gc¹=.7340, Gc²=.2660; Gm¹=.1846, Gm^1,2=.1444, Gm¹²=.6710. The frequency of the phenotype InV (1) comes to 17,6%, that of Lp (a+) amounts to 21,6%.In general the Icelandic phenotype and allele frequencies correspond to the European ones, especially to those observed in Northern Europe. In connection with this the authors discuss briefly, to what extent the present day phenotype distributions (especially concerning the ABO system) of Iceland may be interpreted with regard to historical facts and events. It is pointed out that at any rate also selective acting factors should be taken into consideration in order to interpret really the present day distributions. Within Iceland certain inhomogeneities in the phenotype distributions are present. Factors such as small population sizes, geographical isolation, and gene-drift are most likely responsible for this.