香根草栽培平菇的研究

本文以香根草为主要配方材料,以常规木屑为对照,设计了12个配方,栽培平菇,通过菌丝的长势和生长速度的不同,筛选适宜平菇生长的配方.研究结果表明,最适配方为香根草48%,类芦20%,芒萁10%,麸皮20%,碳酸钙1%和石灰1%;该配方菌丝长势旺盛、生长速度快,利用该配方栽培平菇,其生物转化率达到102.7%.     

刺芹侧耳菌渣对肺形侧耳（秀珍菇）生长和营养成分的影响

以常规棉籽壳培养料为对照,用刺芹侧耳Pleurotus eryngii工厂化生产的废料（简称菌渣）代替部分棉籽壳进行格氏侧耳Pleurotus geesterani栽培试验,并测定格氏侧耳的营养成分。结果表明,供试培养料中菌丝长势均良好,随着菌渣替代比例的增加,菌丝满袋时间、原基出现时间和转潮期缩短,生长周期变短;菌渣代替比例增加,产量呈降低趋势,其中替代比例33%（1:2）和55%（1.2:1）时培养料的生物学效率与对照无显著差异,替代比例55%和78%（3.5:1）时培养料对第四潮和第五潮菇产量影响明显,显著低于对照;供试菌渣培养料栽培格氏侧耳的粗蛋白和总氨基酸含量略高于或显著高于对照,说明添加适量的菌渣栽培格氏侧耳可提高子实体的营养成分。     

白色金针菇液体菌种制备及工厂化生产应用初探

通过对白色金针菇液体菌种制备及工厂化生产中应用的研究,确定白色金针菇液体菌种培养基配方及制备条件,建立了采用液体菌种进行白色金针菇工厂化生产的技术规程.通过对茵丝干重的测定,确定了液体菌种培养基配方、培养时间、培养温度、起始pH值等技术参数.并根据本地区的资源情况,通过比较试验,确定了白色金针菇液体菌种制备工艺,工厂化生产的培养料配方及工艺流程.结果表明:采用液体菌种进行白色金针菇的工厂化生产,发茵生长周期明显缩短,污染率显著降低,为白色金针菇工厂化生产提供了技术基础.     

阿魏菇菌糠提取液对四种食用菌菌丝生长的影响

目的:解决菌糠再利用技术问题.方法:采用平板培养法,对在PDA培养基中加入不同体积比的阿魏菇菌糠提取液对鸡腿菇、香菇、杏鲍菇和金针菇菌丝生长的影响进行了研究.结果:当PDA培养基中菌糠提取液加入量为10%～50%时,对香菇和金针菇菌丝生长有促进或明显促进作用;而加入量为10%的菌糠提取液对杏鲍菇菌丝生长无显著影响,但当阿魏菇菌糠提取液加入量大于10%时,明显抑制杏鲍菇和鸡腿菇的菌丝生长.结论:可利用阿魏菇菌糠作为栽培香菇和金针菇的培养料.     

金针菇栽培基质替代原料初步筛选研究

针对近年金针菇栽培主要原料棉籽壳价格大幅度上涨,导致栽培成本不断增加、栽培经济效益不断下滑的现实问题,在以棉籽壳为主要栽培料配方（CK1）的基础上,用新型基质花生壳、木屑、玉米芯、油菜杆、黄豆杆、猕猴桃枝、桑枝屑、高粱壳等资源部分替代棉籽壳,设计了8个金针菇栽培料配方,并以常用配方CK2为辅助对照,进行金针菇（川金3号）栽培试验。结果表明,配方6（花生壳）的产量虽未超过对照CK2,但其产量显著高于对照CK1（高33.11%）,转化率达到对照CK2的水平,其栽培效益超过对照CK1（高629.03%）和CK2（高15.90%）,且子实体品质好,所以在成都平原冬末早春季出菇时,用30%的花生壳替代棉籽壳栽培金针菇,可以显著降低材料成本,增加栽培效益。     

荒坡地种植巨菌草对土壤微生物群落功能多样性及土壤肥力的影响

研究种植于荒坡地、不同生长年限(1、2、3、5a)的巨菌草对土壤微生物群落功能多样性及肥力的影响。结果表明,不同生长年限巨菌草土壤微生物对不同碳源的利用随培养时间延长而增大,培养72—96 h变化最明显,培养144 h后各土壤AWCD值均达到最大值。总体上AWCD值大小依次为:2年生3年生1年生5年生CK,不同生长年限的巨菌草土壤AWCD值均比对照高,且差异显著,2年生AWCD值最高,其次为3年生,1年生、5年生巨菌草土壤AWCD值差异不显著。对培养96 h土壤微生物利用碳源特性进行主成分分析,31个碳源中提取的与土壤微生物碳源利用相关的主成分8个,其中主成分1至主成分8分别能够解释变量方差的25.39%、18.89%、11.28%、9.31%、6.84%、5.60%、5.26%、4.71%,合计解释变量方差的87.27%;主成分1、主成分2能够区分不同生长年限巨菌草土壤的微生物群落特征,2年生、3年生巨菌草土壤微生物功能多样性与CK相比,差异显著;与主成分1显著相关的碳源主要是糖类,氨基酸,羧酸和多聚物,与主成分2显著相关的碳源主要是氨基酸。不同生长年限的巨菌草的Shannon(H)、均匀度、Brillouin指数均高于CK,且差异显著,2年生与3年生差异不显著,1年生与5年生差异不显著。总体上不同生长年限巨菌草的土壤的pH值、有机质、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾的含量比对照高,其中3年生巨菌草的土壤有机质含量比对照高98.20%,5年生巨菌草土壤的碱解氮含量比对照高93.2%;除1年生巨菌草外,有机质、碱解氮含量均与对照差异显著。在荒坡地种植巨菌草,可增加土壤微生物群落功能多样性,在一定程度上提高土壤肥力,荒坡地种植巨菌草能产生一定的生态正效应。     

银合欢叶代麸皮栽培金针菇的研究

采用占基质总量１０％、１３．５％、１７％、２７％的银合欢叶代替基质中部分或全部麸皮作氮源,选用金针菇菌株１９、３０６、９８进行栽培试验,结果表明,采用上述四种基质栽培金针菇,菌丝长势良好,日长速均快于对照（添加２７％铁皮）,增长４．０％～１８．０％,其中添加１０％银合欢叶、１７％麸皮的基质,菌丝长速最快,出菇最早,产量最高,比对照增产３．４％～５．０％。菌株１９增产最多,其次为菌株３０６。     

硬杂木屑替代桦木屑栽培桦褐孔菌

为获得广泛栽培原料和提高栽培菌核生物学效率,开展了桦褐孔菌人工栽培比较试验,并利用桦褐孔菌常规栽培配方筛选人工栽培管理条件。试验获得桦木屑培养料出核最佳条件:菌袋不割口,无棉盖体封口,温度20～25℃,光照200 lx,基质含水量60%。菌丝粗壮,浓密,生长速度快;菌核出现早,数量多,颜色深,产量高。此管理条件下,通过桦木屑、杂木屑+玉米芯的复方栽培基质比较,获得了代用栽培料配方:杂木屑46%,玉米芯40%,麦麸10%,豆粉2%,白糖1%,石膏1%,水分60%,pH自然。菌核产量27.5 g/袋,生物学效率达30.7%,该配方与桦木屑基质菌核产量差异不显著。     

金针菇栽培中的杂菌污染及防治

塑料袋栽培金针菇已成为当前金针菇栽培的主要方法。在金针菇栽培过程中,由于金针菇菌丝生长速度较慢,抗杂菌污染能力弱,再加上菇农缺乏栽培技术等原因,常导致袋栽金针菇被杂菌污染,轻则影响产量,重则导致绝产。因此,防止金针菇栽培杂菌污染,提高栽培的成功率和产量,已成为金针菇栽培者所关心的突出问题。本文作者总结了多年来从事食用菌教学和技术推广工作的一些经验,希望有益于广大的金针菇栽培者。现将杂菌种类、形态特征、污染原因及防治措施简介如下。1金针菇栽培中的污染杂菌种类及形态特征1．1木霉菌木霉菌是袋栽金针菇最…     

香栓菌的驯化栽培及生物学发育特征

为了筛选香栓菌Trametes suaveolens的最佳出菇配方,同时对子实体不同生长阶段的生物学发育特征进行研究。本文用杨树、柳树、秸秆木屑作为培养料设置了8种配比,每种分为对照A、测试组B共计16个配方进行筛选,对不同时期的菌丝发育状况进行显微观察。结果柳树木屑、杨树木屑的配方均能成功栽培出香栓菌子实体,开袋后在90%-95%空气湿度、一定散射光、13-18℃的低温刺激下28d原基发育为菇蕾,继续培养28d后子实体成熟。其中配料为柳树木屑97%、蔗糖1%、石灰1%、石膏1%、含水量65%左右的配方出菇率最高,配料为柳树木屑的配方开袋后子实体长势最佳,采用边缘开袋方式最佳。子实体发育过程中,先分化出白色蜂窝状原基,原基依靠孔状结构吸收营养后,在其上层包被形成黑色菇蕾,同时基部开始形成子实层;菇蕾内部生殖菌丝不断分化和发育,体积逐渐膨大,颜色由深变浅,菌丝分化出担子并产生担孢子,最终形成子实体。     

斑玉蕈‘闽真5号’的选育报告

斑玉蕈‘闽真5号’品种系以‘闽真3号’与‘白玉-01’作为亲本,通过原生质体单核化杂交育种技术选育获得。该品种菌盖白色,呈半球形,表面斑纹少而小。鲜菇蛋白质含量2.1%,氨基酸总量1.43%。示范栽培表明,‘闽真5号’菌丝最适培养温度20-27 ℃,子实体生长发育温度12-17 ℃,袋栽菌包培养周期为110 d,出菇周期为28 d,平均单袋产量635.17 g/袋。该品种具有栽培周期短、产量高、商品性状好等优良性状,适用于袋栽工厂化周年栽培。     

黑木耳‘农黑2号'的选育报告

黑木耳新品种‘农黑2号'是以亲本‘木耳黑龙3号'和‘黑耳9号'的单孢进行杂交,从70个杂交组合中选育的新品种。工厂化栽培条件下,‘农黑2号'单潮出菇鲜重平均为336.4g/袋,干重平均为28.5g/袋,流耳率平均为3.8%。‘农黑2号'具有抗杂能力强、流耳率低、单潮产量高等优点,且能够很好地适应工厂化栽培条件。     

基质碳氮比对广叶绣球菌生长发育的影响

培养基质碳氮比显著影响食用菌菌丝生长及子实体生长发育。广叶绣球菌是一种珍贵的食药用真菌,前期研究发现其生长发育过程中对碳源的需求较多。本研究采用松木屑、复合氮源作为栽培原料,研究基质碳氮比对绣球菌菌丝生长及子实体生长发育的影响。结果表明：6种不同碳氮比（C/N）的栽培基质对菌丝生长速度无显著影响,但是随着C/N比值的增加,子实体形成期逐渐延长,子实体形成率呈先增大后减小的趋势。当基质C/N在48.8-55.9之间时,采收率较高,在80-90d内,达到采收标准的菌袋比例分别为83.7%和81.4%。当基质C/N为43.4时,鲜菇产量最高,但外观品质受影响。综合考虑生产成本及效率,采用松木屑和复合氮源作为栽培原料、适宜的基质C/N为48.8时,绣球菌子实体形成期为64d,子实体形成率为95%且较为集中,鲜菇平均产量为231g/袋（76%集中于200-260g/袋）,整个生产周期为84d。本研究结果表明绣球菌具有“高碳低氮”的营养生理特性。     

Fruit-body production of test cultures ofFlammulina velutipes preserved for seven years by freezing at three different temperatures

Two strains ofFlammulina velutipes were cultured on PDA plates, and mycelial disks punched out using a cork borer were used for preservation. Five disks of a strain were put into a vial containing one of three cryoprotectants, 10% glycerol, 5% DMSO or 10% polyethylene glycol. Vials were then stored for 7 yr at −20°C, −85°C or liquid nitrogen temperature. The mycelial growth on PDA plates of the cryopreserved mycelial disks, as well as the usual subcultures, were tested two times. After the second test, spawns were prepared for fruit-body production tests by bottle cultivation from selected plates of the second growth tests. The yields of fruit-bodies varied among the cultures derived from the mycelial disks of the same strain preserved under different conditions. Variation in yields was observed even among the mycelial disks preserved at liquid nitrogen temperature, although the range of yield variation was narrower. The yield variation was obvious for the cultures which showed large retardation in the growth test. Four mycelial disks out of the six preserved at −20°C showed higher yields than those preserved at other temperatures. Among the cultures derived from strain FMC224, the control cultures preserved by subculture showed the lowest yield.     

Evaluation of Burma Reed as Substrate for Production of Pleurotus eryngii

Burma reed (Neyraudia reynaudiana), a giant C₄ grass, was included in substrate at the rates of 0, 20, 40 and 66 % to partially or wholly substitute sawdust and cottonseed hulls to evaluate its suitability for Pleurotus eryngii cultivation. Inclusion of 20 and 40 % Burma reed did not significantly affect linear mycelial growth, dry matter loss, spawn run period and fructification, and achieved high fruiting body yields and biological efficiency of 336.67 g/bag, 67.33 % and 342.15 g/bag, 68.43 %, respectively, which were not significantly different from 350.08 g/bag to 70.02 % obtained from the control substrate. Enzyme assay revealed that on the mixed substrates laccase and manganese peroxidase activity were significantly enhanced, but cellulase was significantly reduced in the middle stage of incubation as compared with the control substrate. Even on Burma reed substrate without sawdust and cottonseed hulls, fruiting body yield (313.56 g/bag) and biological efficiency (62.71 %) were satisfactory, although significantly lower than that on the control substrate. Therefore, Burma reed was a promising potential substrate for P. eryngii production to largely substitute sawdust and cottonseed hulls.     

栽培条件对灵芝子实体中四种重金属含量的影响

以不同灵芝品种、不同栽培基质、不同栽培方式、不同生长时期获得的菌草灵芝和木屑灵芝为原料,对栽培基质及灵芝子实体中铅、砷、汞、镉4种重金属的含量参照国际标准进行检测,结果表明虽然菌草栽培基质中重金属含量高于木屑栽培基质,但菌草灵芝对重金属富集率远低于木屑灵芝,成熟期的菌草灵芝与木屑灵芝中的重金属含量均低于农业行业标准和国家标准。因此菌草可以替代木屑用作灵芝栽培的营养来源。     

Yield and size of oyster mushroom grown on rice/wheat straw basal substrate supplemented with cotton seed hull

Oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) was cultivated on rice straw basal substrate, wheat straw basal substrate, cotton seed hull basal substrate, and wheat straw or rice straw supplemented with different proportions (15%, 30%, and 45% in rice straw substrate, 20%, 30%, and 40% in wheat straw substrate) of cotton seed hull to find a cost effective substrate. The effect of autoclaved sterilized and non-sterilized substrate on growth and yield of oyster mushroom was also examined. Results indicated that for both sterilized substrate and non-sterilized substrate, oyster mushroom on rice straw and wheat basal substrate have faster mycelial growth rate, comparatively poor surface mycelial density, shorter total colonization period and days from bag opening to primordia formation, lower yield and biological efficiency, lower mushroom weight, longer stipe length and smaller cap diameter than that on cotton seed hull basal substrate. The addition of cotton seed hull to rice straw and wheat straw substrate slowed spawn running, primordial development and fruit body formation. However, increasing the amount of cotton seed hull can increase the uniformity and white of mycelium, yield and biological efficiency, and increase mushroom weight, enlarge cap diameter and shorten stipe length. Compared to the sterilized substrate, the non-sterilized substrate had comparatively higher mycelial growth rate, shorter total colonization period and days from bag opening to primordia formation. However, the non-sterilized substrate did not gave significantly higher mushroom yield and biological efficiency than the sterilized substrate, but some undesirable characteristics, i.e. smaller mushroom cap diameter and relatively long stipe length.     

荷叶离褶伞优良菌株筛选

以棉籽壳、木屑、玉米芯等为主料设计了10个栽培配方,研究不同配方下7株荷叶离褶伞的菌丝生长和出菇情况。结果表明,各菌株菌丝颜色以雪白色为主,在玉米芯为主料的配方上菌丝体生长优于以棉籽壳、木屑为主料的配方,但均无子实体形成;以棉籽壳为主料有利于子实体的形成,特别是棉子壳添加少量木屑、树叶、腐殖土、发酵料和小麦更利于子实体形成,菌株3001的出菇周期最短（108d）,产量最高（214.80g/袋）,各菌株出菇的顺序为3001、1035、1004和1013。因此,栽培料组分对荷叶离褶伞菌丝生长及子实体形成影响较大。     

Comparative hydrolysis and fermentation of sugarcane and agave bagasse

Sugarcane and agave bagasse samples were hydrolyzed with either mineral acids (HCl), commercial glucanases or a combined treatment consisting of alkaline delignification followed by enzymatic hydrolysis. Acid hydrolysis of sugar cane bagasse yielded a higher level of reducing sugars (37.21% for depithed bagasse and 35.37% for pith bagasse), when compared to metzal or metzontete (agave pinecone and leaves, 5.02% and 9.91%, respectively). An optimized enzyme formulation was used to process sugar cane bagasse, which contained Celluclast, Novozyme and Viscozyme L. From alkaline–enzymatic hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse samples, a reduced level of reducing sugar yield was obtained (11–20%) compared to agave bagasse (12–58%). Selected hydrolyzates were fermented with a non-recombinant strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Maximum alcohol yield by fermentation (32.6%) was obtained from the hydrolyzate of sugarcane depithed bagasse. Hydrolyzed agave waste residues provide an increased glucose decreased xylose product useful for biotechnological conversion.     

金针菇自交后代生物学特性的研究

选用6个生产用金针菇菌种(白色品种菌株F10、F4、FM、F21,黄色品种菌株F29、F3)分别进行自交,对其S1代自交群体的菌丝生长速度、产量、原基发生早晚、农艺性状进行综合分析。结果表明,自交导致后代群体的平均生长速度、平均产量降低。黄色自交子代菌株平均生长速度快于白色自交子代菌株。菌丝生长速度与产量不具有相关性,产量与现原基早晚有较强相关性,相同自交系中黄色品种现原基早于白色品种,F3菌株黄色后代现原基早于白色后代。在各菌株自交子代群体中,FM菌株子代具有高产优势,F3菌株子代有短菌龄优势,F10菌株子代有较好的商品表型特征,可根据育种目标选择自交子代群体中的优势菌株加以利用。