张家湾子金矿苔藓植物物种多样性及其对重金属污染的监测

调查了贵州省张家湾子金矿苔藓植物,并利用原子荧光光谱仪AF-640和AAnalyst800原子吸收光谱仪,对重污染区、相对污染区和清洁区苔藓植物优势种及土壤基质6种重金属元素(Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb、Hg、As)含量进行测定.在该金矿共采集苔藓样品75份,鉴定为9科16属23种.优势科为丛藓科和真藓科,生活型主要有4种:矮丛集型、高丛集型、交织型和平铺型,矮丛集型以80.3％占绝对优势.重金属含量测定结果表明,该矿区受Hg、As、Cd污染严重;硬叶净口藓对Cd的富集系数为5.58,属于强烈富集;匐灯藓对Cd富集系数为1.64,属于相对富集.苔藓与土壤重金属含量呈正相关,苔藓植物能监测该矿区重金属污染.     

贵州省新路卡林型金矿区苔藓植物多样性及重金属污染监测

研究发现新路卡林型金矿区苔藓植物有10科17属28种,其中,丛藓科有9种,占总数的32.14%,真藓科有8种,占总数的28.57%。真藓科和丛藓科为优势科。分析该卡林型金矿区4个生境的β多样性,发现废石区—废渣区与相对污染区—清洁区的β多样性指数差异最大,苔藓群落结构差异性最大,相似性成分最低。测定该矿区苔藓植物及相应基质的重金属元素Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd、Hg、As含量,发现这些重金属元素含量呈现了一定的规律性,即：废渣区>废石区>相对污染区>清洁区,这可能与金矿的开采和冶炼有密切联系。因此,通过对苔藓植物的深入研究,可用以监测卡林型金矿区重金属污染情况。     

苔藓植物对贵州丹寨汞矿区汞污染的生态监测

采用野外生态学系统取样方法和室内理化分析方法相结合,分别从苔藓植物地球化学特征、物种丰富度、群落类型、群落的结构等生物学特征上,探讨苔藓植物对丹寨汞矿区汞污染的生态监测。丹寨汞矿区苔藓植物共20个科,34属85种;真藓科和丛藓科占优势。在汞污染程度不同的4种生境梯度中,汞含量均超出国家土壤环境质量三级土标准的10倍以上。各研究生境梯度真藓(Bryum argenteum),丛生真藓(Bryum caespiticium)和狭叶小羽藓(Haplocladium angustifolium)体内的汞含量与其生境基质(土壤)的汞含量在P＜0.01水平上呈显著的正相关;且信度系数R均大于0.9,表明被测苔藓植物在地球化学特征上具有监测环境汞污染的生态功能。物种丰富度特征方面,汞污染严重区域物种丰富度较低;而污染程度相对较轻区域物种丰富度则较大;表明了该区苔藓植物丰富度总体上可以作为环境中汞污染的监测指标之一。群落学特征方面,群落类型丰富度在汞污染较重的区域丰富度较低;而苔藓植物群落结构方面,在汞污染较重区域过渡到汞污染相对较轻区域,纯群落数在逐渐减少,但3种及3种以上组成的群落数却有所增加。表现了苔藓群落结构组成越简单则该区汞污染较严重,苔藓植物结构组成越复杂则该区的汞污染程度相对较轻。这说明了苔藓植物群落特征也较适合作为汞矿区生态监测的指标。在汞污染区过渡到相对清洁区的污染过渡带,苔藓物种多样性和群落类型趋于多样化,产生了较明显群落边缘效应。     

贵州省松桃县锰矿区洞穴动物群落结构与环境因子的关系

主要选取松桃锰矿区周边大洞、下洞为对象,研究洞穴环境因子与洞穴动物群落的关系,探索两洞穴环境中是否存在重金属Mn污染,对比分析两洞穴动物群落结构,探讨不同重金属、环境因子与两洞穴动物群落之间的相关性是否一致。通过采集,共获标本1274号,其中大洞660号,隶属于5门10纲21目24科26种,下洞614号,隶属于4门7纲15目21科26种。群落多样性分析结果显示,多样性指数由高到底的顺序为群落D(2.4745)C(1.4036)A(1.3549)B(1.1935)E(1.1384)F(0.7265)。分析大洞、下洞洞穴群落多样性与环境因子Pearson相关系数矩阵得出,大洞土壤中As、Mn与物种数均呈显著正相关,P值分别为0.039、0.029,下洞水体中重金属As与物种优势度呈显著正相关(0.021),重金属Mn与多样性指数呈显著负相关(0.044),温度是影响下洞洞穴群落数量、分布的主要原因。重金属污染评价显示,两洞穴水质污染小,土壤中的重金属除Hg达到极严重污染外,其余重金属均未超过中度污染等级。     

贵州松桃腊山河洞洞穴动物群落结构与环境因子的关系研究

通过对贵州省松桃县腊山河洞洞穴动物进行采集和调查,共获标本472号,隶属于3门9纲19目33科38种。按个体组成和环境差异,将腊山河洞洞穴动物划分为4个群落,群落多样性分析结果显示,群落A的物种数最多(23)、丰富度最大(4.571 7),群落多样性指数依次为群落A(2.637 9)B(2.475 7)C(1.442 3)D(1.311 5)。群落D均匀度指数最高(0.946 1),虽然群落C物种数较少但形成了较大的类群,所以优势度最高(0.378 8)。群落多样性与环境因子的Pearson相关性分析显示,温度与物种丰富度呈极显著正相关(r=1.000),土壤中汞(Hg)与物种数呈显著正相关(r=0.997),土壤中砷(As)与多样性指数、丰富度、优势度之间呈显著相关,相关系数分别为-1.000、-0.999、0.998。重金属污染评价结果表明,3个光带内土壤重金属Hg、As的综合污染指数均达到重污染等级,而水体中重金属Hg、As的含量均达到国家Ⅲ类地下水质标准,与相关性分析结果相吻合。由此可见,环境中重金属的含量与洞穴动物群落结构密切相关,影响着洞穴动物群落的组成及分布。     

贡嘎山原始森林区苔藓植物重金属含量及其对汞的吸附特征

采集了贡嘎山海螺沟原始森林区的7种主要苔藓,分析了其重金属（Hg、Cr、Cd、Ni、Pb、Cu、Mn、Zn和Fe）含量,并选择两种分布较广的赤茎藓和多枝砂藓进行汞吸附试验.结果表明,贡嘎山海螺沟原始森林区7种苔藓的重金属含量均较低,除Cd含量与欧美地区背景值相当外,其他均低于欧美地区的背景含量,表明该地区大气未受重金属污染,大气环境质量良好. 两种苔藓对汞的吸附是一个主动快速的过程,2 h左右即达到吸附平衡,其吸附特征能很好地用Langmuir和Freundlich方程拟合,由Langmuir方程计算的两种苔藓对汞的最大吸附量分别为15.24和8.19 mg·g^-1,表明它们具有较强的汞吸附能力,可用作大气汞污染的指示生物.     

杂色山雀对人工巢箱内苔藓类巢材的选择

2008年及2009年每年的3～8月,在辽宁省仙人洞国家级自然保护区对杂色山雀(Parus varius)人工巢箱内苔藓类巢材进行了收集和鉴定,发现巢中共有藓类植物7科9属。其中,小锦藓属(Brotherella)、青藓属(Brachytheccium)、棉藓属(Plagiothecium)及绢藓属(Entodon)所占比重较大。我们分别按照样方和苔藓群落采集了周围环境中的藓类植物,鉴定出7科8属的藓类植物;采集到35个苔藓群落,出现最多的是东亚小锦藓(B.fauriei)群落。结果显示,杂色山雀对苔藓的选择可能与苔藓的生物学特性、分布和数量有关。另外通过统计分析和比较得出,按照苔藓群落来采集的方式更适合本文的研究。     

喀斯特山区公路石漠化边坡苔藓生态功能

苔藓植物是喀斯特山区公路石漠化边坡的主要植物,其水分保持及重金属富集研究较少。选取黔S305省道石漠化边坡典型路段久长-开阳路段苔藓及其基质样品,研究苔藓对石漠化边坡水土保持能力及其对大气重金属(Pb、Zn、Cd)富集能力。结果显示:研究区内记录藓类植物5科12属33种,优势种为真藓、北地对齿藓、芽胞银藓、小酸土藓和缺齿小石藓,苔藓相对丰富度与石漠化边坡面积呈负相关。5种优势苔藓植物饱和吸水率为849%～1474%,成土率为464%～1025%,饱和吸水量是4.56×104～2.63×105kg·hm-2,成土量为4.01×104～2.45×105kg·hm-2。Pb、Zn、Cd在苔藓中的含量分别是基质中含量的2.25、3.98和2.49倍。基质中Pb、Zn、Cd的含量为16.86、54.58和0.30 mg·kg-1,均低于贵州省土壤环境背景值。相关分析显示,苔藓内Pb、Zn、Cd 3种元素与基质间相关性不显著(P0.05)。喀斯特石漠化边坡苔藓不仅具有较强的水土保持能力,而且对汽车尾气中重金属元素富集能力强,对喀斯特山区公路两侧生态环境及其环境净化具有重要作用。     

金矿区苔藓结皮表土原生动物群落与环境因子的关系

应用群落多样性特征指数和冗余分析法(RDA),对黔西南老万场金矿区苔藓结皮表土原生动物群落与环境因子的关系进行了研究。结果表明：黔西南老万场金矿区矿渣、矿土和矿区周围裸露石灰岩等样地的苔藓结皮表土原生动物群落中种类数为49种,隶属35属28科,大多数种类丰度较低;群落多样性指数和RDA分析表明,金矿区苔藓结皮表土原生动物群落变化受多种环境因子的影响,重金属综合污染、pH是影响原生动物群落特征的主导因子(P<0.01);原生动物群落种类丰富度和丰度随重金属综合污染指数的增大而明显降低。通过排序分析表明,在重金属污染的金矿区,化学因子比物理因子对原生动物群落的影响更明显。     

贵州烂泥沟金矿区苔藓植物及其生态修复潜力分析

对世界级的大型卡林型金矿一贵州贞丰烂泥沟金矿区的苔藓植物进行初步调查。258份标本经鉴定共有15科37属81种。丛藓科（Pottiaceae）、真藓科（Bryaceae）、牛毛藓科（Ditrichaceae）和珠藓科（Bartramiaceae）植物适于在该区生长。对金灰藓（Pylaisiella polyantha）、黄色真藓原变种（Bryum pallescens var．pdlescens）、牛毛藓（Ditrichum heteromallum）、阔叶小石藓（Weisia planifolia）、短叶小石藓（Weisia semipatlida）、红毛细羽藓（Cyrio-hypnum versicolor）6种植物及其基质中的9种重金属元素进行测定,基质中As的含量达到222．378mg kg^-1,为国家3级标准（40mg kg^-1）的5．56倍;Hg的含量达23．516mg kg^-1,为国家3级标准（1．5mg kg^-1）的15．68倍,污染状况比较严重。通过对富集系数的分析来看,每种苔藓植物对至少3种以上的复合重金属有一定的富集能力,可以作为复合重金属含量较高矿山的生态修复与重建的先锋植物。     

洞穴环境因子对动物群落结构的影响——以贵州松桃神女洞为例

神女洞是位于贵州松桃县的一个典型喀斯特洞穴,由于洞口已有一部分被旅游开发,为了能较详细地记录该洞穴的动物资源状况,了解洞穴环境条件与洞内动物群落结构之间的关系,及部分环境因子对洞穴动物空间分布的影响,2016年7月,在贵州松桃神女洞进行了较为深入的调查,共采获动物标本645号,土壤样本9份（250 g/份）,并对空气温湿度及CO、CO2、O2、H2S 4种气体的含量进行现场测定。动物标本经鉴定,隶属3门8纲13目24科37种。斑灶马（Diestrammena marmorata）为优势种,占整个类群的67.60%。用原子吸收法测定了洞穴土壤中重金属Pb、Cd的含量,原子荧光法测定Hg、As的含量,并对这4种重金属进行污染评估,结果显示,Hg污染严重,含量超出中国土壤背景值,综合污染指数远远超过重度污染等级线。结合多样性指数运用相关性分析方法分析该洞穴动物群落的结构特征,结果表明,该洞穴动物群落的均匀度指数J''和优势度指数C与空气中H2S含量呈现显著相关关系;最大多样性H''max与温度呈极显著负相关。用典型相关分析方法分析洞穴动物的空间分布状况与环境因子相关性。唇足纲（Chilopoda）、两栖纲（Amphibia）和哺乳纲（Mammalia）的动物在空间分布上差异较小,且与空气中CO2和土壤中铅的含量成正相关;蛛形纲（Arachnoidea）的分布与O2含量呈正相关;倍足纲（Diplopoda）喜生活在较潮湿的地方;腹足纲（Gastropoda）的分布与空气中H2S的量正相关。     

生态恢复方式对喀斯特生境苔藓植物物种组成的影响

为探究生态恢复方式对苔藓植物的影响，研究了自然弃耕和退耕还林等生态恢复方式对重庆市中梁山喀斯特地区不同生境类型下苔藓植物物种组成特征的影响。结果表明，研究区有苔藓植物15科26属41种，其中藓类39种，苔类2种，美灰藓(Eurohypnum leptothollum)为主要优势物种；研究区石生藓类植物占比较大，生活型以平铺型和丛集型为主，各生境物种多样性及相似性指数整体偏低，但相比弃耕杂草地、灌木林和经济型林地，竹林和马尾松林中苔藓植物具有更高的物种多样性；冗余分析表明，郁闭度和光照强度是影响苔藓植物分布的关键环境因子，乔木林为苔藓植物的生长提供了更适宜的生境。因此，相比于自然恢复和经济性林地等恢复方式，退耕还林是喀斯特退化生境更为理想的生态恢复方式。     

东北地区药用苔藓植物资源及其开发利用前景

东北地区苔藓植物资源丰富 ,种类多 ,蕴藏量大 ,本文共记述了 4 6种药用苔藓植物 ,包括 6种苔类和 4 0种藓类 ,并对其生境、地理分布、药用功效等进行了初步讨论 ,认为东北地区药用苔藓植物资源具有巨大的潜在利用价值 ,而现有应用较为原始 ,应进行合理的开发与利用。     

Phytohormone Profiling across the Bryophytes

BackgroundBryophytes represent a very diverse group of non-vascular plants such as mosses, liverworts and hornworts and the oldest extant lineage of land plants. Determination of endogenous phytohormone profiles in bryophytes can provide substantial information about early land plant evolution. In this study, we screened thirty bryophyte species including six liverworts and twenty-four mosses for their phytohormone profiles in order to relate the hormonome with phylogeny in the plant kingdom.MethodologySamples belonging to nine orders (Pelliales, Jungermanniales, Porellales, Sphagnales, Tetraphidales, Polytrichales, Dicranales, Bryales, Hypnales) were collected in Central and Northern Bohemia. The phytohormone content was analysed with a high performance liquid chromatography electrospray tandem-mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS/MS).ConclusionThe apparent differences in conjugation and/or degradation strategies of growth hormones between liverworts and mosses might potentially show a hidden link between vascular plants and liverworts. On the other hand, the complement of stress hormones in bryophytes probably correlate rather with prevailing environmental conditions and plant survival strategy than with plant evolution.     

Assemblages of native bryophytes in secondary forests with introduced Quercus rubra

We have studied the diversity of bryophytes in planted Polish post‐agricultural forests dominated by the native Scots pine Pinus sylvestris and the alien (North American) red oak Quercus rubra. The planted sites would be suitable for a mesic coniferous forest (abbreviation: CFS) or mesic broadleaved forest (abbreviation: BFS). We analysed the structure and composition of the bryophyte assemblages in relation to forest site and substrate availability. Special attention was paid to the introduced Q. rubra as a host species for native bryophytes. A total of 54 bryophyte species (9 liverworts and 45 mosses) were found in the 90 plots ( = phytosociological relevés, 10 × 10 m in area; 45 at each forest site) studied. DCA analysis showed that the bryophyte assemblages of the P. sylvestris–Q. rubra secondary forest community differed significantly between CFS and BFS sites; the similarity of the composition of bryophyte species was 36.8%. The substrate preferences (epigeic, epixylic, epiphytic), as well as the growth form and life form of the recorded bryophytes, also differed between CFS and BFS, while the proportion of bryophytes that had a particular life strategy was very similar. The introduced Q. rubra was inhabited by 28 bryophyte species, including two liverworts. This tree hosted 64% of the CFS and 47% of BFS bryophyte flora and as a host for epiphytes the species successfully fulfilled the functional role of the native oaks (Q. robur and Q. petraea). Thus, the introduction of Q. rubra may contribute to the restoration of post‐agricultural forests and to the conservation of epiphytic bryophyte species. On the other hand, the negative impact of Q. rubra observed on the ground flora (including bryophytes) puts the benefits of Q. rubra for the conservation of native biodiversity in general in question.     

Spruce forest bryophytes in central Norway and their relationship to environmental factors including modern forestry

In this study of bryophyte diversity in 110 patches of spruce forests of bilberry, small fern, low herb, tall fern and tall herb type in Ser-Trøndelag, central Norway, each patch (from 0 24 to 9 33 ha) was classified as one main vegetation type and one successional stage or cutting class The bryophytes in each patch were censused in randomly established squares of 10 × 10 m, supplemented by complete sampling in the rest of the patch A number of environmental variables was sampled, and the data sets treated with DCA and CCA Altogether 210 bryophytes (71 liverworts and 139 mosses) were found in the squares, and 285 (96 liverworts and 189 mosses) in the forest patches The average number of liverworts, mosses and bryophytes in forest patches increased gradually from the dry and poor to the moist and rich forest types Several red listed and other interesting spruce forest species had their only or main occurrence in the rich and humid forest, and in old cutting classes     

Phylogeny and diversification of bryophytes

The bryophytes comprise three phyla of embryophytes that are well established to occupy the first nodes among extant lineages in the land-plant tree of life. The three bryophyte groups (hornworts, liverworts, mosses) may not form a monophyletic clade, but they share life history features including dominant free-living gametophytes and matrotrophic monosporangiate sporophytes. Because of their unique vegetative and reproductive innovations and their critical position in embryophyte phylogeny, studies of bryophytes are crucial to understanding the evolution of land plant morphology and genomes. This review focuses on phylogenetic relationships within each of the three divisions of bryophytes and relates morphological diversity to new insights about those relationships. Most previous work has been on the mosses, but progress on understanding the phylogeny of hornworts and liverworts is advancing at a rapid pace. Multilocus multigenome studies have been successful at resolving deep relationships within the mosses and liverworts, whereas single-gene analyses have advanced understanding of hornwort evolution.     

Diversity and ecology of the bryophytes in the cave environment: a study on the volcanic and karstic caves of Sicily

The results of a long investigation (20 years) on bryophyte diversity of 28 Sicilian caves are reported; the study regarded both karstic and volcanic caves, located at altitudes ranging from 15 to 2030 m a.s.l. The bryophyte diversity consists of a total of 136 taxa, 20 liverworts, 3 hornworts and 113 mosses. The ecological analysis was performed using the Ellenberg indicator values for moisture, light and soil reaction to the substrate. On the whole, mesophytic and meso-hygrophytic, sciophytic and photo-sciophytic species strongly prevail independently from the geological nature of the caves; the values of the soil reaction to the substrate well reflect the characteristics of the substrate. The phytogeographical analysis shows the prevalence of the Mediterranean species, followed by the temperate and southern-temperate species. It is remarkable the occurrence of boreo-arctic-montane species, which find refuge for their survival in some high-altitude caves. Some typical species well adapted to the cave environment are reported, including Amphidium mougeotii, Isopterygiopsis pulchella, Thamnobryum alopecurum and Rhynchostegiella tenella, showing a troglophilous character. The occurrence of species of phytogeographical significance, as well as of conservation interest, e.g. Ptychostomum cernuum, Tortula bolanderi, Rhabdoweisia fugax, Grimmia torquata, Brachytheciastrum collinum, very rare in Italy, is emphasized too.