牦牛miR-378前体克隆及组织表达分析

旨在克隆牦牛miR-378的前体序列,阐明其组织表达规律,结合bta-miR-378靶基因的生物信息学预测和分析,探讨miR-378在牦牛生长发育过程中的调控功能。采用PCR方法成功克隆类乌齐牦牛miR-378前体序列,实时荧光定量PCR(RT-qPCR)检测miR-378-3p在各组织中的表达模式,结合生物信息学软件TargetScan、DAVID以及数据库NCBI、miRbase等对miR-378进行保守性分析、靶基因预测及其生物学功能分析。结果表明,miR-378在各物种间高度保守,且miR-378-3p在各组织中广泛表达,其中在臀大肌中表达水平最高,显著高于其他组织(P<0.01),在臀脂中的表达高于卵巢、大脑、乳腺和肝脏。获得的272个靶基因主要参与细胞分化、细胞发育、大分子代谢等多个生物学过程,涉及孕酮介导的卵母细胞成熟、促性腺激素释放激素(GnRH)信号通路等,由此推测,miR-378可能在卵泡发育、卵母细胞成熟过程中起关键作用,进而影响母牦牛的繁殖性能。     

REVIEWS

Book reviewed in this article:
An Introduction to Plant Biochemistry . By C atherine C assels S teele .
1. Virus Diseases of Plants: A Bibliography . By D. A tanasoff .
2. Partial Bibliography of Virus Diseases of Plants . By J. I. O tero and M. T. C ook .
Investigations on Barley . By Sir E. J. R ussell and L. R. B ishop .
The Gramineae, a Study of Cereal, Bamboo, and Grass . By A gnes A rber .
A History of Embryology . By J oseph N eedham .
Report on Fungus, Bacterial and other Diseases of Crops in England and Wales , 1928–32.
The Life Forms of Plants and Statistical Plant Geography, being the collected papers of C. Raunkiaer .
Plant Chimaeras and Graft Hybrids . By W. N eilson J ones . (Methuen's Monographs on Biological Subjects.)
The Genetics of Garden Plants . By M. B. C rane and W. J. C. L awrence .     

A molecular,isozyme and morphological map of the barley (Hordeum vulgare) genome

A map of the barley genome consisting of 295 loci was constructed. These loci include 152 cDNA restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), 114 genomic DNA RFLP, 14 random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), five isozyme, two morphological, one disease resistance and seven specific amplicon polymorphism (SAP) markers. The RFLP-identified loci include 63 that were detected using cloned known function genes as probes. The map covers 1,250 centiMorgans (cM) with a 4.2 cM average distance between markers. The genetic lengths of the chromosomes range from 124 to 223 cM and are in approximate agreement with their physical lengths. The centromeres were localized to within a few markers on all of the barley chromosomes except chromosome 5. Telomeric regions were mapped for the short (plus) arms of chromosomes 1, 2 and 3 and the long (minus) arm of chromosomes 7.This research was also supported by other members of the NABGMP: K. Kasha, Department of Crop Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada NIG 2W1; W. Kim, Agriculture Canada Research Station, 195 Dafoe Road, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3T 2M9; A. Laroche, Agriculture Canada Research Station, P.O. Box 3000 Main, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada,TU 4B1; S. Molnar, Plant Research Centre Agriculture Canada, Central Experimental farm, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0C6; G. Scoles, Department of Crop Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N OWOThis research is part of the North American Barley Genome Mapping Project, R. A. Nilan and K. Kasha, Coordinator and Associate Coordinator, respectively Permanent address: Department of Plant Genetics, NI Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow     

Mortality risks in patients with constitutional autosomal chromosome deletions in Britain: a cohort study

Constitutional chromosome deletions result in wide ranging morbidity and often fatality. Information about risks and causes of death in these patients is important for counselling, and may illuminate the functions of the part of the chromosome deleted. There have been no cohort studies analysing mortality risks in persons with specific deletions compared with general population rates. We therefore conducted a cohort study following cause-specific mortality in 2,561 patients with autosomal chromosome deletions diagnosed by light microscopy or fluorescence in situ hybridisation at cytogenetic laboratories across Britain, 1965–2002. The commonest deletions were of 22q (544 patients), 15q (460) and 7q (210) and the least common 19q (0) and 20q (2). The prevalence of visible deletions of different chromosome arms was significantly inversely correlated with gene density of the arm (p < 0.001). Mortality was 11-fold raised in the cohort compared with the general population (standardised mortality ratio = 11.4 (95% confidence interval 10.0–12.8)), was significantly raised for each deletion with ≥25 subjects in the study, and had a lower confidence limit >10 for deletions of 1p, 1q, 3p, 4p, 5q and 22q. Overall, 29% of deaths were due to congenital anomalies; significantly raised mortality occurred also from many other causes, varying by chromosome and arm of deletion. The data imply that viability of foetuses with visible chromosome deletions may be inversely related to gene density, and that all visible and fluorescence in situ hybridisation-detectable deletions lead to much raised mortality, but the extent and causes of mortality vary according to the specific deletion. The UK Clinical Cytogenetics Group comprises: The above, plus Paul J Batstone (Inverness Genetics Laboratory), Thomas Spencer (NE London Regional Cytogenetics Laboratory, Great Ormond Street Hospital), Teresa Davies (Bristol Genetics Laboratory), Valerie Davison (Birmingham Genetics Laboratory), Zoe Docherty (SE Thames, Guy’s Hospital Genetics Laboratory), David P. Duckett (Leicestershire Genetics Centre), Margaret Fitchett (Oxford Genetics Laboratory), Alison Fordyce (MRC Human Genetics Unit, Edinburgh); Lorraine Gaunt (Manchester Genetics Laboratory), Elizabeth Grace (Edinburgh Genetics Laboratory), Peter Howard (Liverpool Genetics Laboratory), Gordon W. Lowther (Glasgow Genetics Laboratory), Christine Maliszewska (Dundee Genetics Laboratory), Edna L. Maltby (Sheffield Genetics Laboratory), Kevin P. Ocraft (Nottingham Genetics Laboratory); Selwyn Roberts (Wales Genetics Laboratory), Kim K. Smith (Cambridge Genetics Laboratory), Gordon S. Stephen (Aberdeen Genetics Laboratory), John W. Taylor (SW Thames, St George’s Hospital Genetics Laboratory), Catherine S. Waters (NW Thames, Northwick Park Hospital Genetics Laboratory), Jeffery Williams (Leeds Genetics Laboratory), John Wolstenholme (Newcastle Genetics Laboratory), Sheila Youings (Wessex Regional Genetics Laboratory).     

Virus Resistance in Cereals: Sources of Resistance, Genetics and Breeding

In cereals, soil-borne viruses transmitted by the plasmodiophorid Polymyxa graminis (e.g., Barley mild mosaic virus , Barley yellow mosaic virus or Soil-borne cereal mosaic virus ), have increased in importance due to the increase of the acreage infested and because yield losses cannot be prevented by chemical measures. Due to global warming, it is also expected that insect transmitted viruses vectored by aphids (e.g., Barley yellow dwarf virus , Cereal yellow dwarf virus ), leafhoppers ( Wheat dwarf virus ) or mites (e.g., Wheat streak mosaic virus ), will become much more important even in cooler regions. The environmentally most sound and also most cost effective approach to prevent high yield losses caused by these viruses is breeding for resistance. Therefore, in contrast to other reviews on cereal viruses, this study briefly reviews present knowledge on cereal-infecting viruses and emphasizes especially the sources of resistance or tolerance to these viruses and their use in molecular breeding schemes.     

Instructions for authors

Journal of Genetics and Genomics (JGG, formerly known as Acta Genetica Sinica) is one of the China's leading journals in the life science. JGG is sponsored by the Genetics Society of China and the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences and jointly published by Elsevier Ltd.     

Cross talk between the KNOX and ethylene pathways is mediated by intron-binding transcription factors in barley

In the barley (Hordeum vulgare) Hooded (Kap) mutant, the duplication of a 305-bp intron sequence leads to the overexpression of the Barley knox3 (Bkn3) gene, resulting in the development of an extra flower in the spikelet. We used a one-hybrid screen to identify four proteins that bind the intron-located regulatory element (Kap intron-binding proteins). Three of these, Barley Ethylene Response Factor1 (BERF1), Barley Ethylene Insensitive Like1 (BEIL1), and Barley Growth Regulating Factor1 (BGRF1), were characterized and their in vitro DNA-binding capacities verified. Given the homology of BERF1 and BEIL1 to ethylene signaling proteins, we investigated if these factors might play a dual role in intron-mediated regulation and ethylene response. In transgenic rice (Oryza sativa), constitutive expression of the corresponding genes produced phenotypic alterations consistent with perturbations in ethylene levels and variations in the expression of a key gene of ethylene biosynthesis. In barley, ethylene treatment results in partial suppression of the Kap phenotype, accompanied by up-regulation of BERF1 and BEIL1 expression, followed by down-regulation of Bkn3 mRNA levels. In rice protoplasts, BEIL1 activates the expression of a reporter gene driven by the 305-bp intron element, while BERF1 can counteract this activation. Thus, BEIL1 and BERF1, likely in association with other Kap intron-binding proteins, should mediate the fine-tuning of Bkn3 expression by ethylene. We propose a hypothesis for the cross talk between the KNOX and ethylene pathways.     

Barley spikelet culture: An effective tool for the analysis of biochemical events in flower development

Immature detached barley spikelets were cultured in wheat spikelet medium. Fertility of cultured barley spikelets was similar to that of cultured wheat spikelets. Barley anther development within cultured spikelets was retarded relative to in planta, but viability of developing pollen, as determined by a fluorochromatic reaction, was similar in vitro and in planta. Protein synthesis by anthers in developing barley spikelets in vitro was maximal during stage 2, when pollen grains were bicellular, and declined as pollen matured. Barley spikelet culture is an effective tool for the analysis of biochemical events in flower development.Abbreviations FRC fluorochromatic reaction - WSM wheat spikelet medium     

Human genetics in full resolution

A report on the 12th International Congress of Human Genetics, joint with the 61st annual American Society of Human Genetics conference, Montreal, Quebec, 11-15 October 2011.     

Studies on desorption of individual textile dyes and a synthetic dye effluent from dye-adsorbed agricultural residues using solvents

Two solvents, A and B (A: methanol, chloroform, water in the ratio 1:1:1; B: 50% methanol), were used to extract textile dyes adsorbed onto substrates for the purpose of future analyses of the amount of dyes degraded through solid state fermentation (SSF) using white rot fungi. Barley husk, apple pommace and corncob were separately soaked in five different dye solutions and a synthetic textile effluent. A maximum value of 93% desorption of Cibacron Red from corncob was achieved using solvent A. Barley husk was the only substrate from which the synthetic textile effluent could be desorbed, with 82% being recovered using solvent A.     

Human genetics in full resolution

A report on the 12th International Congress of Human Genetics, joint with the 61st annual American Society of Human Genetics conference, Montreal, Quebec, 11-15 October 2011.     

《遗传学》课程的建设与优化

《遗传学》是本科教学的主干课程之一。文章从《遗传学》课程的特点出发,分析了《遗传学》课程教学中存在的一些问题。讨论了《遗传学》精品课程建设中教学内容的更新、教学方法的改进、计算机辅助课件的创建、电子版教材的编写、教学质量的评估、实验项目的创新以及教学效果的提高等方面的一些思路和方法。     

Essay: early American genetics journals

Before the Second World War, there were only two North-American journals exclusively devoted to genetics - the Journal of Heredity and Genetics. In the late 1940s, Genetics spawned two progeny - the American Journal of Human Genetics and Evolution. This article recounts the early days of these journals, their influential and often colourful founding editors, and their contents. It emphasizes the contrast between those years, when a reader had a realistic chance of keeping up with the whole field, and the current plethora of journals that makes it impossible to keep up with even the tables of contents.     

The molecular genetics of early human life

Molecular Genetics of Early Human Development(Human Molecular Genetics series), edited by T. Strachan, S. Lindsay and D.I. Wilson, Bios Scientific Publishers, 1997. £65 (xiv+265 pages) ISBN 1 859960 31 6     

Association analysis,genetic diversity and population structure of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) under heat stress conditions using SSR and ISSR markers linked to primary and secondary metabolites

Molecular Biology Reports - Barley is one of the major cereal crops, which can provide a significant source of genes for stress tolerance due to its high diversity and adaptability. Metabolite...     

Comprehensive Overview: The Effect of Using Different Solvents for Barley Extraction with Its Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Activity

Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is one of the world's oldest cereal crops. There is considerable interest in barley's potential usage in human diets. Barley is rich in bioactive metabolites such as high content of β-glucan, fiber, and vitamin E. It is also well-known as a rich source of phytochemical derivatives, namely, phenolic acids, flavonols, chalcones, flavones, proanthocyanidins, and flavanones. Phenolic compounds are recognized as excellent dietary materials with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. This review was written to give an overview of the main components that are separated from barley using different solvents. Even though there were numerous biological activities for barely, the antioxidant, as well as the anti-inflammatory, are the main focus of this review.     

Molecular mapping and genetic fine-structure of the rym5 locus encoding resistance to different strains of the Barley Yellow Mosaic Virus Complex

 The genetic structure of the rym5 locus was studied in a population comprising 391 doubled-haploid lines that were evaluated for resistance to two strains of Barley Yellow Mosaic Virus (BaYMV-1, 2) and to Barley Mild Mosaic Virus (BaMMV). The absence of recombinants that are able to differentiate between the reaction to these different bymoviruses provides evidence that rym5 is a complex locus, which is either composed of several closely linked genes or of an allelic series of a single gene. For marker-assisted introgression of this locus into adapted barley germplasm, a CAPS (cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence) and a microsatellite marker were developed that flank the gene at distances of 0.8 and 1.3% recombination, respectively. Received: 19 June 1998 / Accepted: 24 July 1998     

A new resource for cereal genomics: 22K barley GeneChip comes of age

In recent years, access to complete genomic sequences, coupled with rapidly accumulating data related to RNA and protein expression patterns, has made it possible to determine comprehensively how genes contribute to complex phenotypes. However, for major crop plants, publicly available, standard platforms for parallel expression analysis have been limited. We report the conception and design of the new publicly available, 22K Barley1 GeneChip probe array, a model for plants without a fully sequenced genome. Array content was derived from worldwide contribution of 350,000 high-quality ESTs from 84 cDNA libraries, in addition to 1,145 barley (Hordeum vulgare) gene sequences from the National Center for Biotechnology Information nonredundant database. Conserved sequences expressed in seedlings of wheat (Triticum aestivum), oat (Avena strigosa), rice (Oryza sativa), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), and maize (Zea mays) were identified that will be valuable in the design of arrays across grasses. To enhance the usability of the data, BarleyBase, a MIAME-compliant, MySQL relational database, serves as a public repository for raw and normalized expression data from the Barley1 GeneChip probe array. Interconnecting links with PlantGDB and Gramene allow BarleyBase users to perform gene predictions using the 21,439 non-redundant Barley1 exemplar sequences or cross-species comparison at the genome level, respectively. We expect that this first generation array will accelerate hypothesis generation and gene discovery in disease defense pathways, responses to abiotic stresses, development, and evolutionary diversity in monocot plants.     

案例在遗传与优生教学中的应用

“遗传与优生”课程是遗传学与优生学相结合的一门交叉性学科, 是国内许多高校在教育教学改革中开设的一门通识课程。通过案例进行教学可以有效提升学生学习的积极性, 收到较好的教学效果。文章针对“遗传与优生”课程教学中应用案例进行教学所应注意的问题进行了讨论。