新型光敏化剂——竹红菌甲素的抑瘤作用

 利用竹红菌甲素并结合其光敏特性进行了动物体内的抑瘤试验。发现患瘤局部表皮涂布竹红菌甲素软膏或局部皮下注射或腹腔注射甲素花生油溶液、并经光照致敏后能使小鼠S-180实体肉瘤生长减缓,甚至有个别消退。同时利用细胞培养法和~3H标记化合物参入法进行了甲素抑瘤作用的定量分析。发现作用时间固定时(光照40分钟后继续培养3小时),大于12.5ng/ml浓度的甲素能明显抑制~3H-TdR、~3H-UR和~3H-Leu对S-180肉瘤细胞的参入速率;剂量与抑制率呈正相关。据此结果求出甲素对S-180肉瘤细胞的有效抑制浓度(LD(50))为40ng/ml。光照组与无光照组差异有显著性。用Ebrlich腹水癌细胞为研究体系也得到了类似的试验结果。实验结果提示竹红菌甲素具有明显的抑瘤作用,这种作用与其光敏特性有关。     

竹红菌乙素修饰物（－乙醇胺）对于腹水肝癌细胞光敏损伤的研究

通过分红菌乙素修饰物（－乙醇胺,简称ＨＢ－Ｅ）对小鼠腹水肝癌细胞（ＡＨ）光敏损伤以及ＨＢ－Ｅ被ＡＨ细胞摄取过程的研究。结果表明,ＨＢ－Ｅ在６４０ｎｍ光照的条件下对ＡＨ细胞产生很强的光动力作用;细胞对ＨＢ－Ｅ的摄取速度快（室温下２ｍｉｎ,达到平衡）,在饱和时每个细胞可摄取ＨＢ－Ｅ分子５×１０９个;经多种竹红菌素修饰物光敏能力的比较中ＨＢ－Ｅ光敏作用明显要大于其它的光敏剂;光敏机理的研究中确定了活性氧的作用是存在的。     

微囊藻藻胆蛋白光敏杀虫剂毒杀机制研究

用果蝇（Drosophila melanogaster）和草地夜蛾卵巢细胞Spodoptea Frugiperda 21（SF21）来探讨微囊藻藻胆蛋白（MC-PBP）作为光敏杀虫剂的作用和机理。实验结果表明：MC-PBP对果蝇的LC50为750μg/mL,致死剂量为4000μg/mL;血卟啉甲醚（HMME）对果蝇的LC50为1000μg/mL。MC-PBP浓度4000μg/mL时,果蝇的死亡率是93.33%,而相同浓度下,HMME光敏剂的致死率是66.66%;在细胞水平研究中发现：MC-PBP光照处理SF21细胞48 h之后,400μg/mL的MC-PBP对细胞的抑制率达到65%;MC-PBP处理SF21细胞后,其细胞内丙二醛（MDA）含量明显升高,而细胞内还原型GSH相对含量随MC-PBP浓度升高而显著降低。结果表明MC-PBP光敏杀虫剂毒杀机制与细胞内脂质过氧化和细胞抗氧化损伤能力减弱相关。     

竹红菌乙素修饰物（－乙醇胺）对于腹水肝癌细胞光敏损伤的研究

通过竹红菌乙素修饰物（－乙醇胺,简称ＨＢ－Ｅ）对小鼠腹水肝癌细胞光敏损伤以及ＨＢＥ被ＡＨ细胞摄取过程的研究,结果表明,ＨＢ－Ｅ在６４０ｎｍ光照的条件下对ＡＨ细胞产生很强的光动力作用,细胞对ＨＢ－Ｅ的摄取速度快（室温下２ｍｉｎ,达到平衡）在饱和时每个细胞可摄取ＨＢ－Ｅ分子５×１０＾９个;经多种竹红菌素修饰物光敏能力的比较中ＨＢ－Ｅ光敏作用明显要大于其它的光敏剂,光敏机理的研究中确定了活性氧的作用是存     

竹红菌乙素光敏作用对于小鼠肝癌细胞内游离钙浓度的影响

本文用Quin 2/AM荧光探针作为细胞内部钙离子指示剂,研究了竹红菌乙素光敏损伤后引起小鼠腹水肝癌细胞的钙离子浓度变化。实验结果表明,细胞内的钙离子浓度随着乙素光敏作用增强而上升。并且钙离子浓度的升高与细胞的存活率下降呈正比关系;用数种单线态氧淬灭剂(L-His,NaN_3);羟自由基清除剂(PABGA)观察了乙素光敏过程中产生的活性氧与细胞内的钙离子浓度增加相关。用膜去极化方法研究了细胞在光敏损伤过程中钙离子浓度变化与去极化的关系。     

隐光敏素及其信号传导研究进展

隐光敏素是一种对植物生长发育起调节作用的与光敏素功能相似的蓝光受体。90’s后特别是近年来对植物隐光敏素进行了较深入的研究,已知隐光敏素存在于植物,也存在于动物中。隐光敏素在植物种子萌发中的去黄化作用、光周期诱导开花、调节昼夜节律性等方面起重要作用;本文介绍了隐光敏素基因及其蛋白质的特征特性,包括隐光敏素的结构特征,在植物中的分布、在细胞中定位及其基因表达情况; 在其基础上,概述了隐光敏素调节植物光形态建成和动、植物昼夜节律性过程中所起的作用,通过分析隐光敏素及其与互作蛋白的关系, 初步阐述了隐光敏素如何经过信号传导通道上的蛋白而起调节植物生命活动的功能。指出深入研究隐光敏素及其信号传导以阐明植物的光形态建成具有重大理论和实践意义。     

木樨草素抑制肝癌SMMC7721细胞增殖的研究

目的：探讨木樨草素对肝癌细胞增殖的抑制效应及可能机制,为其临床应用提供理论依据。方法：以肝癌细胞系SMMC7721为模型,通过细胞增殖检测,乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）、琥珀酸脱氢酶（SDH）、碱性磷酸酶（ALP）活性及其胞内总蛋白含量检测等手段,观察木樨草素对肝癌SMMC7721细胞的抑制作用。结果：经50μg／mL木樨草素处理72h后,肝癌SMMC7721细胞的生长抑制率达到54．68％;经400μg／mL木樨草素处理24h后,细胞LDH、SDH和ALP的活性与对照组相比分别降低56．12％、49．69％和76．31％;细胞胞内总蛋白含量无明显变化。结论：木樨草素能有效地抑制肝癌SMMC7721细胞的增殖,具有体外抗肿瘤活性,以及与诱导分化药物相似的抗肿瘤效果。     

植物源物质诱导的斜纹夜蛾细胞凋亡

为了研究植物源物质对斜纹夜蛾Spodoptera litura离体培养细胞系SL-1的凋亡诱导作用,采用倒置相差显微镜观察了印楝素、喜树碱等9种物质各自对SL-1凋亡小体的浓度效应及时序性。结果表明：印楝素0.1～5.0 μg/mL和喜树碱0.5～20.0 μmol/L处理SL-1,24～48 h后均产生大量典型的凋亡小体;茶皂素、蓖麻碱、黄樟油、丹皮酚、烟碱、苦参碱和博落回碱0.1～20.0 μg/mL处理SL-1后,整个观察期72 h内均无明显凋亡小体出现,凋亡诱导作用不明显。印楝素0.75 μg/mL诱导SL-1 细胞凋亡,从凋亡小体判断,处理后0～36 h属细胞凋亡早期,36～60 h属细胞凋亡中期,60 h后为细胞凋亡晚期。喜树碱 5.0 μmol/L诱导SL-1细胞凋亡,处理后0～24 h属细胞凋亡前期,24～54 h属细胞凋亡中期,54 h后进入细胞凋亡晚期。初步认为印楝素和喜树碱对SL-1有凋亡诱导作用,并具有一定的浓度依赖性和时序性。     

硫化氢合成酶抑制剂金丝桃素的体内外抗结肠癌作用研究

为研究金丝桃素对硫化氢合成酶活性的影响,探索金丝桃素作为胱硫醚-β-合成酶(CBS)抑制剂的体内外抗结肠癌作用。本研究通过亚甲蓝法测定金丝桃素和氨基氧乙酸(AOAA)对CBS产H2S活性的抑制作用,以HT29人结肠癌细胞和移植HT29细胞的裸鼠肿瘤模型为抗肿瘤研究对象,测定金丝桃素体内外抗肿瘤作用。结果表明,来源于贯叶连翘(Hypericum perforatum L.)的化合物金丝桃素是CBS的高效选择性抑制剂,其IC50为7.9±1.42μmol/L。金丝桃素能显著抑制HT29人结肠癌细胞的增殖,其IC50为22.2±2.25μmol/L。基因沉默实验表明CBS蛋白可能是金丝桃素在细胞内的潜在靶标之一。意外的是,目前普遍使用的CBS抑制剂AOAA抑制HT29细胞增殖作用非常弱,其IC50为152.5±35.68μmol/L。此外,不同剂量的金丝桃素(5~30mg/kg·d)均能显著减少裸鼠肿瘤体积和重量,30mg/kg·d剂量皮下给药2周后,和对照组相比肿瘤重量减少了68%。以上结果表明金丝桃素作为CBS的选择性抑制剂具有显著的抗结肠癌作用。     

印楝素A与印楝素B对粉纹夜蛾BTI-Tn-5B1-4的细胞毒性

为了明确印楝素A和B活性差异的机理,本研究比较了印楝素A和印楝素B对粉纹夜蛾Trichoplusia ni离体培养胚胎细胞系BTI-Tn-5B1-4的毒性。结果表明：印楝素A与印楝素B对BTI-Tn-5B1-4细胞具有良好的增殖抑制活性,处理后3 d,其IC₅₀值分别为2.9 μg/mL和9.85 μg/mL,印楝素A的细胞毒力显著高于印楝素B。倒置显微镜观察发现,印楝素A和印楝素B处理可导致细胞变形,贴壁能力下降,并出现明显空泡,印楝素A的影响明显高于印楝素B。流式细胞仪检测结果表明,印楝素可导致BTI-Tn-5B1-4细胞体积显著膨大,印楝素A处理细胞体积增大程度显著高于印楝素B;印楝素可以明显影响BTI-Tn-5B1-4细胞膜电位,1.25 μg/mL印楝素A和印楝素B处理后3 d,细胞DiBAC4（3）荧光强度分别增加88.12%和55.37%,印楝素A的影响显著高于印楝素B。荧光显微镜观察发现,印楝素对BTI-Tn-5B1-4细胞核具有明显影响,印楝素B的影响明显高于印楝素A,印楝素B处理后,细胞核受损细胞数更多,受损程度更严重。结果显示印楝素A和印楝素B的细胞作用机理存在差异,本研究从细胞学水平解释了印楝素的生长发育抑制作用机理。     

苦荞凝集素对结肠癌细胞增殖的抑制作用

采用醋酸铵缓冲液抽提、硫酸铵分级沉淀、阴离子交换和分子排阻层析等方法,首次从苦荞麦中提取出一种苦荞凝集素(tatary buckwheat lectin,TBL). MTT检测发现,TBL对3种结肠癌细胞 DLD-1、HCT116及SW480的增殖有显著的抑制作用,且呈剂量依赖效应,而对正常细胞及其它类型癌细胞的增殖无明显影响. 采用兔网织红细胞裂解系统和荧光素酶检测系统检测TBL对蛋白质合成的影响,结果表明,随着TBL浓度的增大,蛋白质翻译抑制作用逐渐增强,当TBL浓度为40 μg/mL时荧光素酶活性下降至50%. 另外,TBL与兔网织红细胞裂解系统作用后,核糖体RNA出现新的片段,表明TBL具有N-糖苷酶的活性. 将HCT116细胞总RNA与TBL体外作用后,发现二者存在明显的相互作用,核糖体RNA被降解. qRT-PCR检测显示,TBL明显下调HCT116细胞中多种microRNAs (miRNAs) 表达. 综合以上实验得出,TBL是一种Ⅱ型核糖体失活蛋白(type-Ⅱ ribosome-inactivating protein, Ⅱ-RIP)类的植物凝集素,具有N-糖苷酶活性,可下调肠癌细胞中多种miRNAs的表达,抑制结肠癌细胞增殖.     

Combinatorial effect of blueberry extracts and oxaliplatin in human colon cancer cells

The use of natural compounds to potentiate the effect of drugs and lower their adverse effects is an active area of research. The objective is to determine the effect of combined blueberry extracts (BE) and oxaliplatin (OX) in colon cancer cells. The results demonstrated that treatments of BE/OX showed inhibitory effects on HCT-116 cell and nontoxic effect on CCD-18Co normal colon cells. Flow cytometry analysis indicated that treatment with the BE, OX or in combination could induce G0/G1 cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, increase of reactive oxygen species, and induce loss of mitochondrial membrane potential in HCT-116 cells. Furthermore, after treatments, the expression of inflammatory cytokines was decreased, cyclin D1 and CDK4 were decreased; caspases-3 and 9 were activated; the Akt/Bad/Bcl-2 pathway was modulated. Moreover, the combination treatment had a considerably higher growth inhibitory effect on human colon cancer HCT-116 cells than that of BE or oxaliplatin alone. Our results showed that BE increased the anticolon cancer effect of OX making it an attractive strategy as adjuvant therapy to potentially reduce the adverse side effects associated with chemotherapeutic drugs.     

Lipid alterations in human colon epithelial cells induced to differentiation and/or apoptosis by butyrate and polyunsaturated fatty acids

The present study highlights the important association between lipid alterations and differentiation/apoptotic responses in human colon differentiating (FHC) and nondifferentiating (HCT-116) cell lines after their treatment with short-chain fatty acid sodium butyrate (NaBt), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), and/or their combination. Our data from GC/MS and LC/MS/MS showed an effective incorporation and metabolization of the supplemented arachidonic acid (AA) or docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), resulting in an enhanced content of the respective PUFA in individual phospholipid (PL) classes and an altered composition of the whole cellular fatty acid spectrum in both FHC and HCT-116 cells. We provide novel evidence that NaBt combined with PUFAs additionally modulated AA and DHA cellular levels and caused their shift from triacylglycerol to PL fractions. NaBt increased, while AA, DHA and their combination with NaBt decreased endogenous fatty acid synthesis in FHC but not in HCT-116 cells. Fatty acid treatment also altered membrane lipid structure, augmented cytoplasmic lipid droplet accumulation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and dissipation of the mitochondrial membrane potential. All these parameters were significantly enhanced by combined NaBt/PUFA treatment, but only in FHC cells was this accompanied by highly increased apoptosis and suppressed differentiation. Moreover, the most significant changes of ROS production, differentiation and apoptosis among the parameters studied, the highest effects of combined NaBt/PUFA treatment and a lower sensitivity of HCT-116 cells were confirmed using two-way ANOVA. Our results demonstrate an important role of fatty acid-induced lipid alterations in the different apoptotic/differentiation response of colon cells with various carcinogenic potential.     

Reduction of Orc6 Expression Sensitizes Human Colon Cancer Cells to 5-Fluorouracil and Cisplatin

Previous studies from our group have shown that the expression levels of Orc6 were highly elevated in colorectal cancer patient specimens and the induction of Orc6 was associated with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) treatment. The goal of this study was to investigate the molecular and cellular impact of Orc6 in colon cancer. In this study, we use HCT116 (wt-p53) and HCT116 (null-p53) colon cancer cell lines as a model system to investigate the impact of Orc6 on cell proliferation, chemosensitivity and pathways involved with Orc6. We demonstrated that the down regulation of Orc6 sensitizes colon cancer cells to both 5-FU and cisplatin (cis-pt) treatment. Decreased Orc6 expression in HCT-116 (wt-p53) cells by RNA interference triggered cell cycle arrest at G1 phase. Prolonged inhibition of Orc6 expression resulted in multinucleated cells in HCT-116 (wt-p53) cell line. Western immunoblot analysis showed that down regulation of Orc6 induced p21 expression in HCT-116 (wt-p53) cells. The induction of p21 was mediated by increased level of phosphorylated p53 at ser-15. By contrast, there is no elevated expression of p21 in HCT-116 (null-p53) cells. Orc6 down regulation also increased the expression of DNA damaging repair protein GADD45β and reduced the expression level of JNK1. Orc6 may be a potential novel target for future anti cancer therapeutic development in colon cancer.     

In vitro cytotoxicity analysis of Zizyphus spina-christi stem bark extract on human cancer cell lines

Zizyphus spina-christi (Rhamnaceae family) is an edible plant used in folk medicine. Therefore, it is of interest to report the cytotoxic effects of Z. spina-christi bark crude extract on human cell lines. Crude ethanol extract of Z. spina-christi bark was fractionated with increasing polarity (diethyl ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate and butanol fractions). The fractions were examined for their cytotoxicity against human colon cancer (HCT-116 and CACO-2), cervical cancer (HeLa and HEp-2), lung carcinoma (A-549), hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG-2), breast cancer (MCF-7) and prostate cancer (PC-3) cell lines using viability assay. Diethyl ether fraction of Z. spina-christi showed the highest cytotoxic effects among the four extracts of Z. spina-christi. The IC50 of diethyl ether fraction was 7.14, 11.2, 11.6, 15.4, 39.8, 42.2, 84.2 and 153.8 µg/ml on HepG-2, A-549, CACO-2, HCT-116, MCF-7, PC-3, HeLa, and HEp-2 cell lines, respectively. Data shows that the diethyl ether fraction of Z. spina-christi showed effective cytotoxic effects in colon, lung and hepatocellular cancer cell lines.     

Antiproliferative activity of Humulus lupulus extracts on human hepatoma (Hep3B), colon (HT-29) cancer cells and proteases,tyrosinase, β-lactamase enzyme inhibition studies

The aims of this study were to examine the antiproliferation of Humulus lupulus extracts on human hepatoma carcinoma (Hep3B) and human colon carcinoma (HT-29) cell lines along with enzyme inhibitory effects of the crude extracts. Potential cell cytotoxicity of six different H. lupulus extracts were assayed on various cancer cells using MTT assay at 24, 48 and 72?h intervals. Methanol-1 extract has inhibited the cell proliferation with doses of 0.6–1?mg/mL in a time dependent (48 and 72 hours) manner in Hep3B cells with 70% inhibition, while inhibitory effect was not seen in colon cancer cells. Acetone extract has increased the cell proliferation at low doses of 0.1?mg/mL for 72?h in Hep3B cells and 0.1–0.2?mg/mL for 48 and 72?h in HT29 cells. The inhibitory effects of the extracts were compared by relative maximum activity values (V_max) using proteases such as α-chymotrypsin, trypsin and papain, tyrosinase and β-lactamase (penicillinase).     

5-alk(en)ylresorcinols as the major active components in wheat bran inhibit human colon cancer cell growth

We and others have found that wheat bran oil is the active constituent in wheat bran for colon cancer prevention. However, the active components in wheat bran oil are still unknown. Using human colon cancer cells (HCT-116 and HT-29) as the guiding assays, we further purified the active components from wheat bran using column chromatography. In this study, we identified that a fraction containing 5-n-alk(en)ylresorcinols had the strongest inhibitory effect on the proliferation of human HCT-116 and HT-29 colon cancer cells. Further purification led to the identification of 14 5-alk(en)ylresorcinols. Among them, 7, (10'Z,13'Z,16'Z)-5-(nonadeca-10',13',16'-trienyl)resorcinol, is a novel compound and 5, 6, 9, 10, and 13 were purified as individual compounds for the first time. The identification and structural elucidation of these compounds were based on 1D and 2D NMR and tandem mass spectral analyses. All these compounds (1-14) except 10 were evaluated for growth inhibition of human colon cancer cell lines (HCT-116 and HT-29). Our results indicate that increasing the length of the side chain will diminish the inhibitory activity, and the existence of a double bond and a carbonyl group will strengthen such an activity.     

GHRH antagonist when combined with cytotoxic agents induces S-phase arrest and additive growth inhibition of human colon cancer

Treatment of colon cancer with an antagonist of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH), JMR-132, results in a cell cycle arrest in S-phase of the tumor cells. Thus, we investigated the effect of JMR-132 in combination with S-phase-specific cytotoxic agents, 5-FU, irinotecan and cisplatin on the in vitro and in vivo growth of HT-29, HCT-116 and HCT-15 human colon cancer cell lines. In vitro, every compound inhibited proliferation of HCT-116 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Treatment with JMR-132 (5 μM) combined with 5-FU (1.25 μM), irinotecan (1.25 μM) or cisplatin (1.25 μM) resulted in an additive growth inhibition of HCT-116 cells in vitro as shown by MTS assay. Cell cycle analyses revealed that treatment of HCT-116 cells with JMR-132 was accompanied by a cell cycle arrest in S-phase. Combination treatment using JMR-132 plus a cytotoxic drug led to a significant increase of the sub-G₁ fraction, suggesting apoptosis. In vivo, daily treatment with GHRH antagonist JMR-132 decreased the tumor volume by 40–55% (p < 0.001) of HT-29, HCT-116 and HCT-15 tumors xenografted into athymic nude mice. Combined treatment with JMR-132 plus chemotherapeutic agents 5-FU, irinotecan or cisplatin resulted in an additive tumor growth suppression of HT-29, HCT-116 and HCT-15 xenografts to 56–85%. Our observations indicate that JMR-132 enhances the antiproliferative effect of S-phase-specific cytotoxic drugs by causing accumulation of tumor cells in S-phase.     

Human tumor cell growth inhibition by nontoxic anthocyanidins, the pigments in fruits and vegetables

Anthocyanidins, the aglycones of anthocyanins, impart brilliant colors in many fruits and vegetables. The widespread consumption of diets rich in anthocyanin and anthocyanidins prompted us to determine their inhibitory effects on human cancer cell proliferation. Five anthocyanidins, cyanidin (1), delphinidin (2), pelargonidin (3), petunidin (4) and malvidin (5), and four anthocyanins, cyanidin-3-glucoside, cyanidin-3-galactoside, delphinidin-3-galactoside and pelargonidin-3-galactoside were tested for cell proliferation inhibitory activity against human cancer cell lines, AGS (stomach), HCT-116 (colon), MCF-7 (breast), NCI H460 (lung), and SF-268 (Central Nervous System, CNS) at 12.5-200 microg/mL concentrations. The viability of cells after exposure to anthocyanins and anthocyanidins was determined by MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) colorimetric methods. The anthocyanins assayed did not inhibit cell proliferation of cell lines tested at 200 microg/mL. However, anthocyanidins showed cell proliferation inhibitory activity. Malvidin inhibited AGS, HCT-116, NCI-H460, MCF-7 and SF-268 cell growth by 69, 75.7, 67.7, 74.7 and 40.5%, respectively, at 200 microg/mL. Similarly, pelargonidin inhibited AGS, HCT-116, NCI H460, MCF-7 and SF-268 cell growth by 64, 63, 62, 63 and 34%, respectively, at 200 microg/mL. At 200 microg/mL, cyanidin, delphinidin and petunidin inhibited the breast cancer cell growth by 47, 66 and 53%, respectively. This is the first report of tumor cell proliferation inhibitory activity by anthocyanidins.