人乳寡糖2′-岩藻糖基乳糖的功能及其全细胞生物合成

母乳是新生儿最理想的营养剂。其中,人乳寡糖作为母乳的第三大固体组分,对新生儿的生长、发育及健康状况有重要影响,被应用于婴幼儿配方食品中。2′-岩藻糖基乳糖(2′-fucosyllactose,2′-FL),是分泌型母乳中含量最高的人乳寡糖,约占人乳寡糖总量的30%,具有重要的营养和医学价值。2′-FL能够促进婴幼儿生长发育、提高其认知能力、增强免疫力、抗过敏、抗病毒,以及调节肠道菌群,是极具潜力的新型营养强化剂。但是,2′-FL来源于母乳,依靠分离、提取获得大量2′-FL并不现实,因此亟需进行人工合成。人工合成2′-FL的方法有3种,包括：化学合成法、酶催化合成法和全细胞生物合成法。全细胞生物合成法因其成本相对低廉,且易于规模化扩大,而引起了国内外的广泛关注和研究。目前,国外很多跨国公司均开始布局2′-FL的工业化生产和应用,而我国在该领域尚处于研发阶段,因此,了解和掌握2′-FL的合成方法对我国开展2′-FL规模化生产具有重要的意义。本文旨在介绍2′-FL的功能特性,系统阐述其全细胞生物合成的关键技术和最新进展,讨论了针对限速步骤进一步提高产量的策略,旨在为2′-FL的合成和商业化生...     

综述: 串联质谱寡糖结构解析方法评介

糖组学的研究与发展对生命科学及生物医药的发展具有重要的推动作用．寡糖结构的解析是糖组学中重要的研究课题之一．串联质谱分析技术以其具有高特异性及高灵敏度的特点成为了广为使用的寡糖结构解析方法．本文首先概述了串联质谱寡糖结构解析的研究背景;然后介绍了现有的寡糖结构解析策略及基于每种策略的经典解析方法,并对所列方法的原理和算法进行逐一分析讨论;最后,总结现有方法的优缺点,对串联质谱寡糖结构研究领域进行了研究展望．     

串联质谱寡糖结构解析方法评介

糖组学的研究与发展对生命科学及生物医药的发展具有重要的推动作用.寡糖结构的解析是糖组学中重要的研究课题之一.串联质谱分析技术以其具有高特异性及高灵敏度的特点成为了广为使用的寡糖结构解析方法.本文首先概述了串联质谱寡糖结构解析的研究背景;然后介绍了现有的寡糖结构解析策略及基于每种策略的经典解析方法,并对所列方法的原理和算法进行逐一分析讨论;最后,总结现有方法的优缺点,对串联质谱寡糖结构研究领域进行了研究展望.     

人乳低寡糖的结构及其特殊功能

人乳低寡糖（HMO）由D-葡萄、D-半乳糖、N-乙酰葡萄糖胺、L-岩藻糖和N-乙酰神经氨酸等5种基本结构构成。基本结构又以不同比例和特殊连接方式形成9种核心结构,再经过多种变化构成人乳中100多种低寡糖。HMO有维护肠道生态平衡、抗御肠道感染、增强人体免疫力,预防癌症发生,防止慢发性结肠炎和促进新生儿大脑发育等功能。     

寡糖色谱分离研究进展

糖类化合物一直被认为是生物结构的重要组成部分和能量来源。近年来的研究发现,糖类化合物特别是寡糖具有细胞识别等多种生物功能,因此引起了人们日益广泛的关注。寡糖的色谱分离是糖生物学中重要的研究领域之一,小型化和高通量制备可能会成为寡糖色谱分离的发展方向。对寡糖色谱分离方面的最新进展进行综述。     

人乳寡糖的结构及其分离分析

母乳中存在的人乳寡糖（HMOs）是一类结构高度复杂的低聚糖，对婴儿的肠道菌群、免疫屏障、大脑发育发挥积极作用。由于母乳中基质复杂，寡糖的种类繁多，丰度跨度大，存在众多异构体，这都使得检测面临诸多挑战。现已有多种技术用于HMOs的分析，发现了200多种HMOs，液相色谱和毛细管电泳在分离HMOs方面效果显著，核磁共振、质谱、红外多光子解离光谱推动了对HMOs结构的全面解析。本文回顾了对HMOs实现高灵敏度和高特异性分析的多种技术方法，比较了不同技术的优缺点，还重点介绍了质谱以及不同技术联用在推动HMOs解析和测定方面的突破，为探究寡糖的结构-功能关系、深入理解HMOs的生物学功能提供了全面的技术支持。     

功能糖的抗肿瘤和防治肝病作用

糖类药物研究是基于糖生物学取得的重要进展,以生命体内糖链信息分子的结构、功能为依据,基于细胞粘附和细胞表面糖链识别为靶标的研究。主要研究方向是：新的寡糖化学合成的方法和策略：重要生物活性寡糖的合成及其活性评价;糖苷酶、糖基转移酶抑制剂的设计、合成、评价,以及对天然产物中分离得到的糖类药物进行鉴定和评价。而今已有一些功能糖作为糖类药物在抗肿瘤和防治肝病中得到了一定的应用,并且这种应用正在被人们逐步认知和接受。     

人乳寡糖2’-FL和3-FL的生物制备研究进展

人乳寡糖 (Human milk oligosaccharides,HMO) 是母乳中重要的免疫活性成分,对婴幼儿健康起到显著促进作用。2’-岩藻糖基乳糖 (2’-FL) 是HMO的主要组分,极具应用价值,3-岩藻糖基乳糖 (3-FL) 与2’-FL的合成途径相似,两者的研究具有相互借鉴意义,近年来针对它们的研究取得了较多进展。以微生物细胞工厂为核心理念的新型生物合成途径有望将2’-FL和3-FL产业化,未来将对乳制品行业产生重要的影响。文中综述了生物技术制备2’-FL和3-FL的最新研究进展,并对未来发展趋势进行了展望。     

乳酸乳球菌生产2'-岩藻糖基乳糖的途径构建及发酵培养基优化

2’-岩藻糖基乳糖（2’-fucosyllactose, 2’-FL）是一种含量最丰富的人乳寡糖，微生物全细胞合成是生产2’-FL的重要方法。乳酸乳球菌（Lactococcus lactis）作为一种可直接用于乳制品的食品级微生物，目前还没有用于生产人乳寡糖的报道。首先，在两种常用L. lactis底盘NZ3900和NZ9000中利用含有基因fkp、futC、lacF的重组质粒pNZ8148-2f构建2’-FL补救合成途径，在添加10 g/L岩藻糖和5 g/L乳糖的发酵培养基中，测得2’-FL的摇瓶产量分别为0.16 g/L与0.4 g/L，结合对二者生长状况等综合分析，选取NZ9000作为优势底盘。然后，在NZ9000中构建2’-FL从头合成途径，利用同源重组技术并借助L. lactis中特有的敲除整合载体p NZ5319，在敲除非必需基因upp的同时将基因manA、manB、gmd和wcaG整合到染色体上，借助载体pNZ8148-1将基因manC、futC和lacF以质粒的形式引入到细胞中，同时利用不同启动子P32、Pnis对酶的表达水平进行组合调控。获得最优菌株NZ9000 6，...     

寡糖的构象分析

糖在生物体内具有极为重要的生物学功能,其在细胞及分子识别等许多过程中的作用已日益得到重视,糖的结构特征已成为研究识别过程的重要依据.集中介绍了有关寡糖结构的基本概念、理论研究热点及现状,并对有关研究方法进行了评述．寡糖结构理论研究的发展方向之一是研究糖与蛋白质的相互作用以及糖蛋白中糖链的结构与功能.     

Enzymatic and cell factory approaches to the production of human milk oligosaccharides

Infant formula milk companies try to develop fortified formula milk that mimics human milk as closely as possible, since it is well-known that breast milk has considerable implications in the development of the infant in the first years of life. Human milk is unique in terms of complex oligosaccharides content, known as human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs). Their role in the development of intestinal flora blocking the attachment of pathogens and modulating the immune system of the infant are currently recognized. Due to these biological effects, there is a great interest to introduce the main HMOs in the infant formula milk. Therefore, efficient synthetic strategies for HMOs production are required. Here we present a complete review of HMO production using either (chemo)enzymatic syntheses or cell factory approaches, focusing on the strategies that produce HMOs at least at the milligram scale. 42 HMO structures have already been produced as free sugars. Whereas short HMOs are well obtained by cell factory approaches, complex and branched HMOs are better produced by chemoenzymatic strategies. Inspite of the current advances, production strategies of some biologically relevant HMOs are still missing.     

Lactic acid bacteria fermentation of human milk oligosaccharide components, human milk oligosaccharides and galactooligosaccharides

Human milk contains about 7% lactose and 1% human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) consisting of lactose with linked fucose, N-acetylglucosamine and sialic acid. In infant formula, galactooligosaccharides (GOSs) are added to replace HMOs. This study investigated the ability of six strains of lactic acid bacteria (LAB), Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus fermentum, Lactobacillus reuteri, Streptococcus thermophilus and Leuconostoc mesenteroides subsp. cremoris, to digest HMO components, defined HMOs, and GOSs. All strains grew on lactose and glucose. N-acetylglucosamine utilization varied between strains and was maximal in L. plantarum; fucose utilization was low or absent in all strains. Both hetero- and homofermentative LAB utilized N-acetylglucosamine via the Embden-Meyerhof pathway. Lactobacillus acidophilus and L. plantarum were the most versatile in hydrolysing pNP analogues and the only strains releasing mono- and disaccharides from defined HMOs. Whole cells of all six LAB hydrolysed oNP-galactoside and pNP-galactoside indicating β-galactosidase activity. High β-galactosidase activity of L. reuteri, L. fermentum, S. thermophilus and L. mesenteroides subsp. cremoris whole cells correlated to lactose and GOS hydrolysis. Hydrolysis of lactose and GOSs by heterologously expressed β-galactosidases confirmed that LAB β-galactosidases are involved in GOS digestion. In summary, the strains of LAB used were not capable of utilizing complex HMOs but metabolized HMO components and GOSs.     

Lacto-N-tetraose, fucosylation, and secretor status are highly variable in human milk oligosaccharides from women delivering preterm

Breast milk is the ideal nutrition for term infants but must be supplemented to provide adequate growth for most premature infants. Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are remarkably abundant and diverse in breast milk and yet provide no nutritive value to the infant. HMOs appear to have at least two major functions: prebiotic activity (stimulation of the growth of commensal bacteria in the gut) and protection against pathogens. Investigations of HMOs in milk from women delivering preterm have been limited. We present the first detailed mass spectrometric analysis of the fucosylation and sialylation in HMOs in serial specimens of milk from 15 women delivering preterm and 7 women delivering at term using nanohigh performance liquid chromatography chip/time-of-flight mass spectrometry. A mixed-effects model with Levene's test was used for the statistical analyses. We find that lacto-N-tetraose, a core HMO, is both more abundant and more highly variable in the milk of women delivering preterm. Furthermore, fucosylation in preterm milk is not as well regulated as in term milk, resulting in higher within and between mother variation in women delivering preterm vs term. Of particular clinical interest, the α1,2-linked fucosylated oligosaccharide 2'-fucosyllactose, an indicator of secretor status, is not consistently present across lactation of several mothers that delivered preterm. The immaturity of HMO production does not appear to resolve over the time of lactation and may have relevance to the susceptibility of premature infants to necrotizing enterocolitis, late onset sepsis, and related neurodevelopmental impairments.     

Human milk oligosaccharides: every baby needs a sugar mama

Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are a family of structurally diverse unconjugated glycans that are highly abundant in and unique to human milk. Originally, HMOs were discovered as a prebiotic "bifidus factor" that serves as a metabolic substrate for desired bacteria and shapes an intestinal microbiota composition with health benefits for the breast-fed neonate. Today, HMOs are known to be more than just "food for bugs". An accumulating body of evidence suggests that HMOs are antiadhesive antimicrobials that serve as soluble decoy receptors, prevent pathogen attachment to infant mucosal surfaces and lower the risk for viral, bacterial and protozoan parasite infections. In addition, HMOs may modulate epithelial and immune cell responses, reduce excessive mucosal leukocyte infiltration and activation, lower the risk for necrotizing enterocolitis and provide the infant with sialic acid as a potentially essential nutrient for brain development and cognition. Most data, however, stem from in vitro, ex vivo or animal studies and occasionally from association studies in mother-infant cohorts. Powered, randomized and controlled intervention studies will be needed to confirm relevance for human neonates. The first part of this review introduces the pioneers in HMO research, outlines HMO structural diversity and describes what is known about HMO biosynthesis in the mother's mammary gland and their metabolism in the breast-fed infant. The second part highlights the postulated beneficial effects of HMO for the breast-fed neonate, compares HMOs with oligosaccharides in the milk of other mammals and in infant formula and summarizes the current roadblocks and future opportunities for HMO research.     

Host-derived glycans serve as selected nutrients for the gut microbe: human milk oligosaccharides and bifidobacteria

Lactation is a common feeding strategy of eutherian mammals, but its functions go beyond feeding the neonates. Ever since Tissier isolated bifidobacteria from the stool of breast-fed infants, human milk has been postulated to contain compounds that selectively stimulate the growth of bifidobacteria in intestines. However, until relatively recently, there have been no reports to link human milk compound(s) with bifidobacterial physiology. Over the past decade, successive studies have demonstrated that infant-gut-associated bifidobacteria are equipped with genetic and enzymatic toolsets dedicated to assimilation of host-derived glycans, especially human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs). Among gut microbes, the presence of enzymes required for degrading HMOs with type-1 chains is essentially limited to infant-gut-associated bifidobacteria, suggesting HMOs serve as selected nutrients for the bacteria. In this study, I shortly discuss the research on bifidobacteria and HMOs from a historical perspective and summarize the roles of bifidobacterial enzymes in the assimilation of HMOs with type-1 chains. Based on this overview, I suggest the co-evolution between bifidobacteria and human beings mediated by HMOs.     

Growth of bifidobacteria and clostridia on human and cow milk saccharides

For healthy infants, which were born normally and fully breastfed, the dominant component of the intestinal microflora are bifidobacteria. However, infants born by caesarean section possess clostridia as a dominant intestinal bacterial group. The aim of the present study was to determine whether bifidobacteria and clostridia are able to grow on human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) and other carbon sources - lactose, cow milk (CM) and human milk (HM). Both bifidobacteria and clostridia grew on lactose and in CM. Bifidobacteria grew in HM and on HMOs. In contrast, 3 out of 5 strains of clostridia were not able to grow in HM. No clostridial strain was able to utilise HMOs. While both bifidobacterial strains were resistant to lysozyme, 4 out of 5 strains of clostridia were lysozyme-susceptible. It seems that HMOs together with lysozyme may act as prebiotic-bifidogenic compounds inhibiting intestinal clostridia.     

Inter-species differences in the growth of bifidobacteria cultured on human milk oligosaccharides

Human milk (HM) contains as the third most abundant component around 200 different structures of human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs). HMOs are the first and irreplaceable prebiotics for infants, supporting bifidobacteria as the most important bacterial group in an infant intestine. The aim of our study was to test the growth of bifidobacteria in HM and on HMOs. Bifidobacteria were isolated from two groups of infants. The first one (eight strains) were isolated from infants who had bifidobacteria in their feces but, after a short period of time (4 to 24 days), bifidobacteria were no longer detected in their feces (disappeared bifidobacteria [DB]). The second group of bifidobacteria (eight strains) originated from infants with continual presence of bifidobacteria in their feces (persistent bifidobacteria [PB]). There were significant differences (p?Bifidobacterium bifidum and B. breve species were able to utilize HMOs, while B. adolescentis and B. longum subsp. longum species did not. The ability to grow in HM and to utilize HMOs seem to be important properties of bifidobacteria which are able to colonize infant intestinal tract.     

Recent advances on human milk oligosaccharide antimicrobial activity

Over the past century, human health has been enhanced by antimicrobial development. Following the deployment of the first antibiotics in the 1940s, bacterial resistance evolved and has increasingly outmaneuvered even the most promising antimicrobial agents. Accordingly, increased interest has been placed on alternative methods to circumvent antimicrobial resistance evolution. In the enclosed short review, we discuss the antimicrobial properties of human breast milk with a special emphasis on human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs). We recount studies across gram-negative and gram-positive pathogens, highlighting the usage of HMOs in promoting human health and wellness.     

Occurrence of oligosaccharides in feces of breast-fed babies in their first six months of life and the corresponding breast milk

The characterization of oligosaccharides in the feces of breast-fed babies is a valuable tool for monitoring the gastrointestinal fate of human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs). In the present study we monitored fecal oligosaccharide profiles together with the HMO-profiles of the respective breast milks up to six months postpartum, by means of capillary electrophoresis-laser induced fluorescence detection and mass spectrometry. Eleven mother/child pairs were included. Mother’s secretor- and Lewis-type included all combinations [Le(a−b+), Le(a+b−), Le(a−b−)]. The fecal HMO-profiles in the first few months of life are either predominantly composed of neutral or acidic HMOs and are possibly effected by the HMO-fingerprint in the respective breast milk. Independent of the initial presence of acidic or neutral fecal HMOs, a gradual change to blood-group specific oligosaccharides was observed. Their presence pointed to a gastrointestinal degradation of the feeding-related HMOs, followed by conjugation with blood group specific antigenic determinants present in the gastrointestinal mucus layer. Eleven of these ‘hybrid’-oligosaccharides were annotated in this study. When solid food was introduced, no HMOs and their degradation- and metabolization products were recovered in the fecal samples.