甘青乌头的生物碱

从甘青乌头 (AconitumTanguticum(Maxim)Stapf.)中分出五个生物碱 ,其中一个为新生物碱 ,命名为Tangutimine ,四个为已知生物碱 ,分别为 :Hetisinone、Talatizamine、Atisine、Hordeine。经IR ,MS ,1H和13 CNMR以及 2DNMR的测定 ,确定了它们的化学结构。其中Talatizamine、Hetisinone为首次从该植物中分得     

工布乌碱的结构

从工布乌头 (Aconitumkongboense)根中分出 17个去甲二萜生物碱 ,其中一种为大渡乌碱型C19 二萜生物碱新生物碱工布乌碱 (kongboendine) 1。由光谱法 (1H 和13 C NMR、2D NMR和MS)确定其结构。     

不同品种花椒生物碱含量测定及光谱学特性分析

建立了一种酸碱滴定法有效的生物碱定量测定方法,并比较测定了花椒的两个品种花椒和青花椒中生物碱的含量。对生物碱提取液在紫外扫描图谱的基础上分析了花椒和青花椒生物碱的差异,有望将此紫外图谱应用到不同品种花椒生物碱的指纹图谱上。     

长序虎皮楠果实中的一个新的生物碱（英文）

从长序虎皮楠（Daphniphyllum longeracemosum）果实的甲醇提取物中分离得到一个新的虎皮楠生物碱和三个已知的环烯醚萜苷型虎皮楠生物碱。通过现代波谱解析技术鉴定为daphlongeranine F（1）,caldaphnidine F（2）,daphcalycinosidine B（3）and daphcalycinosidine C（4）。其中,三个环烯醚萜苷虎皮楠生物碱系首次从该种分离得到。     

华东唐松草生物碱的研究

从安徽省产的毛茛科植物华东唐松草(Thaliczrum fortunei S.Moore)的全草中分离得三个结晶,经光谱和衍生物制备等方法,确定化合物1和2为双苄基异喹啉生物碱,化合物1为7-5′,11-12′型的新生物碱,命名为华东唐松草碱(thalifortine,1),化合物2为已知生物碱aromoline(2),化合物3为 N-phenyl-2-naphthy]amine(3)。     

珙桐枝皮中的生物碱甙成分研究

从珙桐枝皮甲醇提取物的水溶性部分得到3个配糖体化合物,经核磁共振和质谱等光谱分析鉴定为1个喹啉类生物碱甙-pumiloside(1)和2个吲哚类生物碱甙-vincosamide(2),strictosidinic acid(3),其中pumiloside是抗肿瘤物质喜树碱的一种生物合成前体,这3个化合物均为首次从该植物中分得。     

糖苷生物碱化学生态学研究进展

糖苷生物碱(glycoalkaloid)是主要分布于茄科和百合科植物中的糖苷类次级代谢产物,糖链通常由3或4个单糖组成,苷元通常为三类甾体生物碱:茄次碱烷、螺旋甾碱烷和其他甾体衍生物.糖苷生物碱的主要生物学功能是化学防御,具有阻止昆虫取食、抑制微生物、化感作用和协同进化等重要作用.本文在阐明糖苷生物碱的来源和化学结构的基础上,着重总结了糖苷生物碱化学生态学研究的现状、进展及其生物学意义,分析了今后的发展方向.     

组织培养暗紫贝母的药理作用

以组织培养的暗紫贝母为材料,野生暗紫贝母为对照,用不同溶剂提取,得４个化学组人 生物碱部分,总皂甙部分,水溶性部分和脂溶性部分,并以生药粉为阳性对照进行药效学试验。结果表明：组培贝母与野生贝母有相似的止咳、祛痰作用;总皂甙部分与总生物碱部分均为川贝有效活性成分,ｔ得之间无显著性差异;经ＴＬＣ是乌头总生物碱部分与总皂甙部分无化学成分重叠。     

中国和美国红火蚁毒腺生物碱组分的比较分析

【目的】比较两个入侵地红火蚁Solenopsis invicta毒腺生物碱成分及相对含量的地区间差异。【方法】以在中国广东省惠州、 广州、 深圳、 东莞、 珠海和美国阿拉巴马州采集的红火蚁工蚁为材料, 用正己烷溶剂浸提48 h获得浸提液, 将浸提液进行硅胶柱层析分离, 用气相色谱-质谱联用仪（GC-MS）分析其所含的生物碱成分及其相对含量。【结果】红火蚁毒腺生物碱含顺式生物碱组分和反式生物碱组分。通过总离子图对比, 得到了7种顺式生物碱、 8种四氢吡啶和7种反式生物碱, 并计算得到这些组分的相对百分含量。【结论】中国广东省5个地区红火蚁生物碱组成无差别, 相对含量略有差异, 惠州种群和深圳种群差别最大, 其他地区间没有差别。中美两国入侵地的红火蚁种群生物碱成分种类无差别, 其各个组分之间相对含量略有差异, 美国阿拉巴马州种群与中国深圳种群各组分相对含量差别最大, 与中国广州种群差别最小。另外, 在检测的中国广东样品中, 只确认了红火蚁的存在, 提示杂合蚁与黑火蚁还未传入中国。     

大鼠大脑皮层细胞膜色谱法筛选老瓜头镇痛活性成分研究

从老瓜头二氯甲烷、乙酸乙酯萃取层得到4个化合物,分别为新白前酮(1)、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(2)、华北白前醇(3)、β-谷甾醇(4);正丁醇层得到2个化合物,分别为3-甲氧基-4-羟基苯甲酸(5)、对羟基苯基酸(6);总生物碱中分离到1个化合物,鉴定为7-脱氧基娃儿藤碱(7)。大鼠大脑皮层细胞膜色谱模型上发现乙酸乙酯、正丁醇层在CMC固定相上无保留,二氯甲烷层有弱保留,总生物碱有强保留;化合物1有弱保留,化合物3、7有强保留,保留因子分别为1.5、23.0、20.0。本实验建立的CMC模型可正确反映活性部位、活性成分与细胞膜及膜受体的相互作用,初筛得到3个可能具有镇痛活性的痕量单体化合物,2个为非生物碱,1个为菲骈吲哚里希啶类生物碱,为老瓜头后续研究奠定基础。     

The simple-septate basidiomycetes: a synopsis

The simple-septate basidiomycetes comprise more than 8,000 species that show a high morphological and ecological heterogeneity. To gain insight in the phylogenetic relationships within this group, we compared several ultrastructural features such as septal pore apparatus, form, and behavior of the spindle pole bodies, types of host–parasite interaction, presence or absence of colacosomes, symplechosomes, atractosomes, and cystosomes as well as nuclear rDNA sequences coding for small- and large-subunit rRNA. Based on our integrated analysis, we propose a new classification system for the simple-septate basidiomycetes with the subphylum Pucciniomycotina and the classes Agaricostilbomycetes, Atractiellomycetes, Classiculomycetes, Cryptomycocolacomycetes, Cystobasidiomycetes, Microbotryomycetes, Mixiomycetes, and Pucciniomycetes. We also propose the pucciniomycotinous taxa Cystobasidiales, Erythrobasidiales, Helicobasidiales, Mixiales, Naohideales, Pachnocybales, Spiculogloeales, and Kondoaceae and the new subphyla Agaricomycotina (equivalent to the current Hymenomycetes) and Ustilaginomycotina (equivalent to the current Ustilaginomycetes).     

Unusual metals as carcinogens

A review of the literature on unusual metals as carcinogens was carried out. The metals covered are some of the rare earths, copper, silver, gold, mercury, germanium, tin, antimony, lead, platinum, palladium, aluminum, titanium, niobium, manganese, scandium, yttrium, indium, rhodium, and gallium.     

Neutrino intergalactic communication,metal life,and viruses: Part 1 quo vadis ex machina

At one spectrum extreme, Astrobiology conjectures that for exoplanets with Goldilocks conditions, terrestrial-like life is inevitable. Moreover, it is envisaged that via panspermia, terrestrial-like life and its precursors are transferred among galaxies, stars, and within solar systems via transiting comets, asteroids, and planetoids. In addition, expelled stars, which have solar systems, it is inferred, transfer life as well. However, at the other extreme, we propose a paradigm shift that on some planets, subject to non- Goldilocks conditions, metal machine life could arise, ab initio, and evolve viruses, intelligence, and civilizations, conjointly. Accordingly, intelligent mechanized civilizations could readily and efficiently commence space exploration. Furthermore, as a counter paradigm shift, such civilizations could experiment and produce non-metallic life, based on carbon and other non-metal elements, under suitable conditions, related to Goldilocks life. Even a single example of validated interstellar or intergalactic communication received on the Earth would support the existence of life elsewhere. However, the communication platform should not be restricted to electromagnetic radiation. Other platforms should be included as well - one such example, which would require sophisticated technology, is neutrino communication. This is the case for any advanced civilization, be it metal-machine based, biological-based, and carbon-based. In sum, civilizations based on machine life, would be highly productive due to the longevity and hardiness of machine life. However, significant caveats are raised in this brief report, because possibly dissimilar psychologies and intelligence may lead to conflicts between metal machine life and biological life, inter-paradigm conflict.     

Nicotinic Agonists, Antagonists, and Modulators From Natural Sources

1. Acetylcholine receptors were initially defined as nicotinic or muscarinic, based on selective activation by two natural products, nicotine and muscarine. Several further nicotinic agonists have been discovered from natural sources, including cytisine, anatoxin, ferruginine, anabaseine, epibatidine, and epiquinamide. These have provided lead structures for the design of a wide range of synthetic agents.2. Natural sources have also provided competitive nicotinic antagonists, such as the Erythrina alkaloids, the tubocurarines, and methyllycaconitine. Noncompetitive antagonists, such as the histrionicotoxins, various izidines, decahydroquinolines, spiropyrrolizidine oximes, pseudophrynamines, ibogaine, strychnine, cocaine, and sparteine have come from natural sources. Finally, galanthamine, codeine, and ivermectin represent positive modulators of nicotinic function, derived from natural sources.3. Clearly, research on acetylcholine receptors and functions has been dependent on key natural products and the synthetic agents that they inspired.     

Systematics and phylogeny of the caryophyllidia-bearing dorids (Mollusca, Nudibranchia), with descriptions of a new genus and four new species from Indo-Pacific deep waters

The phylogenetic relationships of the caryophyllidia-bearing dorids are studied, based on the examination of the type species of all the genera previously described. The phylogenetic hypothesis supports that the caryophyllidia-bearing dorids are a monophyletic group and the sister group of the clade formed by Astemnotus Ehrenberg, 1831 and Halgerda Bergh, 1880. Several genera previously considered as valid or regarded as uncertain are here synonymized: Peronodoris Bergh, 1904, Trippa Bergh, 1877, Phlegmodoris Bergh, 1878, Petelodoris Bergh, 1881, Kentrodoris Bergh, 1876, Audura Bergh, 1878, Centrodoris P. Fischer, 1883, Anisodoris Bergh, 1898, Awuka Er. Marcus, 1955, Rhabdochiia P. Fischer, 1883, Boreodoris Odhner, 1939, Dictyodoris Bergh, 1880, Gravieria Vayssiere, 1912, Aporodoris Ihering, 1886. The following genera are regarded as valid: Astemnotus, Atagema J.E. Gray, 1850, Jorunna Bergh, 1876, Platydoris Bergh, 1877, Diaulula Bergh, 1878, Rostanga Bergh, 1879, Halgerda Bergh, 1880, Baptodoris Bergh, 1884, Gargamella Bergh, 1894, Alloiodoris Bergh, 1904, Sclerodoris Eliot, 1904, Taringa Er. Marcus, 1955, Thorybopus Bouchet, 1977. The new genus Nophodoris is described based on two new species from New Caledonia deep waters. Two additional new species from New Caledonia belonging to the genera Atagema and Gargamella are also described. Nomenclatural and taxonomic problems are discussed, and several type species, neotypes and lectotypes are selected.     

Molecular phylogeny of the gobioid fishes (Teleostei: Perciformes: Gobioidei)

The phylogeny of groups within Gobioidei is examined with molecular sequence data. Gobioidei is a speciose, morphologically diverse group of teleost fishes, most of which are small, benthic, and marine. Efforts to hypothesize relationships among the gobioid groups have been hampered by the prevalence of reductive evolution among goby species; such reduction can make identification of informative morphological characters particularly difficult. Gobies have been variously grouped into two to nine families, several with included subfamilies, but most existing taxonomies are not phylogenetic and few cladistic hypotheses of relationships among goby groups have been advanced. In this study, representatives of eight of the nine gobioid familes (Eleotridae, Odontobutidae, Xenisthmidae, Gobiidae, Kraemeriidae, Schindleriidae, Microdesmidae, and Ptereleotridae), selected to sample broadly from the range of goby diversity, were examined. Complete sequence from the mitochondrial ND1, ND2, and COI genes (3573 bp) was used in a cladistic parsimony analysis to hypothesize relationships among the gobioid groups. A single most parsimonious topology was obtained, with decay indices indicating strong support for most nodes. Major phylogenetic conclusions include that Xenisthmidae is part of Eleotridae, and Eleotridae is paraphyletic with respect to a clade composed of Gobiidae, Microdesmidae, Ptereleotridae, Kraemeriidae, and Schindleriidae. Within this five-family clade, two clades are recovered. One includes Gobionellinae, which is paraphyletic with respect to Kraemeriidae, Sicydiinae, Oxudercinae, and Amblyopinae. The other contains Gobiinae, also paraphyletic, and including Microdesmidae, Ptereleotridae, and Schindleriidae. Previous morphological evidence for goby groupings is discussed; the phylogenetic hypothesis indicates that the morphological reduction observed in many goby species has been derived several times independently.     

Foliar nutrient levels of broad-leaved tropical trees: A tabular review

Foliar nutrient levels (N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Al, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Mo, B), of about 40 tropical and subtropical broad-leaved trees, are listed and classified as deficient, low, intermediate, high, and toxic in each case according to the interpretation and evaluation of the reviewed author(s).     

Oxypred： Prediction and Classification of Oxygen-Binding Proteins

This study describes a method for predicting and classifying oxygen-binding pro- teins. Firstly, support vector machine (SVM) modules were developed using amino acid composition and dipeptide composition for predicting oxygen-binding pro- teins, and achieved maximum accuracy of 85.5% and 87.8%, respectively. Sec- ondly, an SVM module was developed based on amino acid composition, classify- ing the predicted oxygen-binding proteins into six classes with accuracy of 95.8%, 97.5%, 97.5%, 96.9%, 99.4%, and 96.0% for erythrocruorin, hemerythrin, hemo- cyanin, hemoglobin, leghemoglobin, and myoglobin proteins, respectively. Finally, an SVM module was developed using dipeptide composition for classifying the oxygen-binding proteins, and achieved maximum accuracy of 96.1%, 98.7%, 98.7%, 85.6%, 99.6%, and 93.3% for the above six classes, respectively. All modules were trained and tested by five-fold cross validation. Based on the above approach, a web server Oxypred was developed for predicting and classifying oxygen-binding proteins(available from http://www.imtech.res.in/raghava/oxypred/).     

Distribution of N,P, K,Ca, Mg,S, Zn,Fe, Mn and Cu in groundnut

Summary Concentration of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S in summer groundnut crop was higher than in kharif while Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu contents were higher in summer crop. Kernel's N, P and Zn; Leaflet's Ca and Mn; Stem's K and Fe; Root's S and Cu and Petiole's Mg contents were highest. Shell's N, P, K, Mg, S, Zn and Cu; Kernel's Ca, Fe and Mn contents were the least. N, P, K, S, Zn and Cu concentrations decreased linearly as the crop grew. Ca, Mg, Fe and Mn concentrations did not display any distinct pattern. Ca concentration was positively correlated with pod yield in both the seasons.