戴云山罗浮栲林主要乔木树种营养生态位研究

通过生态位空间分割,应用多维生态位宽度和生态位重叠分析戴云山罗浮栲(Castanopsis fabri)群落主要乔木树种在不同资源空间中的营养利用情况。结果表明,各物种在不同资源空间的营养利用情况存在差异。同一物种不同龄级生态位宽度不同,同一龄级不同物种生态位宽度也存在差异。罗浮栲天然林主要种群生态位重叠值介于0.2~0.3的有33对,占27.5%;大于0.3的有51对,占42.5%,群落中优势种种群生态位具有较大程度重叠,对资源的利用能力相似且竞争格局明显。乔木层中,个体多度分布较大的罗浮栲与其它树种生态位重叠在0.042~0.424,罗浮栲与其它物种在资源利用上所受到的竞争相对较弱,在一定程度上决定了该种群在群落中的优势地位。按照经典的分层频度分析,罗浮栲种群属于典型的衰退种,与群落演替的实际情况相一致。     

海州湾及邻近海域冬季鱼类群落结构及其与环境因子的关系

根据2011年冬季在海州湾及邻近海域进行的渔业资源底拖网和环境调查数据,应用物种多样性指数和多元分析等方法,对该海域鱼类种类组成、多样性和群落结构及其与环境因子的关系进行了研究.结果表明: 该海域冬季捕获鱼类共60种,隶属于10目34科51属,以暖温性和暖水性底层鱼类为主.站位间物种丰富度指数介于1.14～2.84,多样性指数介于1.08～2.64,均匀度指数介于0.41～0.83之间.经聚类分析和非度量多维标度(MDS)分析,该海域鱼类群落在空间上可分为站位组Ⅰ(35° N以北水域站位)、站位组Ⅱ(靠近湾顶的近岸水域站位)和站位组Ⅲ(35° N以南水域站位).鱼类群落种类组成在站位组间及两两间的比较均差异极显著(R=0.45～0.91).典范对应分析表明,底层水温、水深和表层盐度是影响海州湾及邻近海域冬季鱼类群落结构的主要环境因子.     

Spatial scaling laws do not structure strongyloid nematode communities in macropodid hosts

The characteristics of species within a community can influence the number of species that can coexist within that community. In particular, body size can constrain how many individuals can 'fit' into a community, and overlap in resource use between species depends on differences in their body sizes. Here, using data from 18 communities of strongyloid nematodes living in the stomachs of macropodid marsupials, we test key predictions derived from spatial scaling laws regarding the minimum similarity in body size between coexisting species believed to control how many species can coexist in a community. These communities are ideal systems for such a test: they consist of huge numbers of individuals from numerous species, all belonging to the same family (Chabertiidae) and living in the same host organ. Within these communities, we found that mean abundance correlated negatively with body size across all nematode species, whether body size was measured as length or volume. However, we found no support for the predictions of spatial scaling laws. First, the size ratios of pairs of adjacent-sized species did not decrease as a function of the size of the largest species in a pair. The few significant relationships observed were all positive, suggesting that the relative difference in size between adjacent species in the size hierarchy may in fact increase toward the upper end of the size spectrum. Second, the frequency distributions of body sizes were predominantly right-skewed amongst the communities investigated: within the size spectrum observed in a nematode community, small-bodied species greatly outnumber large-bodied ones, in sharp contrast to the predictions of spatial scaling laws. Nematode body size may thus determine the abundance achieved by a species but not how many species can coexist; the limiting similarity between coexisting species must depend on other biological traits.     

浙江七星列岛海洋特别保护区主要鱼类功能群划分及生态位分析

为揭示七星列岛省级海洋特别保护区鱼类群落现状, 于2014年秋季(11月)和2015年春季(5月)进行底拖网调查。利用生态位测度、非度量多维标度排序和等级聚类等方法对该海域鱼类功能群组成及生态位特征进行了研究。结果表明, 该区鱼类可划分为浮游生物食性、底栖动物食性、游泳动物食性、浮游生物/底栖动物食性、底栖动物/游泳动物食性和杂食性6个功能群。浮游生物食性、底栖动物食性和底栖动物/游泳动物食性功能群是秋季优势功能群, 浮游生物食性、游泳动物食性和杂食性是春季优势功能群。秋季, 主要鱼类生态位宽度值变化范围为0.28-3.84, 其中龙头鱼(Harpodon nehereus)、六指马鲅(Polydactylus sexfilis)、赤鼻棱鳀(Thrissa kammalensis)、红狼牙鰕虎鱼(Odontamblyopus rubicundus)、海鳗(Muraenesox cinereus)、尖头黄鳍牙鱼或(Chrysochir aureus)和叫姑鱼(Johnius belengerii)的生态位宽度值较高; 春季生态位宽度值变化范围为0.36-3.16, 其中带鱼(Trichiurus lepturus)、日本鳀(Engraulis japonicus)、蓝圆鲹(Decapterus maruadsi)、刺鲳(Psenopsis anomala)、龙头鱼和镰鲳(Pampus echinogaster)的生态位宽度值较高。秋季, 主要鱼类生态位重叠值在0-0.94之间波动; 春季, 主要鱼类生态位重叠值在0-0.92之间波动。以丰度数据平方根为基础, 利用非度量多维标度排序和等级聚类分析, 主要鱼类秋季可以分为4组, 而春季可以分为3组。上述结果表明, 保护区鱼类群落的营养结构和空间结构较好。     

南麂列岛潮间带大型底栖动物群落优势种生态位

为了解南麂列岛潮间带大型底栖动物的群落特征及其物种间相互作用情况,于2012年5月至2013年2月对南麂列岛保护区内的12个资源位点(潮间带3个潮区的4个季节采样)进行了调查。共采集和鉴定出大型底栖动物354种,其中,18个优势种分别隶属于3门5纲12科。通过对优势种生态位的宽度、重叠度和相似比例的分析,发现:1)带偏顶蛤Modiolus comptus、条纹隔贻贝Septifer virgatus和异须沙蚕Nereis heterocirrata的生态位宽度较宽,均大于0.9;白条地藤壶Euraphia withersi和白脊藤壶Fistulobalanus albicostatus的生态位宽度则较窄,均小于0.5。2)各优势种群的生态位重叠度较低而生态位相似比例较高,生态位宽度值较高的物种对其他物种的生态位重叠值和生态位相似比例也较高,反之则较低。3)Bray-Curtis相似性聚类分析和非度量多维尺度排序(NMDS)结果表明,这些优势种基本属于同一生态类群,没有表现出明显的群落差异。经分析,潮间带大型底栖动物各优势种生态位宽度的分化是由于其对环境的适应能力和迁移能力的不同所导致的,而生态位重叠度较低情况的出现主要是由于各物种占据潮间带上不同的潮区,减小了种间竞争的压力。     

观光木群落优势树种生态位和种间联结

为了解君子峰自然保护区极小种群观光木群落的种间关系和生态联系,加强观光木野生资源的保护,对群落优势树种的生态位特征和种间联结性进行研究。结果表明: 观光木、浙江润楠、木荷、赤杨叶的生态位宽度优势明显,是主要建群种;20个优势树种的190组种对中,有50.5%的种对生态位重叠值大于0.5,物种间生态位分化程度一般;观光木与其他19个物种生态位重叠度普遍较高,当资源不足时,有竞争风险;优势树种的总体联结性表现为显著正联结,群落处于相对稳定的演替后期;χ²检验、联结系数和Pearson相关系数检验结果均显示,种间联结性的显著率极低,种间独立性较强;种间联结性与生态位重叠之间呈正相关。君子峰观光木群落较为成熟,资源利用充分,种间关系稳定,为促进观光木种群恢复和壮大,可适当限制与观光木生态位重叠度大、有显著负联结的种群规模,提高与之有正相互作用的物种比例,为观光木营造良好的生境。     

秋、冬季北部湾浮游介形类群落多元分析

根据对北部湾生态环境综合调查所采集的浮游动物样品,对北部湾秋、冬季浮游介形类组成及群落结构进行了多元分析.结果表明,测区内浮游介形类种类为11种,分属于低盐暖水类群、广温广盐类群和高温高盐类群3个生态类群;海区内的平均丰度较低,其中针刺真浮萤数量最多,为海区的绝对优势种,左右着整个北部湾浮游介形类的数量.聚类分析和MDS分析表明,北部湾浮游介形类为一个结构相对稳定的群落,秋、冬季可看成是一个群落的2个亚群;对各聚类组的丰度与水温、盐度相关分析表明,水温、盐度对浮游介形类群落结构变化所产生的作用较小,但存在一定的规律性;在冬季,底层温盐对群落Ⅱ产生显著影响.     

滇西北云南红豆杉群落物种生态位与种间联结

在对滇西北云南红豆杉(Taxus yunnanensis)群落的野外调查基础上,采用生态位宽度、生态位重叠和基于2× 2联列表的χ²检验、联结系数(AC)的方法,分析了群落种群间的相互关系。结果表明:物种的重要值与相对应的生态位宽度存在着极显著正相关;云南红豆杉、丽江铁杉(Tsuga forrestii)与青荚叶(Helwingia japonica)的生态位宽度大于其它种群;在1225个种对中有48.16%的生态位重叠值为0,同时χ²统计量中有4%为中性联结,说明群落中木本植物种群间资源利用性竞争较强。生态位宽度较大的种群间往往生态位重叠也较大;云南红豆杉与丽江铁杉之间的生态位重叠值要明显高于与其它种群的,Schoener指数为0.875。χ²检验表明云南红豆杉与其它种群之间表现为无联结。联结系数中显著负联结的种对要多于显著正联结,群落物种受到较大的外来干扰。联结系数与生态位重叠值之间存在极显著正相关,并能用Cubic指数建立回归方程模型。     

鄱阳湖浮游动物群落结构及其与环境因子的关系

数量庞大、体积微小、高度多样化的浮游生物对淡水生态系统功能具有重要影响。为探究中国第一大淡水湖——鄱阳湖浮游动物（包括轮虫、枝角类和桡足类）群落特征及其与环境因子之间的关系,本研究在鄱阳湖设置50个采样点,分别于2017年8月（夏季）、11月（秋季）、2018年2月（冬季）和5月（春季）进行浮游动物群落与生境调查,统计分析结果表明：鄱阳湖浮游动物共记录43属99种,其中轮虫31属83种,枝角类8属11种,桡足类4属5种,春夏季节种类较为丰富。浮游动物平均丰度为1155.29 ind./L,具有极显著的季节差异（P< 0.01）,夏季（3150.37 ind./L）显著高于其他三季。四季共确定优势种14种,轮虫中优势度最高的为广布多肢轮虫（Polyarthra vulgaris）,浮游甲壳动物中仅有简弧象鼻溞（Bosmina coregoni）在秋季形成优势。优势种的季节更替明显,夏秋季节间的更替率（86.00%）高于其他季节（77.00%,66.67%）。优势种、多样性和均匀度的结果均显示鄱阳湖浮游动物群落结构较复杂,具有较好的稳定性。聚类分析（Cluster analysis）和分类回归树分析（Classification and regression trees, CART）表明,每个季节均有多种群落类型,其中春夏两季中浮游动物群落类型的划分与叶绿素a（Chlorophyll a,Chla）密切相关,化学需氧量（Chemical Oxygen Demand,COD）是影响秋季群落划分的关键环境因子。非度量多维尺度分析（Non-metric multidimensional scaling,NMDS）结果表明,温度（Water Temperature,WT）、Chla、电导率（Conductivity,Cond）是造成四季浮游动物群落显著差异的最主要环境因子。冗余分析（Redundancy analysis,RDA）显示,除Chla外,总氮（Total Nitrogen,TN）、总固体悬浮物（Total Suspended Solids,TSS）和酸碱度（Hydrogen ion concentration,pH）也是影响浮游动物群落结构和优势种分布的重要因素。     

Geomorphic predictors of riparian vegetation in small mountain watersheds

Aims Hydrogeomorphic processes operating at watershed, process zone and site scales influence the distribution of riparian vegetation. However, most studies examining the relationships between hydrogeomorphic processes and riparian vegetation are conducted at site scales. We quantified the relative importance of watershed, process zone and site geomorphic characteristics for predicting riparian plant community types and plant species abundances in four small mountain watersheds in central Nevada, USA.Methods We mapped riparian vegetation types and identified process zones (based on dominant geomorphic process and valley fill material) within the watersheds. We sampled sites in each combination of vegetation type and process zone (n = 184 sites) and collected data on watershed scale factors, valley and stream geomorphic characteristics and on plant cover of each geomorphic surface. Plant community types were defined by cluster and indicator species analyses of plant cover data, and related to geomorphic variables using ordination analysis (nonmetric multidimensional scaling). Linear mixed effects models were used to predict abundances of indicator species.Important findings Variables describing position in the watershed (elevation, contributing area) that are related to gradients of temperature, moisture and stream discharge were of primary importance in predicting plant community types. Variables describing local geomorphic setting (valley width, stream gradient, channel sediments, geomorphic surface height) were of secondary importance, but accurately described the geomorphic setting of indicator species. The process zone classification did not include position in the watershed or channel characteristics and only predicted plant community types with unique geomorphic settings. In small mountain watersheds, predicting riparian vegetation distribution requires explicit consideration of scale and geomorphic context within and among watersheds in addition to site variables.     

Feeding guild structure of a rocky intertidal fish assemblage in central Chile

The identification and analysis of the guild structure of vertebrate assemblages has played a fundamental role in the understanding of the underlying mechanisms responsible for their community organization and structuring. This approach generally has not been undertaken for temperate water intertidal fish assemblages. In central Chile, fishes are important components of the intertidal community, but no studies attempting to understand their organization and structuring have been done. In the present study, the diets of 13 of the most abundant species which inhabit tidepools in the rocky intertidal zone of central Chile were determined. A total of 660 fishes was collected at 5 sites: Los Molles, Con-Cón, Quintay, El Tabo, and Las Cruces. Dietary overlap between all species pairs was calculated and a phenogram of dietary similarity was constructed and analyzed using a bootstrapping technique to objectively determine guild membership. The results showed that the intertidal fish assemblage of central Chile can be divided into three feeding guilds: two guilds consisting of carnivorous species and one guild of omnivorous and herbivorous species. The possible causes and implications of the resulting guild structure and the potential effects of predation by these fishes on other components of the intertidal community are discussed.     

Pattern in the Co-occurrence of Fishes Inhabiting the Coral Reefs of Bonaire,Netherlands Antilles

Synopsis We conducted an analysis of species associations using fish diversity and abundance surveys conducted in Bonaire Marine Park by recreational divers. We used data from the REEF (Reef Environmental Education Foundation) Fish Survey Project to compute Bray–Curtis similarity coefficients for all species pairs for the 100 most abundant species. We quantified relationships between species using hierarchical agglomerative clustering and non-metric multidimensional scaling (MDS) of the matrix of Bray–Curtis similarity coefficients. We identified three clusters of species from the analysis. MDS results showed species clusters occupied distinct regions across a continuous gradient of species in two-dimensional space, rather than form distinct clusters. While differences in habitat requirements can explain some of the pattern in pairwise species interactions, these results suggest that there are significant direct and indirect behavioral interactions mediating the distribution and abundance of species. Studies conducted to elucidate patterns of species-habitat relationships have been central to conservation planning for marine protected areas (MPAs). However, the role of behavioral interactions between species driving the dynamics of species composition within MPA networks, designed for representation of biological diversity, should be considered when selecting sites in order to be effective.     

An analysis of epiphytic lichen communities in Tasmanian cool temperate rainforest

A three-dimensional compositional pattern in the epiphytic lichen vegetation in Tasmanian cool temperate rainforest is demonstrated using the robust ordination technique, hybrid multidimensional scaling (HMDS). The first two dimensions are correlated with the age of the host tree (and the concomitant change in bark texture) and wetness of the substrate. No measured environmental variable is related to the third dimension, which is tentatively attributed to a gradient in the constancy of the microclimate. Patterns of richness of lichen growth forms and the cover of bryophytes are correlated with the three putative environmental gradients. Possible successional trends between 12 community groups derived by numerical classification are described with respect to changes in substrate age, wetness and microclimatic constancy. Temporal variation of these factors due to tree growth, together with the slow establishment and long persistence of some lichen species, make succession in epiphytic communities very complex. This study demonstrates the value of HMDS in identifying compositional patterns and generating hypotheses about the causal ecological factors. The existence of the postulated microclimatic constancy gradient was not appreciated before the analysis and its discovery illustrates the risk of relying on constrained ordination methods, such as canonical correspondence analysis.Abbreviations HMDS Hybrid multidimensional scaling - NMDS Non-metric multidimensional scaling     

浙南近海头足类种类组成及生态位分析

在浙南海域布设42个调查站位,于2015年1 1月、2016年2月、5月和8月进行了4个航次的系统调查.针对获得的头足类样品,运用相对重要性指数、生态位宽度和生态位重叠等生态指标,结合非度量多维标度法(nMDS)和典范对应分析(CCA)对生态位的重叠和分化进行分析.结果 表明:调查海域有头足类14种,优势种为剑尖枪乌贼...     

连江鱼类群落多样性及其与环境因子的关系

目前连江梯级开发至12级,为了解梯级开发后连江鱼类群落状况,于2009年3月和2010年4月对连江上、中、下游7个代表江段的鱼类群落结构以及环境因子分别进行了调查,共采集鱼类98种,分属于9目20科75属。海南墨头鱼Garra pingi hainanensis、南方长须鳅鮀Gobiobtia longibarba meridionalis为连江新纪录种。银鮈Squalidus argentatus、黄颡鱼Pelteobagrus fulvidraco、小鳈Sarcocheilichthys parvus、马口鱼Opsariichthys bidens、餐Hemiculter lecuisculus等小型鱼类在鱼类群落结构中占优势地位。对鱼类群落进行聚类分析(CLUSTER)和非度量多维标度排序(NMDS)分析结果表明连江鱼类被划分为3个类群,即下游河口类群、中下游类群及中上游类群;S2、S3两个站位鱼类物种多样性(H’)、丰富度(D’)和均匀度(J’)均高于其他站位。通过对连江各站位鱼类群落与环境因子的典型对应分析发现:河宽、温度、海拔、pH值和水坝之间的距离5个因子与鱼类群落相关性较强(P<0.05)。与历史资料对比后发现,连江鱼类种类、分布、生态类型都发生了巨大变化。     

Animal and plant space-use drive plant diversity–productivity relationships

Plant community productivity generally increases with biodiversity, but the strength of this relationship exhibits strong empirical variation. In meta-food-web simulations, we addressed if the spatial overlap in plants' resource access and animal space-use can explain such variability. We found that spatial overlap of plant resource access is a prerequisite for positive diversity–productivity relationships, but causes exploitative competition that can lead to competitive exclusion. Space-use of herbivores causes apparent competition among plants, resulting in negative relationships. However, space-use of larger top predators integrates sub-food webs composed of smaller species, offsetting the negative effects of exploitative and apparent competition and leading to strongly positive diversity–productivity relationships. Overall, our results show that spatial overlap of plants' resource access and animal space-use can greatly alter the strength and sign of such relationships. In particular, the scaling of animal space-use effects opens new perspectives for linking landscape processes without effects on biodiversity to productivity patterns.     

Joint effect of phylogenetic relatedness and trait selection on the elevational distribution of Rhododendron species

Congeneric species may coexist at fine spatial scales through niche differentiation, however, the magnitude to which the effects of functional traits and phylogenetic relatedness contribute to their distribution along elevational gradients remains understudied. To test the hypothesis that trait and elevational range overlap can affect local speciesʼ coexistence, we first compared phylogenetic relatedness and trait (including morphological traits and leaf elements) divergence among closely related species of Rhododendron L. on Yulong Mountain, China. We then assessed relationships between the overlap of multiple functional traits and the degree of elevational range overlap among species pairs in a phylogenetic context. We found that phylogeny was a good predictor for most functional traits, where closely related species showed higher trait similarity and occupied different elevational niches at our study site. Species pairs of R. subgen. Hymenanthes (Blume) K. Koch showed low elevational range overlap and some species pairs of R. subgen. Rhododendron showed obvious niche differentiation. Trait divergence is greater for species in R. subgen. Rhododendron, and it plays an important role between species pairs with low elevational range overlap. Trait convergent selection takes place between co-occurring closely related species that have high elevational range overlap, which share more functional trait space due to environmental filtering or ecological adaptation in more extreme habitats. Our results highlight the importance of evolutionary history and trait selection for species coexistence at fine ecological scales along environmental gradients.     

A RAPD fingerprinting of sibling species of the Drosophila virilis group

A comparative analysis of the sibling species of Drosophila virilis was performed by RAPD-PCR technique using a set of random primers. The degree of relatedness was studied by cluster analysis (UPGMA) and multi-dimensional scaling. The resulting pattern of species relationships contradicts the classical taxonomy. The main result of the cluster analysis is that D. virilis does not cluster with the remaining three species of its phylad, while according to multidimensional scaling, D. virilis is equidistant from all the species of its group, from both the species of its phylad and the species of the montana phylad. The montana phylad is extremely heterogeneous; moreover, the species D. littoralis, D. ezoana, and D. kanekoi appear to be closer to the virilis phylad than to the other species of the montana phylad, wherein these species are traditionally included. The phylogenetic relationships between the studied species discovered using RAPD fingerprinting comply with the results obtained using protein markers and quantitative traits.     

A comparison of univariate and multivariate numerical and graphical techniques for determining inter- and intraspecific feeding relationships in estuarine fish

The advantages and disadvantages of various numerical and graphical techniques for the analysis of inter- and intraspecific feeding relationships of fishes were examined. All methods have been cited in the literature since 1988. The index of preponderance, the resultant index and graphical methods proposed by Costello and Tokeshi were used to illustrate the relative importance of prey species to an individual fish species with no differentiation between size classes. Inter- and intraspecific competition and niche overlap were determined from multivariate analysis [the ordination technique, detrended correspondence analysis, cluster analysis by the Bray-Curtis equation, per cent overlap and two-way indicator species analysis (TWINSPAN)]. The identity of the prey organisms are not lost in the comparisons, and the value of this is determined through comparison with techniques such as Shannon-Wiener which obscure these data. The Shannon-Wiener diversity index was combined with an analysis of 'evenness' to refine the technique further to assess niche breadth, as was the Levins index. The study shows that to give an estimate of competition within the community, it is important to assess the data with respect to seasonal and temporal patterns using multivariate analysis.