贵州远盲属蚯蚓二新种：单向蚓目：巨蚓科

本文报道发现于贵州的远盲属蚯蚓二个新种－少腺远盲蚓,新种Ａｍｙｎｔｈａｓ ｍｅｉｏｇｌａｎｄｕｌａｒｉｓ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．和簇腺远盲蚓,新种Ａｍｙｎｔｈａｓ ｆａｓｃｉｃｕｌｕｓ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．。文中作者对新种的外部形态和内部构造进行了详细的描述,并与各自的相似种类进行了比较。二个新种的模式标本均于１９８８年５月采于贵州雷公自然保护区。     

贵州远盲属蚯蚓二新种：单向蚓目：巨蚓科

本文报道发现于贵州的远盲属蚯蚓二个新种－少腺远盲蚓,新种Ａｍｙｎｔｈａｓ ｍｅｉｏｇｌａｎｄｕｌａｒｉｓ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．和簇腺远盲蚓,新种Ａｍｙｎｔｈａｓ ｆａｓｃｉｃｕｌｕｓ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．。文中作者对新种的外部形态和内部构造进行了详细的描述,并与各自的相似种类进行了比较。二个新种的模式标本均于１９８８年５月采于贵州雷公自然保护区。     

贵州腔蚓属蚯蚓一新种（单向蚓目：巨蚓科）

本文报道1984年8月采于贵州省绥阳县宽阔水自然保护区内太阳山的腔蚓属蚯蚓一新种——聚腺腔蚓Metaphire coaceruata.作者对该新种的外部形态及内部解剖特征作了详细描述。并与其近似种Pheretima tecta Chen 1946进行了比较,模式标本保存于贵州科学院生物研究所。     

吉林省的正蚓科蚯蚓及其分布

我国幅源辽阔、气候及植被的差异极大,因此蚯蚓的种类及其分布也不尽相同。尽管老前辈陈义及许智芳、钟远辉等先生做了大量的调查工作,记述了170余种及其地理分布。囿于条件对北方、特别是东北地区的工作尚少,该区的蚯蚓种类及其分布还不清楚。笔者在上述先生的指导下,做了调查工作。本文仅报告正蚓科3属4种,供研究者参考。     

中国东、南部的3个腔蚓属蚯蚓新物种

本文报道了寡毛纲(Oligochaeta)巨蚓科(Megascolecidae)腔蚓属(Metaphire)3个新发现物种,分别是象头山腔蚓(M. xiangtoumontis Dong & Jiang sp. nov.),韩摆渡腔蚓(M. hanbaiduensis Dong & Sun sp. nov.)和长白山腔蚓(M. changbaimontis Dong & Shen sp. nov.)。象头山腔蚓受精囊孔2对,位于7/8 ~ 8/9节间,属于M. insulana物种群。韩摆渡腔蚓受精囊孔3对,位于6/7 ~ 8/9节间,属于M. houlleti物种群。长白山腔蚓受精囊孔2对,位于6/7 ~ 7/8节间,属于M. glandularis物种群。所有新物种均附有形态学描述、图片、与相似物种的形态学比较及与GenBank上亲缘关系相近物种的遗传距离计算分析。以上结果丰富了我国腔蚓属蚯蚓的物种多样性,并首次记录了采集于长白山国家级自然保护区的巨蚓科蚯蚓新物种。     

贵州远盲属蚯蚓一新种记述（单向蚓目：巨蚓科）

本文报道发现于贵州的远盲属蚯蚓一新种,命名为陈氏远盲蚓Ａｍｙｎｔｈａｓｃｈｅｎｉｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．。模式标本采于贵州省梵净山。     

贵州远盲属蚯蚓两新种记述(单向蚓目:巨蚓科)

记述了远盲蚓属蚯蚓两个新种,雅致远盲蚓Amynthas eleganis sp.nov.和大突远盲蚓Amynthas magnipapillata sp.nov.模式标本均采自贵州省梵净山。     

中国发光蚓一新种(后孔目:巨蚓科,棘蚓亚科)

1987年在江苏省无锡县采到小型发光蚯蚓,经鉴定,为一新种—无锡微蠕蚓(Microscolex wuxiensis)本种与燐微蠕蚓[(Microscolex phosphoreus(Ant.Dug,)]虽近似,但仍有明显不同。     

双脘腔蚓的生殖器官多态现象（寡毛纲：巨蚓科）

报道腔蚓属蚯蚓应作为同种异名,并记述该种的生殖器官多态现象。     

海南岛蚯蚓物种组成及其系统发育分析

海南岛独特的地理位置和复杂的古地理事件使其成为我国生物多样性的热点地区。已有的海南岛蚯蚓资料显示, 该岛的蚯蚓区系十分特殊, 且与大陆地区蚯蚓存在扩散与迁移。然而, 当海南岛与周围大陆断开形成独立岛屿后, 海南岛蚯蚓如何为适应海南岛的环境而逐渐形成现在岛内的分布与区系, 仍然是一个值得研究和探讨的问题。因此, 本研究在海南岛全面调查和采集蚯蚓标本, 整理海南岛地区的蚯蚓物种组成及其地理分布特征, 并联合5个线粒体基因COⅠ、COⅡ、ND1、12S rRNA和16S rRNA构建海南岛蚯蚓的分子系统发育树, 推测其分化时间和祖先分布区域, 探讨海南岛蚯蚓在岛内的分化与扩散过程。研究结果表明: (1)海南岛共有蚯蚓6科9属122种, 巨蚓科蚯蚓为优势科, 且全部为环毛类蚯蚓, 其中103种为海南岛特有种。蚯蚓物种数沿海拔呈先增加后减少的趋势, 在800‒1,000 m最大; (2)海南岛环毛类蚯蚓不同水平的遗传距离与我国巨蚓科蚯蚓的遗传距离区间基本一致。物种水平上, 美丽远盲蚓(Amynthas scitulus*)与纬向远盲蚓(A. zonarius)的基因遗传距离最小。在亚种水平, 保宁腔蚓指名亚种(Metaphire magna magna)和保宁腔蚓小型亚种(M. magna minuscula)的遗传距离均接近整体的物种水平。在种群水平, 等毛远盲蚓(A. homosetus)不同种群间遗传距离均接近整体的亚种水平; (3)海南岛环毛类蚯蚓可划分为7个类群, 其祖先于68.26 Ma开始分化, 可能起源于吊罗山。在新生代, 7个类群均得到较大发展。通过对海南岛蚯蚓组成及系统发育的梳理, 不仅为我国蚯蚓物种多样性研究提供基础资料, 也为岛屿蚯蚓物种系统发育关系分析提供科学参考。     

蜡梅科植物的起源演化及其分布

根据对蜡梅科植物的系统发育和分布规律的研究,结合古地理、古气候资料,讨论了蜡梅科的起源、演化和现代分布格局形成的规律。认为：中国泰岭以南、横断山脉以东为蜡梅科植物的现代分布中心。蜡梅科植物的起源地点可能在东亚,并在第四纪时通过白令陆桥到达北美;通过中南半岛、马来半岛到澳洲,并在各个洲独立发展,形成现在的东亚－北美间断分布及南北温带间断分布的格局。     

New genera and species of pheretimoid earthworms (Clitellata: Megascolecidae) from southern Luzon,Philippines

Collections made in montane forests of the Bicol region of the Philippine island Luzon contained earthworm species new to science. The new genus Dendropheretima has intestinal caeca paired in xxv, lamellar oesophageal pouches in xi‐xiii, testes free of sacs, and last hearts in xii. The two species, D. banahawensis and D. bicolensis, are both arboreal. A second new genus Isarogoscolex contains two species, Isarogoscolex abiadai and I. albayensis which are also arboreal but have more posteriorly located caeca and more pairs of caeca, have only meganephridia in the intestinal segments, and the lamellar oesophageal pouches are arranged differently from Dendropheretima. Among the other genera of the Pheretima complex, these new taxa may be closest to the Australo‐Papuan Begemius.     

两种生态类型蚯蚓几种消化酶活性比较研究

蚯蚓在有机残体转化和土壤养分循环中起着重要的作用,为明确不同生态类型蚯蚓的食性及其消化有机物质的能力,测定了表居型蚯蚓赤爱胜蚓（Eisenia fetida）和上食下居型蚯蚓威廉环毛蚓（Pheretima guillemi）肠道内纤维素酶、蛋白酶、酸性磷酸酶和碱性磷酸酶的活性;同时还对威廉环毛蚓排泄物中蛋白酶、磷酸酶以及CO2呼吸强度与原土进行了比较,结果表明,赤爱胜蚓肠道内纤维素酶活性远远高于威廉环毛蚓,而蛋白酶和酸性及碱性磷酸酶活性显著低于威廉环毛蚓;两种蝗 蚓肠道消化酶活化的差异与赤爱胜蚓直接以植物残体为食,而威廉环毛蚓以半分解的有机残体上的微生物为食有关。根据研究结果,提出了饲养环毛 时要注意增加饵料中微生物量的观点。     

Origin and differentiation of endemism in the flora of China

The present paper analyzed 239 endemic genera in 67 families in the flora of seed plants in China.The results showed that there are five families containing more than ten endemic genera,namely,Gesneriaceae (27),which hereafter refers to the number of endemic genera in China,Composite (20),Labiatae (12),Cruciferae (11),and Umbelliferae (10),15 families with two endemic genera,and another 30 families with only one endemic genus.Four monotypic families (Ginkgoaceae,Davidiaceae,Eucommiaceae and Acanthochlamydaceae)are the most ancient,relict and characteristic in the flora of seed plants in China.Based on integrative data of systematics,fossil history,and morphological and molecular evidence of these genera,their origin,evolution and relationships were discussed.In gymnosperms,all endemic genera are relicts of the Arctic-Tertiary flora,having earlier evolutionary history,and can be traced back to the Cretaceous or to the Jurassic and even earlier.In angiosperms,the endemic genera are mostly relicts,and are represented in all lineages in the"Eight-Class System ofClassification of Angiosperms",and endemism can be found in almost every evolutionary stage of extant angiosperms.The relict genera once occupied huge areas in the northern hemisphere in the Tertiary or the late Cretaceous,while neo-endemism mostly originated in the late Tertiary.They came from Arctic-Tertiary,Paleo-tropical-Tertiary and Tethys-Tertiary florisitic elements,and the blend of the three elements with many genera of autochthonous origin.The endemism was formed when some dispersal routes such as the North Atlantic Land Bridge,and the Bering Bridge became discontinuous during the Tertiary,as well as the climate change and glaciations in the late Tertiary and the Quaternary.Therefore,the late Tertiary is the starting point of extant endemism of the flora in China.     

Origin and differentiation of endemism in the flora of China

The present paper analyzed 239 endemic genera in 67 families in the flora of seed plants in China. The results showed that there are five families containing more than ten endemic genera, namely, Gesneriaceae (27), which hereafter refers to the number of endemic genera in China, Composite (20), Labiatae (12), Cruciferae (11), and Umbelliferae (10), 15 families with two endemic genera, and another 30 families with only one endemic genus. Four monotypic families (Ginkgoaceae, Davidiaceae, Eucommiaceae and Acanthochlamydaceae) are the most ancient, relict and characteristic in the flora of seed plants in China. Based on integrative data of systematics, fossil history, and morphological and molecular evidence of these genera, their origin, evolution and relationships were discussed. In gymnosperms, all endemic genera are relicts of the Arctic-Tertiary flora, having earlier evolutionary history, and can be traced back to the Cretaceous or to the Jurassic and even earlier. In angiosperms, the endemic genera are mostly relicts, and are represented in all lineages in the “Eight-Class System of Classification of Angiosperms”, and endemism can be found in almost every evolutionary stage of extant angiosperms. The relict genera once occupied huge areas in the northern hemisphere in the Tertiary or the late Cretaceous, while neo-endemism mostly originated in the late Tertiary. They came from Arctic-Tertiary, Paleo-tropical-Tertiary and Tethys-Tertiary florisitic elements, and the blend of the three elements with many genera of autochthonous origin. The endemism was formed when some dispersal routes such as the North Atlantic Land Bridge, and the Bering Bridge became discontinuous during the Tertiary, as well as the climate change and glaciations in the late Tertiary and the Quaternary. Therefore, the late Tertiary is the starting point of extant endemism of the flora in China. __________ Translated from Acta Botanica Yunnanica, 2005, 27(6): 577–604 [译自: 云南植物研究]     

Molecular systematics and phylogeography of the gigantic earthworms of the Metaphire formosae species group (Clitellata, Megascolecidae)

The earthworms of the Metaphire formosae species group distributed in Taiwan are members of the Pheretima complex within the Megascolecidae. In this study, the systematics and phylogeography of this species group were investigated using DNA sequences of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI), 16S ribosomal (r)RNA, and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1 (ND1). The results indicated that the 13 taxa of the M. formosae species group form a clade, including a cryptic species discovered in this study. In addition, Metaphire hengchunensis (James, S.W., Shih, H.-T., Chang, H.-W., 2005. Seven new species of Amynthas (Clitellata: Megascolecidae) and new earthworm records from Taiwan. J. Nat. Hist. 39, 1007-1028) should be regarded as a subspecies of Metaphire paiwanna Tsai, C.-F., Shen, H.-P., Tsai, S.-C., 2000a. Native and exotic species of terrestrial earthworm (Oligochaeta) in Taiwan with reference to Northeast Asia. Zool. Stud. 39, 285-294, Tsai, C.-F., Tsai, S.-C., Liaw, G.-J., 2000b. Two new species of pontandric pheretimoid earthworms belonging to the genus Metaphire (Megascolecidae: Oligochaeta) from Taiwan. J. Nat. Hist. 34, 1731-1741, and Metaphire bununa glareosa Tsai et al. 2000 should be elevated to specific status. Phylogeographical inferences showed that allopatric speciation occurred in this species group during the rapid uplift of the main island of Taiwan between 5.0 and 2.5 million years ago. Our analysis exposes non-monophyly within each of the genera Amynthas and Metaphire, and more generally within the Pheretima complex. Further revisions of this speciose complex are urgently needed.     

Origin and early evolution of photosynthesis

Photosynthesis was well-established on the earth at least 3.5 thousand million years ago, and it is widely believed that these ancient organisms had similar metabolic capabilities to modern cyanobacteria. This requires that development of two photosystems and the oxygen evolution capability occurred very early in the earth's history, and that a presumed phase of evolution involving non-oxygen evolving photosynthetic organisms took place even earlier. The evolutionary relationships of the reaction center complexes found in all the classes of currently existing organisms have been analyzed using sequence analysis and biophysical measurements. The results indicate that all reaction centers fall into two basic groups, those with pheophytin and a pair of quinones as early acceptors, and those with iron sulfur clusters as early acceptors. No simple linear branching evolutionary scheme can account for the distribution patterns of reaction centers in existing photosynthetic organisms, and lateral transfer of genetic information is considered as a likely possibility. Possible scenarios for the development of primitive reaction centers into the heterodimeric protein structures found in existing reaction centers and for the development of organisms with two linked photosystems are presented.Abbreviation Gyr gigayears     

Origin and evolution of the major histocompatibility complex class I region in eutherian mammals

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes in vertebrates are vital in defending against pathogenic infections. To gain new insights into the evolution of MHC Class I (MHCI) genes and test competing hypotheses on the origin of the MHCI region in eutherian mammals, we studied available genome assemblies of nine species in Afrotheria, Xenarthra, and Laurasiatheria, and successfully characterized the MHCI region in six species. The following numbers of putatively functional genes were detected: in the elephant, four, one, and eight in the extended class I region, and κ and β duplication blocks, respectively; in the tenrec, one in the κ duplication block; and in the four bat species, one or two in the β duplication block. Our results indicate that MHCI genes in the κ and β duplication blocks may have originated in the common ancestor of eutherian mammals. In the elephant, tenrec, and all four bats, some MHCI genes occurred outside the MHCI region, suggesting that eutherians may have a more complex MHCI genomic organization than previously thought. Bat‐specific three‐ or five‐amino‐acid insertions were detected in the MHCI α1 domain in all four bats studied, suggesting that pathogen defense in bats relies on MHCIs having a wider peptide‐binding groove, as previously assayed by a bat MHCI gene with a three‐amino‐acid insertion showing a larger peptide repertoire than in other mammals. Our study adds to knowledge on the diversity of eutherian MHCI genes, which may have been shaped in a taxon‐specific manner.     

柚的起源、演化及分布初探

柚 (Ｃｉｔｒｕｓｇｒａｎｄｉｓ (Ｌ .)Ｏｓｂｅｃｋ)是桔属的三个基本种之一 ,是一类重要的种质资源 ,经济价值高 ,近年来国内外的开发利用方兴未艾。柚果以其果形美观 ,味道鲜美 ,营养丰富 ,且耐储藏 ,易运输 ,素有“天然罐头”之称。我国是柑桔的起源中心和遗传变异中心之一 ,资源极其丰富。中国柚的人工栽培最早 ,夏书《禹贡》就有“扬州厥包橘柚锡贡”的记载 ;《吕氏春秋》有“果之美者 ,云梦之柚”之说 ,证明柚的栽培至少有三千多年的历史。我国目前在广东、广西、福建、四川、台湾、湖南、江西、浙江、江苏、安徽、云南、贵州、湖北…