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1.
Luciana Cristina Amaral Compart Kátia Maria Gomes Machado Dácio Roberto Matheus Antonio Valadão Cardoso 《World journal of microbiology & biotechnology》2007,23(10):1479-1483
The objective of the present study was to develop and characterize a support for the immobilization of Psilocybe castanella in order to optimize the process of incorporation of fungal inoculum into the soil. The ceramic supports were fabricated
from slate powder in the shape of hollow spheres by the slip casting technique (suspension: 40% v/v). The sintering temperature
was evaluated in the range of 850–1,070°C and porosity was analyzed by mercury intrusion. The temperature of 1,050°C was the
most adequate for sintering of the ceramic supports, with the porosity obtained being less than 1%. The fungus was immobilized
on the ceramic supports containing lignocellulosic substrate using disks of fungal mycelium grown on 2% malt agar as the inoculum.
Fungal biomass was estimated by the quantification of ergosterol. Peroxidase and laccase activities were determined by the
oxidation of ABTS in the presence and absence of H2O2, respectively. The efficiency of the immobilized inoculum was tested in a grinder containing coarse sand for 45 min at 75 rpm.
The supports were colonized with P. castanella and enzymatic activities were detected after the fifth day of fungal growth. Immobilization of the fungus on the ceramic
support provided 80% protection of the inoculum against loss of efficiency during mixture with soil. The results demonstrate
the potential of the ceramic supports produced with slate powder for immobilization of basidiomycetous fungi and for application
to soil bioremediation processes. 相似文献
2.
Balasubramanian Radhakrishnan Radha Prasanna Pranita Jaiswal Saswati Nayak Prem Dureja 《Biologia》2009,64(5):881-889
An investigation was undertaken to evaluate a set of cyanobacterial strains in terms of production of biocidal compounds exhibiting
allelochemical and fungicidal properties. Two cyanobacterial strains — Anabaena sp. and Calothrix sp. were selected for further investigation, on the basis of their larger inhibition zones on the lawn of Synechocystis and Synechococcus sp. and two phytopathogenic fungi — Rhizoctonia bataticola and Pythium debaryanum. The diameter of the inhibition zone was largest when extracellular filtrates of the two cultures incubated at high light
intensity (90–100 μmol photons m−2 s−1) and temperature (40 ± 2 °C) or grown in medium containing two-folds higher P (1.4 mg/L, as compared to 0.7 mg/L in BG 11
medium) were taken. A pH of 8 was the most optimal for both strains, in terms of growth and biocidal activity. Partial purification
of ethyl acetate extract using TLC, followed by GLC revealed a single peak. This study highlights the importance of environmental
factors in aggravating or reducing the toxic effects of these harmful cyanobacteria and their potential as a biocontrol agent. 相似文献
3.
Tempe fermentations using mixed cultures of Rhizopus oligosporus MS5, R. oryzae EN, Citrobacter freundii, and Brevibacterium epidermidis were investigated. Consumption of 150 g tempe, produced with a pure fungal mixed culture out of strains MS5 and EN, is sufficient
to cover the daily requirements of niacin, vitamin K, ergosterol, and tocopherol as well as half of the daily requirement
of pyridoxine, riboflavin, and biotin. Moreover, one-fourth of the recommended amount of folate is supplied. Supplementation
of the fungal inoculum with C. freundii results in tempe enriched with vitamin B12. Menachinone was produced as a typical bacterial vitamin K derivative. Metabolic activity of C.␣freundii led to an additional decrease of the α-galactosides stachyose and raffinose compared to pure fungal fermentations. No bacterial
formation of factor 2 could be observed.
Received: 31 July 1996 / Received revision: 4 October 1996 / Accepted: 14 October 1996 相似文献
4.
Plants of the winter wheat cv. Bounty were inoculated with Septoria nodorum and then assayed for ergosterol. A detached leaf technique was used in which leaf segments were incubated on agar containing benzimidazole. Four levels of a conidial suspension inoculum were applied using a measured droplet technique. Ergosterol in plant extracts was measured using HPLC and its identity confirmed by co-injection with pure ergosterol as an internal standard. The extracts were also assayed by silica-gel thin layer chromatography with the sterol being visualised with rhodamine; the presence of ergosterol in the material from the two higher disease level treatments was confirmed by analysing the eluted spots in a spectrophotometer. Additional confirmation of ergosterol was obtained using gas-liquid chromatography comparing a mixture of known plant sterols with a sample from the diseased leaf tissue. The ergosterol assay was found to be very sensitive and offers a high level of reproducibility. It would therefore appear that such assays could be of value in breeding programmes when it is necessary to screen wheat cultivars for their reaction to S. nodorum or other fungal pathogens. 相似文献
5.
Agnieszka Grinn-Gofroń Agnieszka Strzelczak 《International journal of biometeorology》2011,55(2):235-241
Ganoderma sp. is an airborne fungal spore type known to trigger respiratory allergy symptoms in sensitive patients. Aiming to reduce
the risk for allergic individuals, we analysed fungal spore circulation in Szczecin, Poland, and its dependence on meteorological
conditions. Statistical models for the airborne spore concentrations of Ganoderma sp.—one of the most abundant fungal taxa in the area—were developed. Aerobiological sampling was conducted over 2004–2008
using a volumetric Lanzoni trap. Simultaneously, the following meteorological parameters were recorded: daily level of precipitation,
maximum and average wind speed, relative humidity and maximum, minimum, average and dew point temperatures. These data were
used as the explaining variables. Due to the non-linearity and non-normality of the data set, the applied modelling techniques
were artificial neural networks (ANN) and mutlivariate regression trees (MRT). The obtained classification and MRT models
predicted threshold conditions above which Ganoderma sp. appeared in the air. It turned out that dew point temperature was the main factor influencing the presence or absence
of Ganoderma sp. spores. Further analysis of spore seasons revealed that the airborne fungal spore concentration depended only slightly
on meteorological factors. 相似文献
6.
C. Churro E. Alverca F. Sam-Bento S. Paulino V. C. Figueira A. J. Bento S. Prabhakar A. M. Lobo A. J. Calado P. Pereira 《Journal of applied phycology》2009,21(4):429-442
The antialgal activity of newly synthesized bacillamides against several cyanobacteria and microalgae isolates was screened
using a rapid 96-well microplate bioassay. Cultures were exposed to serial dilutions of each bacillamide derivative (0–160 μg mL−1) in the microplate wells and daily optical measurements were used to estimate growth over a 216 h period. Inhibition values
(%) were calculated from the estimated growth curves and inhibitory concentrations (IC50-216 h) were obtained from the sigmoidal inhibition curves fitted by regression analysis. The effects of bacillamides on cell
morphology and ultrastructure were also analysed by light and transmission electron microscopy. In general, the toxic cyanobacteria
Microcystis aeruginosa, Aphanizomenon gracile, Anabaena circinalis and Anabaenopsis circularis were much more sensitive to bacillamides then the chlorophytes Ankistrodesmus falcatus and Scenedesmus obliquus. However, clear signs of morphological and ultrastructural changes induced by bacillamide were observed on both cyanobacteria
and chlorophytes. Other cyanobacteria, namely the nostocalean Nodularia spumigena and the oscillatorialeans Leptolyngbya sp. and Planktothrix rubescens, exhibit higher tolerances to bacillamides, similar to that shown by different eukaryotic microalgae. Diatoms, on the other
hand, proved to be quite as sensitive to most bacillamides as the most affected cyanobacteria. The properties of 5-iodo-Bacillamide
(algicide or algistatic) were further investigated. This compound acted as an algistactic agent against eukaryotic algae and,
depending on its concentration, acted as either an algicide or algistactic agent against most of the cyanobacteria tested.
Although bacillamides cannot be considered as broad spectrum cyanobacterial algicides, different bacillamides might be of
use in selectively controlling the growth of particular species of cyanobacteria. 相似文献
7.
The extraction and quantification of ergosterol from ectomycorrhizal fungi and roots 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Recently, ergosterol analysis has been used to quantify viable fungal biomass in resynthesized ectomycorrhizae. An objective of our study was to quantify ergosterol in a range of ectomycorrhizal isolates under differing growth conditions. In addition, we tested the applicability of the method on field-collected roots of ectomycorrhizal and vesicular-arbuscular (VA) mycorrhizal plants. Quantification of sitosterol as a biomass indicator of plant roots was also undertaken. Ergosterol was not detected in roots of uninoculated Betula populifolia seedlings, and sitosterol was not detected in an ectomycorrhizal fungal isolate but was present in birch roots. Ergosterol was produced in all isolates examined, which represented the major orders of ectomycorrhizal fungi. The range of values obtained, from 3 to nearly 18 g ergosterol mg-1 dry mass, agrees well with reported values for other mycorrhizal and decomposer fungi. Hyphal ergosterol was the same during growth on phytic acid and KH2PO4. Reduction of growth temperature from 25° C to 15° C had little effect on ergosterol content of cultures harvested at similar growth stages. Ergosterol and sitosterol were detected in field-collected ectomycorrhizae of B. populifolia and Pinus sylvestris and VA mycorrhizae of Acer rubrum and Plantago major. Both ergosterol content and ergosterol to sitosterol ratios were significantly lower in VA mycorrhizae than ectomycorrhizae. Calculations of viable fungal biomass associated with field-collected roots were in agreement with those reported by others using the method on resynthesized ectomycorrhizae. Estimates of total mass could be obtained for field-collected B. populifolia roots by a simultaneously using ergosterol to estimate fungal biomass and sitosterol to estimate root mass. Some potential applications and limitations of sterol quantification in studies of mycorrhizal physiology and ecology are discussed. 相似文献
8.
Symbioses such as lichens are potentially threatened by drastic environmental changes. We used the lichen Peltigera aphthosa—a symbiosis between a fungus (mycobiont), a green alga (Coccomyxa sp.), and N2‐fixing cyanobacteria (Nostoc sp.)—as a model organism to assess the effects of environmental perturbations in nitrogen (N) or phosphorus (P). Growth, carbon (C) and N stable isotopes, CNP concentrations, and specific markers were analyzed in whole thalli and the partners after 4 months of daily nutrient additions in the field. Thallus N was 40% higher in N‐fertilized thalli, amino acid concentrations were twice as high, while fungal chitin but not ergosterol was lower. Nitrogen also resulted in a thicker algal layer and density, and a higher δ13C abundance in all three partners. Photosynthesis was not affected by either N or P. Thallus growth increased with light dose independent of fertilization regime. We conclude that faster algal growth compared to fungal lead to increased competition for light and CO2 among the Coccomyxa cells, and for C between alga and fungus, resulting in neither photosynthesis nor thallus growth responded to N fertilization. This suggests that the symbiotic lifestyle of lichens may prevent them from utilizing nutrient abundance to increase C assimilation and growth. 相似文献
9.
Bigelis R He H Yang HY Chang LP Greenstein M 《Journal of industrial microbiology & biotechnology》2006,33(10):815-826
The use of inert absorbent polymeric supports for cellular attachment in solid-state fungal fermentation influenced growth, morphology, and production of bioactive secondary metabolites. Two filamentous fungi exemplified the utility of this approach to facilitate the discovery of new antimicrobial compounds. Cylindrocarpon sp. LL-Cyan426 produced pyrrocidines A and B and Acremonium sp. LL-Cyan416 produced acremonidins A–E when grown on agar bearing moist polyester–cellulose paper and generated distinctly different metabolite profiles than the conventional shaken or stationary liquid fermentations. Differences were also apparent when tenfold concentrated methanol extracts from these fermentations were tested against antibiotic-susceptible and antibiotic-resistant Gram-positive bacteria, and zones of inhibition were compared. Shaken broth cultures of Acremonium sp. or Cylindrocarpon sp. showed complex HPLC patterns, lower levels of target compounds, and high levels of unwanted compounds and medium components, while agar/solid support cultures showed significantly increased yields of pyrrocidines A and B and acremonidins A–E, respectively. This method, mixed-phase fermentation (fermentation with an inert solid support bearing liquid medium), exploited the increase in surface area available for fungal growth on the supports and the tendency of some microorganisms to adhere to solid surfaces, possibly mimicking their natural growth habits. The production of dimeric anthraquinones by Penicillium sp. LL-WF159 was investigated in liquid fermentation using various inert polymeric immobilization supports composed of polypropylene, polypropylene cellulose, polyester–cellulose, or polyurethane. This culture produced rugulosin, skyrin, flavomannin, and a new bisanthracene, WF159-A, after fermentation in the presence and absence of polymeric supports for mycelial attachment. The physical nature of the different support systems influenced culture morphology and relative metabolite yields, as determined by HPLC analysis and measurement of antimicrobial activity. The application of such immobilized-cell fermentation methods under solid and liquid conditions facilitated the discovery of new antibiotic compounds, and offers new approaches to fungal fermentation for natural product discovery. 相似文献
10.
Several fungal endophytes of the Egyptian marine sponge Latrunculia corticata were isolated, including strains Trichoderma sp. Merv6, Penicillium sp. Merv2 and Aspergillus sp. Merv70. These fungi exhibited high cellulase activity using different lignocellulosic substrates in solid state fermentations
(SSF). By applying mutagenesis and intergeneric protoplast fusion, we have obtained a recombinant strain (Tahrir-25) that
overproduced cellulases (exo-β-1,4-glucanase, endo-β-1,4-glucanase and β-1,4-glucosidase) that facilitated complete cellulolysis
of agricultural residues. The process parameters for cellulase production by strain Tahrir-25 were optimized in SSF. The highest
cellulase recovery from fermentation slurries was achieved with 0.2% Tween 80 as leaching agent. Enzyme production was optimized
under the following conditions: initial moisture content of 60% (v/w), inoculum size of 106 spores ml−1, average substrate particle size of 1.0 mm, mixture of sugarcane bagasse and corncob (2:1) as the carbon source supplemented
with carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and corn steep solids, fermentation time of 7 days, medium pH of 5.5 at 30°C. These optimized
conditions yielded 450, 191, and 225 units/gram dry substrate (U gds−1) of carboxylmethyl cellulase, filter-paperase (FPase), and β-glucosidase, respectively. Subsequent fermentation by the yeast,
Saccharomyces cerevisiae NRC2, using lignocellulose hydrolysates obtained from the optimized cellulase process produced the highest amount of ethanol
(58 g l−1). This study has revealed the potential of exploiting marine fungi for cost-effective production of cellulases for second
generation bioethanol processes. 相似文献
11.
The antifungal activity of Bacillus coagulans against three pathogenic species of Fusarium was examined. Fungal growth was determined by colony forming units, dry matter and ergosterol level. Biosynthesis of Fusarium mycotoxins was also investigated. The strongest inhibition of fungal growth was noticed when Bacillus coagulans was co-inoculated at the beginning of culture. Estimation of ergosterol level as a determinant of fungal growth showed the greatest degree of Fusarium sp. inhibition. Addition of Bacillus coagulans to Fusarium culmorum culture inhibits the DON (deoxynivalenol) production. 相似文献
12.
A composting experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of a hyperlignocellulolytic fungal consortium and different nitrogen
amendments on paddy straw composting in terms of changes in physicochemical and biological parameters. A fungal consortium
comprising four lignocellulolytic mesophilic fungal cultures was used as inoculum for bioaugmentation of paddy straw in perforated
pits. The comparative effect of farmyard manure (FYM), soybean trash, poultry litter and urea on the composting process was
evaluated at monthly intervals in terms of physicochemical (pH, EC, available P, C:N ratio and humus content) and biological
(enzymatic and microbial activity) parameters. The compost prepared from bioaugmented paddy straw composting mixture, with
poultry manure as nitrogen supplement attained desirable C:N ratio in 1 month and displayed least phytotoxicity levels along
with higher production of β-1,4-Exoglucanase. The combined activity of the autochthonous composting microbiota as well as the externally applied fungal
inoculum accelerated the composting process of paddy straw. Supplementation of paddy straw with poultry manure in 8:1 ratio
was identified as the best treatment to hasten the composting process. This study highlights the importance of application
of fungal inoculum and an appropriate N-amendment such as poultry manure for preparation of compost using a substrate having
high C:N ratio, such as paddy straw. 相似文献
13.
Changes in ergosterol content in cultures of Penicillium brevicompactum and Aspergillus versicolor on wood with time, changes in humidity or addition of glucose solutions to wood were studied with HPLC. Lowering of the humidity level caused a very large decline in ergosterol content of cultures of P. brevicompactum on wood over a 10 day period, although small amounts remained after this time. After an initial increase, up to an inoculation time of 45 days, reductions were also observed in control samples maintained at 100% RH, but these were smaller. The amount of ergosterol decreased to very low levels in wood impregnated with low levels of glucose during a 93 day incubation period. Ergosterol concentration in hyphae produced in surface liquid cultures was shown to be higher in mycelia growing on media enriched with nitrogen or with more available nutrients. The concentration of ergosterol in the mycelia of P. brevicompactum in surface liquid cultures varied by a factor of 5 from 2 to 10 mg g−. The results clearly show that ergosterol present in solid materials in mainly related to active biomass. With certain prerequisites, ergosterol determinations could also be used for total fungal biomass estimations on wood. 相似文献
14.
Ricardo Ribeiro Silva Carlos Renato Corso Dácio Roberto Matheus 《World journal of microbiology & biotechnology》2010,26(5):841-846
Estimating fungal growth is important in processes of soil bioremediation. It has been demonstrated that ergosterol is a good
indicator of fungal biomass in solid substrata. In the present study were evaluated the effects upon the ergosterol rate of
Lentinus crinitus Berk. and Psilocybe castanella Peck through the culture conditions of these fungi, which are evaluated for the bioremediation of soils contaminated by organochlorates.
A good correlation between fungal biomass and ergosterol was observed for both species. The culture conditions did not influence
the ergosterol rate of L. crinitus. Yet the ergosterol rate of P. castanella was influenced from 35 days of culture and when grown in the presence of 15.00 g hexachlorobenzene l−1 of culture medium. So it is possible to estimate growth of both species using ergosterol as indicator in processes of soil
bioremediation since the influences observed in the ergosterol rate of P. castanella are considered. 相似文献
15.
Production,by filamentous,nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria,of a bacteriocin and of other antibiotics that kill related strains 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
Colonies of sixty-five filamentous cyanobacteria were screened for the production of temperate phages and/or antibiotics on solid medium. None of them was observed to release phages. However, seven N2-fixing strains were found to produce antibiotics very active against other cyanobacteria. The antibiotic produced by Nostoc sp. 78-11 A-E represents a bacteriocin of low molecular weight. Nostoc sp. ATCC 29132 appears to secrete, together with an antibiotic, a protein that inhibits its action. 相似文献
16.
Mao S Lee SJ Hwangbo H Kim YW Park KH Cha GS Park RD Kim KY 《Current microbiology》2006,53(5):358-364
A new antagonistic Burkholderia strain, designated MP-1 and producing antifungal activities against various filamentous plant pathogenic fungi, was isolated
from the rhizoshere in the Naju area. Cultural characteristic studies strongly suggested that this strain belongs to the genus
Burkholderia. The nucleotide sequence of the 16S rRNA gene (1491 pb) of strain MP-1 exhibited close similarity (99% to 100%) with other
Burkholderia 16S rRNA genes. Extraction of fermentation broth of Burkholderia sp. MP-1 and various separations and purification steps led to isolation of four pure active molecules. The chemical structure
of these four compounds—named phenylacetic acid, hydrocinnamic acid, 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, and 4-hydroxyphenylacetate
methyl ester—was established on the basis on their gas chromatography–electron impact–mass spectrometry (GC-EI-MS) and trimethylsilation
GC-EI-MS data. The four isolated compounds inhibited filamentous fungal growth on potato dextrose agar medium supplemented
with 100 mg/L of phenylacetic acid, hydrocinnamic acid, 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid and 4-hydroxyphenylacetate methyl ester
individually. 相似文献
17.
Species of the genera Taphrina Fr. and Protomyces Unger were screened for the presence of carotenoid pigments and the sterols ergosterol and brassicasterol. All strains produced carotenoids in variable amounts: Taphrina: 0.3–39 g/g dry weight; Protomyces: 65–99 g/g dry weight. It was concluded that the tow genera cannot be separated on the basis of presence or absence of carotenoids. Thirty strains (24 species) of Taphrina produced brassicasterol as the principal sterol; twenty-one strains (17 species) did not form ergosterol. Only four isolates (4 species) produced ergosterol without formation of brassicasterol. Brassicasterol was the major sterol in 3 species of Protomyces, whereas ergosterol was absent. Brassicasterol is a rather unique sterol within the fungal kingdom and has hitherto not been found in the red yeasts. Therefore, this sterol is of taxonomic significance in contrast with ergosterol, which is widespread among fungi. 相似文献
18.
Pannipa Prompiboon Amaret Bhumiratana Somsak Ruchirawat Drion G. Boucias Chanpen Wiwat 《World journal of microbiology & biotechnology》2008,24(12):2909-2917
In the search for potential cytotoxic substances produced by Nomuraea rileyi, an active compound was isolated from mycosed insects through an activity guided fractionation process. The compound, cytotoxic
against the Sf9 insect cell line, was identified to be ergosterol peroxide (5α, 8α-epidioxy-24(R)-methylcholesta-6, 22-dien-3β-ol)
using nuclear magnetic resonance techniques, infrared spectrometry, and mass spectroscopy. Anticancer screens demonstrated
that ergosterol peroxide at micromolar concentrations inhibited the growth of hormone-dependent breast cancer cell line (T47D),
hormone-independent breast cancer cell line (MDA-MB-231), human epidermoid carcinoma in mouth cell line (KB), human cervical
carcinoma cell line (HeLa), lung cancer cell line (H69AR) and human cholangiocarcinoma cell line (HuCCA-1). Ergosterol peroxide
showed moderate effects against Spodoptera litura larvae; 46.7% mortality via topical application after 7 day post-treatment whereas the insect’s death was not found in per os application. The amounts of ergosterol peroxide produced by N. rileyi cultures under in vitro and in vivo were determined. The physiological levels of ergosterol peroxide detected in mycosed
and mummified cadavers were very low (0.011 and 0.386 μg/larva) less then levels that either inhibited insect cell proliferation
or caused insecticidal activity. 相似文献
19.
The ciliostatic activity of the chloroform-extractable endo- and exometabolites of 5 strains of filamentous fungi—Alternaria sp.,Aspergillus glaucus group,Aspergillus versicolor, Cladosporium sphœrospermum, Penicillium sp. andUlocladium sp.—isolated from molded walls of a dwelling—on tracheal cilia from 1-d-old chicksin vitro was evaluated. Endometabolites ofAlternaria sp. andA. versicolor and exometabolites ofUlocladium sp. were the most active, these extracts stopped the ciliary movement within 1 d. The results are discussed in relation to
the health status of people living in “moldy” dwellings. 相似文献
20.
Takeshi Taniguchi Ryota Kataoka Shigenobu Tamai Norikazu Yamanaka Kazuyoshi Futai 《Mycorrhiza》2009,19(4):231-238
The nitrogen-fixing tree black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) seems to affect ectomycorrhizal (ECM) colonization and disease severity of Japanese black pine (Pinus thunbergii Parl.) seedlings. We examined the effect of black locust on the distribution of ECM and pathogenic fungi in soil. DNA was
extracted from soil at depths of 0–5 and 5–10 cm, collected from the border between a Japanese black pine- and a black locust-dominated
forest, and the distribution of these fungi was investigated by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. The effect of soil
nutrition and pH on fungal distribution was also examined. Tomentella sp. 1 and Tomentella sp. 2 were not detected from some subplots in the Japanese black pine-dominated forest. Ectomycorrhizas formed by Tomentella spp. were dominant in black locust-dominated subplots and very little in the Japanese black pine-dominated forest. Therefore,
the distribution may be influenced by the distribution of inoculum potential, although we could not detect significant relationships
between the distribution of Tomentella spp. on pine seedlings and in soils. The other ECM fungi were detected in soils in subplots where the ECM fungi was not detected
on pine seedlings, and there was no significant correlation between the distribution of the ECM fungi on pine seedlings and
in soils. Therefore, inoculum potential seemed to not always influence the ECM community on roots. The distribution of Lactarius quieticolor and Tomentella sp. 2 in soil at a depth of 0–5 cm positively correlated with soil phosphate (soil P) and that of Tomentella sp. 2 also positively correlated with soil nitrogen (soil N). These results suggest the possibility that the distribution
of inoculum potential of the ECM fungi was affected by soil N and soil P. Although the mortality of the pine seedlings was
higher in the black locust-dominated area than in the Japanese black pine-dominated area, a pathogenic fungus of pine seedlings,
Cylindrocladium pacificum, was detected in soil at depths of 0–5 and 5–10 cm from both these areas. This indicates that the disease severity of pine
seedlings in this study was influenced by environmental conditions rather than the distribution of inoculum potential. 相似文献