小牛胸腺脱氧核糖核酸内水的量热研究——Ⅰ.水的热力学状态

在0.40-4.35g(water)/g(DNA)范围内用差示扫描量热法(DSC)研究了DNA内水的热力学状态与水合度R的关系.实验中观察到突出的冻结/熔融滞后.在R≤0.70g/g时无冻结放热峰可见,然而在218K下恒温15min于0.49g/g时即测到吸热峰.在R≥0.95和0.60-0.95g/g范围,积分熔融热Q_f-R分别呈线性和接近线性关系,表观微分熔融热分别为72.29和47.73cal/g.R≤0.60g/g时Q_f-R呈非线性关系.在0.49g/g时,Q_f随恒温时间t_k指数增加.实验表明,水的状态参数是依赖于t_k等动力学因素而随R连续变化的热力学量.由此我们提出了有关大分子内不冻水的两个概念.     

胶原纤维内吸附水熔融热的差示扫描量热法的研究

用DSC法研究了天然与变性牛蹄跟腱胶原蛋白内吸附水的熔融热.在含水量(R)为0.33克(水)/克(蛋白)时观察到冰的熔融峰.在0.57克/克以下,水的积分熔融热(Q_f)与水含量呈非线性关系,由此得到出现熔融峰的临界水含量为0.26克/克.在0.57—1.05克/克范围内Q_f同R接近线性关系,其表观微分熔融热dQ/dR=69.5卡/克(水).R>1.05克/克时,dQ/dR=79.2卡/克.     

水合溶菌酶及其热稳定性的NMR研究

本文用90MHz脉冲NMB波谱仪记录了具不同含水量的溶菌酶的质子宽谱线NMR谱图及自由感应衰减曲线,并记录了水合度为0.10及0.19克水/克溶菌酶的溶菌酶样品从室温到热变性温度范围内的谱图.用线宽参量随水合度及温度的变化讨论溶菌酶在水合及热变性过程中溶菌酶分子及水分子运动性的变化.结果表明,溶菌酶分子及水分子的运动性与水合溶菌酶中的水含量密切相关;低水含量的水合溶菌酶在热变性过程中酶分子运动性的变化经历了两个转变,分别对应于酶分子间的解缔合及分子内的解旋.     

用差示扫描量热计对低水含量蛋白质热变性前峰的研究

本文用P/EDSC-2型差示扫描量热计检测了11个具低水含量的高纯蛋白质的DSC曲线.发现它们无一例外地在变性峰前都具有小的吸热峰,即热变性前峰.实验表明变性峰和前峰的峰温、峰面积都强烈现依赖于蛋白质的含水量,而且样品被第一次扫描后在室温放置一定时间后前峰仍可以再现,再现前峰的峰温和峰面积取决于样品的水合度、第一次被扫描的终止温度以及第一次扫描后在室温放置的时间.本文还检测了一些多聚物、氨基酸、多肽以及热变性后蛋白质的DSC曲线.发现热变性后的蛋白质仍可出现前峰,但变性峰不再出现,显然两个峰的出现机制不同.本文并就前峰出现的可性能机制进行了初步讨论.     

水合牛血清白蛋白热稳定性的热力学研究

蛋白质的初级结合水对于蛋白质分子的构象及热稳定性有着重要影响。将不同吸附水量的牛血清白蛋白样品密封入铝制挥发型样品盘中,用P/E DSC_(-2)型差示扫描量热计对蛋白样品的变性温度、变性焓及变性前后的比热变化等热力学参数进行测量。实验证明,随水含量增多变性温度T_D下降,当含水量R(克H_2O/克BSA)>0.24时T_D的下降渐微,当R=0.5时T_D通过最小值后又略有增大。变性焓ΔH_D也与水含量密切相关,当R<0.5时ΔH_D渐趋恒值,为200千卡/克分子。本实验还观察到在低含水量范围内0.02相似文献   

小牛胸腺脱氧核糖核酸内水的量热研究——Ⅱ.非平衡态下水的恒温冻结动力学

用差示扫描量热法研究了DNA内水的冻结行为和在218K下的恒温冻结动力学.实验表明了低温下水-DNA体系及其冻结的非平衡性.冻结是个复杂的一级串联反应,其速率与初始水含量R及实验条件密切相关.在不同R及不同恒温时间t_k下冻结的微观过程不同.不同含水量样品在相同t_k下具有不同的不冻水量R_(nf)然而只要过程的自由能降低,在不同t_k下却可达到相同的R_(nf).“不冻水”是个纯动力学现象,其量与R、冻结温度及t_k等实验条件密切相关.所谓“不冻水”并非由于水同大分子的特殊相互作用所致.     

溶菌酶中水分子的红外吸收光谱

本文报导了不同水含量的溶菌酶中水的红外吸收光谱的测量结果.室温下,在远离纯水OH带及OD带的两侧分别出现高频与低频带,峰的位移大小随水含量的不同而改变.低温下,当R(克水/克蛋白)>0.2后,比值A./A.随水含量增大而增大.本文对室温下高频及低频峰的可能原因及与水的冻结过程的联系进行了讨论.     

血清样本双向电泳操作条件的优化

为建立分辨率高、重复性好的血清样品双向电泳技术,本文从血清样品的水化、等电聚焦、胶条的平衡、胶条的染色等几个方面对双向电泳操作条件进行了分析。结果表明采用以下的操作过程可以获得分辨率高、重复性好的双向电泳结果：样品水化2小时（25℃);胶条泡涨12-16小时(25℃);17cm胶条的等点聚焦程序采用 250V线性1小时/1000V线性1小时/4000V线性2小时/8000V线性3小时/8000V线性10小时/500V快速0.5小时/,11cm的胶条的等点聚焦程序采用250V慢速4小时/1000V快速2小时/4000V快速1小时/8000V快速2.5小时/8000V快速7小时/500V快速30分钟;两次平衡各15-20分钟;银染条件为固定两小时或过夜,敏化50-60分钟,定影30-40分钟,显影10分钟左右,终止10分钟）。这一研究对利用双向电泳分析血清蛋白具有很好的参考价值。     

一种简易的大鼠离体肝脏灌流装置

参照Miller等人n 0]的大鼠离体肝脏灌流方法,我们设计制作了一套灌流装置,此装置由三部分组成:超级恒温器(维持灌流系统恒温用)、气体交换系统及灌流仪(用有机玻璃制作:上部有加热弯管,肝门静脉插管,温度计及恒温水浴夹层;下部有放置肝脏的漏斗和平板、灌流室、胆汁引流管、通气口及恒温水浴夹层)。用含O.15%葡萄糖的Krebs-Ringor碳酸氢盐缓冲液为灌流介质,流速2—3毫升/分钟/克肝,灌流4小时,在灌流期间持续通入95%Or-5?20灌流后肝脏无坏死灶出现,肝切片显微观察,结构基本正常。通过胆汁分泌量及耗氧量测定,证明本法可维持肝脏正常功能至少4小时。我们将灌流液浓缩后,作脂质测定及脂蛋白电泳分析:总胆固醇为0.062±0.008毫克/克肝(n=7,p=95%);有一条相当于大鼠血清极低密度脂蛋白(VLDL)及两条相当于高密度脂蛋白(HDL)的色带。本装置构造简单,保证恒温,流速较稳定,适用于物质代谢及其调节与药物代谢的研究。目前,我们已将此法用于大鼠肝脏脂质代谢、脂蛋白代谢及肝脏肝素可释放脂酶活性的研究(均见另文)。     

淀山湖水生维管束植物群落能量的研究

本研究测定和分析了淀山湖水生维管束植物群落样品的热值、能量现存量、能量固定量以及太阳能转化效率。结果表明：(1)水生植物的平均热值为15.39kJ·g-1DM,茎叶热值大于根部热值,挺水植物热值大于漂浮植物,后者又大于沉水植物;(2)群落热值为漂浮植物群落与挺水植物群落相近,均大于沉水植物群落;(3)群落能量现存量为挺水植物群落>沉水植物群落>漂浮植物群落。沉水植物群落能量现存量在不同水深层次上的分配有3种类型; (4)群落太阳能转化效率平均为0.54%,芦苇群落最大,可达2.90%,沉水植物群落平均为0.26%。     

Calorimetric measurement of water transport and intracellular ice formation during freezing in cell suspensions

The current study presents a new and novel analysis of heat release signatures measured by a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) associated with water transport (WT), intracellular ice formation (IIF) and extracellular ice formation (EIF). Correlative cryomicroscopy experiments were also performed to validate the DSC data. The DSC and cryomicroscopy experiments were performed on human dermal fibroblast cells (HDFs) at various cytocrit values (0–0.8) at various cooling rates (0.5–250 °C/min). A comparison of the cryomicroscopy experiments with the DSC analysis show reasonable agreement in the water transport (cellular dehydration) and IIF characteristics between both the techniques with the caveat that IIF measured by DSC lagged that measured by cryomicroscopy. This was ascribed to differences in the techniques (i.e. cell vs. bulk measurement) and the possibility that not all IIF is associated with visual darkening. High and low rates of 0.5 °C/min and 250 °C/min were chosen as HDFs did not exhibit significant IIF or WT at each of these extremes respectively. Analysis of post-thaw viability data suggested that 10 °C/min was the presumptive optimal cooling rate for HDFs and was independent of the cytocrit value. The ratio of measured heat values associated with IIF (q_IIF) to the total heat released from both IIF and water transport or from the total cell water content in the sample (q_CW) was also found to increase as the cooling rate was increased from 10 to 250 °C/min and was independent of the sample cytocrit value. Taken together, these observations suggest that the proposed analysis is capable of deconvolving water transport and IIF data from the measured DSC latent heat thermograms in cell suspensions during freezing.     

The kinetics of formation and structure of the low-temperature phase of 1-stearoyl-lysophosphatidylcholine

A combination of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray diffraction have been used to study the kinetics of formation and the structure of the low-temperature phase of 1-stearoyl-lysophosphatidylcholine (18:0-lysoPC). For water contents greater than 40 weight %, DSC shows a sharp endothermic transition at 27 degrees C (delta H = 6.75 kcal/mol) corresponding to a low-temperature phase----micelle transition. This sharp transition is not reversible, but is regenerated in a time and temperature-dependent manner. For example, with incubation at 0 degrees C the maximum transition enthalpy (delta H = 6.75 kcal/mol) is generated in about 45 min after an initial slow nucleation process of approx. 20 min. The kinetics of formation of the low-temperature phase is accelerated at lower temperatures and may be related to the disruption of 18:0-lysoPC micelles by ice crystal formation. X-ray diffraction patterns of 18:0-lysoPC recorded at 10 degrees C over the hydration range 20-80% are characteristic of a lamellar gel phase with tilted hydrocarbon chains with the bilayer repeat distance increasing from 47.6 A at 20% hydration to a maximum of 59.4 A at 39% hydration. At this maximum hydration, approx. 19 molecules of water are bound per molecule of 18:0-lysoPC. Electron density profiles show a phosphate-phosphate distance of 30 A, indicating an interdigitated lamellar gel phase for 18:0-lysoPC at all hydration values. The angle of chain tilt is calculated to be between 20 and 30 degrees. For water contents greater than 40%, this interdigitated lamellar phase converts to the micellar phase at 27 degrees C in a kinetically fast process, while the reverse (micelle----interdigitated bilayer) transition is a kinetically slower process (see also Wu, W. and Huang, C. (1983) Biochemistry 22, 5068-5073).     

Glass transition and dynamics in BSA-water mixtures over wide ranges of composition studied by thermal and dielectric techniques

Protein-water dynamics in mixtures of water and a globular protein, bovine serum albumin (BSA), was studied over wide ranges of composition, in the form of solutions or hydrated solid pellets, by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermally stimulated depolarization current technique (TSDC) and dielectric relaxation spectroscopy (DRS). Additionally, water equilibrium sorption isotherm (ESI) measurements were performed at room temperature. The crystallization and melting events were studied by DSC and the amount of uncrystallized water was calculated by the enthalpy of melting during heating. The glass transition of the system was detected by DSC for water contents higher than the critical water content corresponding to the formation of the first sorption layer of water molecules directly bound to primary hydration sites, namely 0.073 (grams of water per grams of dry protein), estimated by ESI. A strong plasticization of the T(g) was observed by DSC for hydration levels lower than those necessary for crystallization of water during cooling, i.e. lower than about 0.3 (grams of water per grams of hydrated protein) followed by a stabilization of T(g) at about -80°C for higher water contents. The α relaxation associated with the glass transition was also observed in dielectric measurements. In TSDC a microphase separation could be detected resulting in double T(g) for some hydration levels. A dielectric relaxation of small polar groups of the protein plasticized by water, overlapped by relaxations of uncrystallized water molecules, and a separate relaxation of water in the crystallized water phase (bulk ice crystals) were also recorded.     

The physical state of water at low temperatures in plasma with different water contents as studied by differential thermal analysis and differential scanning calorimetry

Differential thermal analysis (DTA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) have been used for a study of the physical state of water at low temperatures in freeze-dried blood plasma rehydrated to different water contents. Measurement of the amplitude of the specific heat change accompanying the glass transition, the quantity of ice formed during rewarming, and the total ice content in the sample provided a determination of the extent of crystallization in water at low temperatures. Even after slow cooling or annealing, a fraction of water remained incorporated in an amorphous phase. It is suggested that the unfreezable water (0.47 g per g of dry substance) could be divided into two more or less distinct species: 0.25 g per g is the minimum water content above which the system can gain enough mobility to give rise to a detectable glass transition.     

Mechanical properties of DNA films

The Young's dynamical modulus (E) and the DNA film logarithmic decrement (theta) at frequencies from 50 Hz to 20 kHz are measured. These values are investigated as functions of the degree of hydration and temperature. Isotherms of DNA film hydration at 25 degrees C are measured. The process of film hydration changing with temperature is studied. It is shown that the Young's modulus for wet DNA films (E = 0.02-0.025 GN m-2) strongly increases with decreasing hydration and makes E = 0.5-0.7 GN m-2. Dependence of E on hydration is of a complex character. Young's modulus of denatured DNA films is larger than that of native ones. All peculiarities of changing of E and theta of native DNA films (observed at variation of hydration) vanish in the case of denatured ones. The native and denatured DNA films isotherms are different and depend on the technique of denaturation. The Young's modulus of DNA films containing greater than 1 g H2O/g dry DNA is found to decrease with increasing temperature, undergoing a number of step-like changes accompanied by changes in the film hydration. At low water content (less than 0.3 g H2O/g dry DNA), changing of E with increasing temperature takes place smoothly. The denaturation temperature is a function of the water content.     

Glass Transition and Dynamics in Lysozyme�CWater Mixtures Over Wide Ranges of Composition

Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and two dielectric techniques, broadband dielectric relaxation spectroscopy and thermally stimulated depolarization currents (TSDC), were employed to study glass transition and water and protein dynamics in mixtures of water and a globular protein, lysozyme, in wide ranges of water content, both solutions, and hydrated solid samples. In addition, water equilibrium sorption isotherms (ESI) measurements were performed at room temperature. The main objective was to correlate results by different techniques to each other and to determine critical water contents for various processes. From ESI measurements the content of water directly bound to primary hydration sites was determined to 0.088 (grams of water per grams of dry protein), corresponding to 71 water molecules per protein molecule, and that where clustering becomes significant to about 0.25. Crystallization and melting events of water were first observed at water contents 0.270 and 0.218, respectively, and the amount of uncrystallized water was found to increase with increasing water content. Two populations of ice crystals were observed by DSC, primary and bulk ice crystals, which give rise to two separate relaxations in dielectric measurements. In addition, the relaxation of uncrystallized water was observed, superimposed on a local relaxation of polar groups on the protein surface. The glass transition temperature, determined by DSC and TSDC in rather good agreement to each other, was found to decrease significantly with increasing water content and to stabilize at about −90 °C for water contents higher than about 0.25. This is a novel result of this study with potential impact on cryoprotection and pharmaceutics.     

Dynamics of uncrystallized water and protein in hydrated elastin studied by thermal and dielectric techniques

Dynamics of uncrystallized water and protein was studied in hydrated pellets of the fibrous protein elastin in a wide hydration range (0 to 23 wt.%), by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermally stimulated depolarization current technique (TSDC) and dielectric relaxation spectroscopy (DRS). Additionally, water equilibrium sorption–desorption measurements (ESI) were performed at room temperature. The glass transition of the system was studied by DSC and its complex dependence on hydration water was verified. A critical water fraction of about 18 wt.% was found, associated with a reorganization of water in the material. Three dielectric relaxations, associated to dynamics related to distinct uncrystallized water populations, were recorded by TSDC and DRS. The low temperature secondary relaxation of hydrophilic polar groups on the protein surface triggered by hydration water for almost dry samples contains contributions from water molecules themselves at higher water fractions (ν relaxation). This particular relaxation is attributed to water molecules in the primary and secondary hydration shells of the protein fibers. At higher temperatures and for water fraction values equal to or higher than 10 wt.%, a local relaxation of water molecules condensed within small openings in the interior of the protein fibers was recorded. The evolution of this relaxation (w relaxation) with hydration level results in enhanced cooperativity at high water fraction values, implying the existence of “internal” water confined within the protein structure. At higher temperatures a relaxation associated with water dynamics within clusters between fibers (p relaxation) was also recorded, in the same hydration range.     

Measurement of Temperature-dependent Ice Fraction in Frozen Foods

Ice fraction was measured for solutions containing glucose, sucrose, gelatin, and egg albumin at various concentrations at temperatures from 0 to -20°C. For glucose and sucrose solutions, the ice fraction was accurately measured from phase diagram, which could be interpreted by solution thermodynamics with two parameters. The ice fractions of these sample solutions increased with decreases in both temperature and concentration. Because of the limited applicability of the phase diagram method only to systems with low molecular weight materials, the DSC method was also used for ice fraction measurement. The DSC method, corrected for temperature-dependent latent heat of ice and corrected with Pham’s equation, provided a good approximation for ice fractions with general applicability. The DSC method was used to measure the ice fractions of gelatin and egg albumin gels as a function of solute concentration. The freezing point and bound water of gelatin and egg albumin gels were described as a function of concentration. Effects of the differences in molecular structure on ice fraction were analyzed for various carbohydrate solutions at the same concentration. The ice fraction proved to be strongly dependent on the colligative properties of the solution with nonideal behavior.