猪苓菌核结晶及厚壁细胞的起源与发育

猪苓菌核的含晶细胞发生于菌丝中间或顶端,该细胞具有体积大、细胞质丰富等特点;结晶是由细胞质中的微小颗粒沉积于液泡中逐渐发育而成,液泡周围常有数量较多的线粒体分布,结晶发育至一定大小时细胞壁破裂释放出结晶,单个结晶在菌核中可聚集成大的棱状晶体。厚壁细胞产生于菌丝中间,与两端细胞以横隔膜相隔,细胞质收缩的同时胞壁加厚,厚壁细胞发育至仅留很小胞腔或完全被加厚物质充满时,可与相邻菌丝细胞分离;猪苓菌核厚壁细胞与有些真菌无性厚壁孢子的形成类同,但其大小不等在5～30μm之间。     

Scanning Electron Microscopy of Sclerotia of Sclerotinia trifoliorum and Related Species

The microanatomy of immature 'white', 'slightly pigmented' and mature, 1-month-old 'black' sclerotia of Sclerotinia trifoliorum , S. sclerotiorum , and S. minor were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). A surface mycelial network was present over sclerotia at maturity. Also dried exudate on the superficial, sclerotial cells at maturity was observed. At this stage of morphogenesis an outer layer of the wall of medullary hyphae was synthesized. Two zones (i.e., rind and medulla) of hyphal tissue in sections of mature sclerotia were distinguished. The wall of rind cells was thick and one-layered, whereas the wall of medullary hyphae was thick and bi-layered.
No lacunac (intercellular spaces) in sclerotial rind were found but the sclerotial medulla appeared to be lacunate in all three species. At the SEM level the structural organization of sclerotia of S. trifoliorum was identical to that one of sclerotia of S. sclerotiorum and S. minor. Thus, in the conducted investigation of the sclerotial stromata, a unique, structural characteristic of taxonomic importance to distinguish S. trifoliorum from the other Sclerotinia species was not found. Observations on the sclerotial morphogenesis in S. trifoliorum and the related species agree with and supplement the light and transmission electron microscope studies of other researchers.     

Morphological and Structural Changes During the Yeast-to-Mold Conversion of Phialophora dermatitidis

The details of the morphological and structural events occurring during yeast-to-mold conversion of the human pathogenic fungus Phialophora dermatitidis as seen by phase-contrast microscopy and electron microscopy are described and illustrated. Budding yeasts growing exponentially were observed to have thin walls and a cytoplasm exhibiting the characteristics of rapidly growing cells including numerous mitochondria, abundant ribosomes, few vacuoles, and little accumulation of storage material. In contrast, thick-walled yeasts were characterized by less apparent or significantly fewer mitochondria and ribosomes and the presence of considerable amounts of storage materials. Microscope observations of yeast-to-mold conversion revealed that only thick-walled yeasts having prominent lipid bodies in their cytoplasm converted to hyphal forms. Typically, the thick-walled yeast formed two to a number of moniliform hyphal cells which in turn often produced true hyphae. The results indicated that yeasts of P. dermatitidis must acquire spore-like characteristics by becoming thick-walled and by accumulating considerable endogenous substrate reserves before they convert and produce hyphae.     

Ultrastructure of Fomes igniarius mycelium

The mycelium is composed of thin-walled hyphae, fiber hyphae and cuticular cells, the modified cells developing from the thin-walled hyphae with a dolipore septum at the differentiation point. The cell wall is usually triplelayered. occasionally, multilayered. Cell organelles such as endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria and vesicles are found in abundance in thin-walled hyphae. Characteristic features of this fungus are the concentric membrane systems from which vesicles arise, the membrane-enclosed osmophilic bodies in vacuoles and the dense bodies in the cytoplasm. As the fiber hyphae and cuticular cells develop, the innermost layer of the wall thickens and the cell contents become disorganized so that, at the maturity of these cells, there is a reduced amount of diffuse cytoplasm, or none in the lumen.The study formed part of a doctoral dissertation submitted by the author to the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, 1971.     

种衣剂17号包衣对小麦条锈菌发育影响的超微结构研究

本研究采用电镜技术研究了种衣剂17号对小麦条锈菌发育的影响。观察结果表明,该种衣剂引起病菌和寄主细胞内发生了一系列变化。病菌菌丝和吸器内脂肪粒和液泡明显增加;菌丝壁和吸器壁呈不规则加厚;菌丝分枝处无隔膜产生或隔膜畸形;有的吸器母细胞产生的畸形入侵栓,大都不能穿透寄主细胞壁,初生吸器外间质内沉积有染色较深的物质,次生吸器可产生多个不规则分枝,但不能扩张膨大;菌丝外渗的物质可能引起寄主细胞的坏死;大多数受侵寄主细胞可分泌形成较大的胼胝质,有时寄主细胞分泌的物质可将吸器体完全包围起来。上述结果表明,种衣剂17号不仅可直接作用于条锈菌,而且也可通过影响寄主而间接地影响病菌。     

Electron microscopy of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae of yellow poplar. II. Intracellular hyphae and vesicles.

Intracellular hyphae and vesicles in mycorrhizal roots of yellow poplar were examined by electron microscopy. An investing layer of host wall material and cytoplasm enclosed the endophyte within the cells. Young developing hyphae contained abundant cytoplasm and few vacuoles. As hyphae matured, they became highly vacuolated and accumulated carbohydrate (glycogen) and lipid reserves. Mature vesicles were engorged with lipid droplets, possessed a trilaminate wall and were also enclosed by host wall material and cytoplasm. Compared with uninfected cells, infected cortical cells showed an increase in cytoplasmic volume, enlarged nuclei, and a reduction of starch reserves. Host nuclei were always proximal to the hyphae during hyphal development and deterioration. While other cytoplasmic components of infected and uninfected cells were comparable large electron-dense bodies occurred in vacuoles of most cells containing hyphae. Deterioration of intracellular hyphae occurred throughout the samples examined. Septa separated functional and degenerating portions of the hyphae. Hyphal deterioration involved degeneration and ultimate disappearance of fungal cytoplasm as well as collapse of hyphal walls. Based on these observations, the authors hypothesize that deterioration of the endophyte may release significant quantities of mineral nutrients, via hyphal contents, which are absorbed by the host.     

蜜环菌侵染后猪苓菌核防御结构的发生及功能

蜜环菌通过猪苓菌核表皮侵染菌核时,菌核表皮下层的菌丝具特异的拮抗反应,如细胞中有结晶颗粒出现,厚壁菌丝形成,部分薄壁菌丝有质壁分离现象。蜜环菌的侵染诱导了菌核防御结构的发生:离侵染点一定距离的部位出现由少量木质化菌丝和厚壁菌丝形成的疏松带状;蜜环菌侵入后,上述菌丝增多并紧密排列形成菌核的初级隔离腔,入侵的蜜环菌和部分菌核被隔离在腔中;在初级隔离腔形成的同时,外围的次级隔离腔开始发育。蜜环菌菌索和皮层菌丝分枝可突破初、次级隔离腔的壁,再以菌索产生的侵染带侵染菌核较外部的最后防线即三级隔离腔。本文较系统的阐述了蜜环菌侵染后菌核各防御结构的发生特点及功能。     

猪苓菌核结构性质的研究

利用光学显微镜和电子显微镜对猪苓菌核的结构及其发育进行了研究。组成猪苓菌核的菌丝与平板培养或发酵培养的猪苓菌丝比较,具有多分枝、融合频率高、菌丝形态不规则等特点。猪苓菌核表现了高度的结构分化,有表皮、表皮下层、疏松菌丝层和结构菌丝之分,结构菌丝是组成菌核的主要成分,疏松菌丝层类似一般菌核的髓,但大小、位置在菌核中变化较大。菌核的个体繁殖是由母体菌核的一束或几柬菌丝突破表皮而萌发产生新的菌核;较系统的观察了猪苓菌核细胞分裂及其菌丝内部结构的变化。     

马铃薯对晚疫病水平抗性的组织细胞学观察

以马铃薯晚疫病水平抗性品种LBr-12和感病品种费乌瑞它为材料,采用普通光学和电子显微镜技术,系统研究了马铃薯与晚疫病菌(致病疫霉)互作的组织细胞学反应特征。观察结果显示:(1)接种后,水平抗性材料LBr-12出现过敏反应,病菌被限制在侵染点的几个细胞中,菌丝产生较少的分支和吸器。(2)感病品种费乌瑞它被侵染细胞呈蔓延趋势,菌丝产生较多的分支和吸器。(3)电镜观察发现,抗病品种上病菌的胞间菌丝、吸器母细胞、吸器在细胞和亚细胞水平均发生了一系列异常变化,包括原生质的电子致密度加深、液泡增多变大、菌丝细胞壁不规则增厚、细胞器排列紊乱及解体、吸器母细胞及吸器形态异常、病菌最终畸形坏死,同时发现抗病品种受病菌侵染时可迅速产生结构防卫反应,形成的细胞壁沉积物使胞壁极度增厚或细胞膜上产生乳突状结构。     

Immunolocalization of 1,3‐β‐Glucanases Secreted by Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici in Infected Wheat Roots

The distribution of extracellular 1,3‐β‐glucanase secreted by Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici (Ggt) was investigated in situ in inoculated wheat roots by immunogold labelling and transmission electron microscopy. Antiserum was prepared by subcutaneously injecting rabbits with purified 1,3‐β‐glucanase secreted by the pathogenic fungus. A specific antibody of 1,3‐β‐glucanase, anti‐GluGgt, was purified and characterized. Double immunodiffusion tests revealed that the antiserum was specific for 1,3‐β‐glucanase of Ggt, but not for 1,3‐β‐glucanase from wheat plants. Native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the purified and crude enzyme extract and immunoblotting showed that the antibody was monospecific for 1,3‐β‐glucanase in fungal extracellular protein populations. After incubation of ultrathin sections of pathogen‐infected wheat roots with anti‐1,3‐β‐glucanase antibody and the secondary antibody, deposition of gold particles occurred over hyphal cells and the host tissue. Hyphal cell walls and septa as well as membranous structures showed regular labelling with gold particles, while few gold particles were detected over the cytoplasm and other organelles such as mitochondria and vacuoles. In host tissues, cell walls in contact with the hyphae usually exhibited a few gold particles, whereas host cytoplasm and cell walls distant from the hyphae were free of labelling. Furthermore, over lignitubers in the infected host cells labelling with gold particles was detected. No gold particles were found over sections of non‐inoculated wheat roots. The results indicate that 1,3‐β‐glucanase secreted by Ggt may be involved in pathogenesis of the take‐all fungus through degradation of callose in postinfectionally formed cell wall appositions, such as lignitubers.     

银杏套细胞发育的解剖学研究

银杏套细胞起源于近雄配子体表达的颈卵器母细胞周围细胞,中央细胞形成时,套细胞呈明显的一层,围绕颈卵器紧密排列,随着颈卵器的发育,套细胞体积逐渐地大,细胞质变浓厚,细胞质中脂滴增多,套细胞和中央细胞的接触壁开始出现局部加厚,在颈卵器发育的泡沫化阶段,套细胞和中央细胞的接触壁不均匀加厚较为显著,在较薄的区域可见胞间连丝,受精前,套细胞中液泡增多,脂滴迅速减少,造淀粉体增大,套细胞与卵细胞的接触壁的不均匀加厚非常明显,精核进入颈卵器以后,卵细胞与套细胞的接触壁和卵细胞的质膜之间形成一个薄厚不均的间隔层,受精卵分裂时,受精卵细胞与套细胞接触壁的凹陷处可见许多小泡和内质网,游离核期时,套细胞内出现大量小液泡,细胞内含物迅速消失,套细胞外形变长,胚胎长出颈卵器后,套细胞逐渐解体消失。     

蜜环菌索发育的研究

利用光学和电子显徽镜对蜜环菌索的发育及其结构分化进行了较系统研究。菌索的顶端有保持细胞不断分裂的分生组织区。由此衍生的菌丝细胞组成菌索的初生结构,包括分化不明显的表皮、皮层及初生髓;初生髓细胞体积大,核同步分裂产生多核体细胞,以一个或几个核为单位在爵体细胞中分化出细长的菌丝后,可以出芽方式自母体细胞中伸出,并且一开始就有薄壁与厚壁之分,同一母体细胞中可同时产生这两类菌丝。发育后期母体细胞破裂形成菌索的髓,两类疏松菌丝分布在其中。观察了成熟菌索的结构和侧枝的形成过程。菌索侧枝起源于皮层细胞,该细胞横向分裂首先形成分枝原基,之后突破菌索壳而分化出新的菌索顶端。讨论了蜜环菌索在不同寄主中的侵染方式。     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Coprinopsis cinerea</Emphasis> from rice husks forming sclerotia in agar culture

Sclerotia were formed in agar culture by a fungus with clamp connections isolated from rice husks at Tsukuba, Japan. The sclerotia were brown, globose to ellipsoidal, small, up to 200 μm in diameter, and composed of external rind tissue and internal medulla tissue. Such tiny sclerotia have not been commonly reported among basidiomycetous fungi in the literature. The fungus was identified as Coprinopsis cinerea on the basis of morphological characteristics together with molecular analyses. Three reference strains of C. cinerea formed sclerotia similarly under identical cultural conditions.     

The structure and histochemistry of sclerotia ofSclerotinia minor Jagger

Summary A detailed histochemical investigation was carried out on rind, cortical and medullary hyphae of sclerotia ofSclerotinia minor Jagger. Four developmental stages, including mature sclerotia, were studied. The walls and septa of all hyphae contained chitin and -1,3 glucans, while those of the rind contained in addition, a melanin-like pigment. An extracellular matrix, which accumulated around cortical and medullary hyphae, consisted primarily of -1,3 glucans, although another polysaccharide, which could not be identified by histochemical methods, was also present. Phenolic material was deposited around the extracellular matrix and in the few interhyphal spaces that remained at maturity. Glycogen was present throughout the cytoplasm of hyphae of the cortex and medulla, at all stages of their differentiation. Polyphosphate granules were laid down within small vacuoles and as sclerotia matured, became most common in the cortical region. Protein bodies developed rapidly in cortical and medullary hyphae until at maturity, they were the most obvious interhyphal feature. These bodies were either round or elongated in shape, the elongated ones often lying parallel to the long axis of the hyphae, and in close association with strands of endoplasmic reticulum. No lipid reserves were detected.Mrs. S.Lowry.     

The ultrastructure of thePuccinia sorghi aecial stage

Summary In the aecium ofPuccinia sorghi the substantial outer layer of cell walls in the base of the stroma, together with the thick wall of peridial cells where they adjoin the compressed cell debris, may play a role in the water balance of the fruiting structure. With few exceptions binucleate cells are found only in the aecium. Cytoplasm of the binucleate peridial cells is densely filled with organelles and fat globules. Large multinucleate cells with inclusions, that are apparently proteinaceous in nature, are found in the aecial base. The ontogeny of aeciospore initials is annellidic and aeciosporophores have a well developed collar consisting of annellations. Sporophores, aeciospore initials, intercalary cells and young aeciospores are enveloped by a matrix. During aeciospore ontogeny fat globules are formed in the immediate vicinity of enlarging vacuoles and vesicle-containing structures, suggesting that the formation of fat globules is associated with these cytoplasmic components. Spine initials are first observed as electron-lucent areas between the plasmalemma and the wall of immature aeciospores. During further development the inter- and supraspinal wall of the spore is degraded, a process in which small, well-defined granules appear to be implicated. The spines become separated from the plasmalemma by wall apposition. Apposition also seals off the channel leading to the septal pore in the aeciospore base. The spore wall contains several germ pores. The vacuolate and often degenerate nature of inter- and intracellular hyphae in thalli with young sporulating aecia points to accumulation of food reserves in young aecia.     

Studies on the Changes of Cell Ultrastructure in the Course of Seed Germination of Bletilla striata Under Fungus Infection Conditions

Aided by the techniques of ultrathin section and electron microscopy, the changes of cell ultrastructure of seed germination of Bletilla striata was investigated. It was found that the seeds of B. striata were germinated easily among Orchidaceae, the large thin-wall cells of embryo contained a great amount of starch and lipid materials which were nutrients of seed germination. The differentiation and growth of the nutritive organ of B. striata would be accelerated after fungus infection. Fungus could penetrate seed coat in cell interstice, invaded, embryo through suspensor, and interspersed in several layers of embryonic ceils. Cytoplasm and organelles of embryo would disappear after the cells infected by fungus, and then endocytic plasmalemma produces some sacs enclosing and digesting hyphae. The hyphae with its tip inflation, relying on expansion-pressure of its cytoplasm, could penetrate cell wall of embryo. In addition, after invasion hyphae wall was significantly thickened by the deposition of the embryonic cytoplasm. In the end, the hyphae would be wholly collapsed and its degradated materials were used as nutrient for germination. The cells without penetration' by hyphae show vigrous metabolism activity in protocorms.     

Study on Ultrastructure and Localization of Acid Phosphatase of Gastrodia elata Cortical Cells in Their Digestive Process of Armillaria mellea

In order to study the mechanism of the digestive process of Armillaria mellea in Castrodia data, electron microscopy and cytochemical method for determination of acid phosphatase activity was employed. The provacuoles were formed by means of expanded or convoluted ER under the stimulation of cortical cells and large cells of Gastrodia data by Armillaria mellea. A product of acid phosphatase (lead phosphate deposits) occured on the tonoplast. The papillae were produced in the cell wall of cortex in Gastrodia data when Armillaria mellea penetrated into its cortex. Our results showed that the enzyme was not released from cell of Armillaria mellea. A number of small vacuoles in the cortical cells disappeared. At the same time, lead phosphate deposits on the Armillaria mellea hyphae wall were observed and than Armillaria mellea hyphae wall was going to be digested, and the hyphae lost their structure. The activity of Armillaria mellea hyphae was not observed in the large cell of Gastrodia data. A great deal of small vacuoles and mitochondria were produced, at the same time the renewable nuclei and nuclolar vacuoles etc. appeared in the large cells of Gastrodia data under the stimulation of Armillaria mellea.     

Conjugation in the Dimorphic Chromomycosis Fungus Phialophora dermatitidis

Phase-contrast microscope observations of the dimorphic fungus Phialophora dermatitidis revealed that thick-walled yeasts often tended to form aggregates and then to conjugate. Fusions were also observed among hyphae derived from the thick-walled yeasts.     

Ultrastructure of auxiliary and gonimoblast cells during carposporophyte development in the red alga Cryptopleura ruprechtiana (Delesseriaceae, Ceramiales, Rhodophyta)

The ultrastructure sequence for the complete post-fertilization development is described in Cryptopleura ruprechtiana (C. Agardh) Kylin, a member of the Delesseriaceae. Following fertilization the diploid nucleus is transferred to the auxiliary cell. This contains typical red algal proplastids, cytoplasmic concentric membranes, numerous small vacuoles and lipid bodies. Crystalline inclusions and virus-like particles are also present. In addition darkly staining spherical masses possibly represent dehydrated haploid chromatin. The multinucleate auxiliary cell produces initially one large gonimoblast initial and subsequently many smaller gonimoblast initials. The first formed generative gonimoblast cell is similar in cellular structure to the auxiliary cell. Gonimoblast initials are uninucleate but through caryokinesis they become multinucleate. They undergo repeated cleavage to form more gonimoblast cells. Subsequent, centripetal cytokinesis results in the formation of clusters of gonimoblast cells. A new type structural cap or association is observed in the septal plugs that interconnect gonimoblast initials. Terminal or generative gonimoblast cells cleave to form additional gonimoblast cells. Only terminal gonimoblast cells are differentiated to carpospores.     

Observations on the Neocytoplasm and Proteid Vacuoles During the Fertilization of Keteleeria evelyniana

Distributions and dynamics of the neocytoplasm and proteid vacuoles during the fertilization of Keteleeria evelyniana were studied by histochemical methods. Before fertilization cytoplasmic sheath surrounding the male and female gametes was indistinct. After fertilization, the dense neocytoplasm appeared around the zygote. Part of the neocytoplasm is invaded by mitochondria of maternal origin which had collected in large numbers in the perinuclear zone. The mitochondria contain electron compact little body which looks like a nucleus in the cytoplasm, but not observed in the rosette tier cell of proembryo and jacket cells. Hence, it was showed that the neocytoplasm participated in the development of embryo by all these observations. By using Feulgen reaction, the staining reaction of neocytoplasm was positive, the egg nucleus or zygote nucleus was weaker in positive reaction, while the proteid vacuoles were negative. When the proembryo developed, there were a few starch grains accumulated in the other three tiers except the upper tier. The Feulgen reaction was in- creased in intensity in the suspensor tier and embryonal cell tier nuclei. When the young embryo developed, Feulgen reaction became normal in the nuclei of the embryo initials. The embryo initials and Suspensor cells showed very weak Feulgen positive reaetion in the proembryo and young embryo. The development of the large proteid vacuoles was from plastid. During the early stage of egg nucleus, contents of large proteid vacuoles were less. When the zygote was formed, they reached the highest. However, after the zygote produced, the proteid vacuoles and egg cytoplasm were getting disintegrated following the course of fission of free nuclei. After the proembryo formed, the proteid vacuoles were wholly disintegrated.