"蛛丝马迹"之"马"

“蛛丝马迹”是人人皆知的成语 ,一般辞典的解释 ,“马迹”就是马经过后留下的痕迹或马脚印。蛛丝马迹比喻事情留下来的隐约可寻的痕迹和线索。可是 ,仔细推敲后发现 ,这样的解释是很难成立的。从事理来说 ,蛛丝是很不明显的 ,那么与之并列的马迹也应该是很不明显的 ,可是 ,作为家畜的马是个庞然大物 ,除了在水泥 ,柏油路上 ,它留下的脚印与痕迹应该是很明显的。蜘蛛的丝与高头大马的迹 ,可以说是风马牛不相及的 ,是很难放在一起相提并论的。从结构来说 ,很明显 ,这一成语中 ,“蛛丝”与“马迹”是并列的结构 ,“蛛丝”就是蛛的丝 ,是偏正关…     

"蚍蜉"非"匹夫"

你们好,我是《化石》这本书的小读,叫张野青,家住牛庄高中家属楼,在牛庄镇南关小学六年级一班读书,我觉得这本书很好。但我在2004年第一期上发现了错误,在《曾霸世界的巨鬣狗》这篇章中有一句话：‘与大象相争如匹夫撼树’中的‘匹夫’两字写错了,应该是‘蚍蜉’两字,这两字是当大蚂蚁讲的,意思是比喻力量很小而想动摇强大的事物,自不量力。这些也是我从字典中得到的,我想是原错了,应该改正。     

浅析"综合征"与"症"

生物学试验教材,常提到几种遗传病,如指甲髌骨综合征、苯丙酮尿症、21-三体综合征、特纳氏综合征(即性腺发育不良)等。对于“综合征”与“症”．许多学生很难弄懂,为帮助学生理解,现解析如下：     

"脚气"是"脚气病"吗?

问 :“脚气”是“脚气病”吗 ?答 :足癣俗称“脚气”。“脚气”是因霉菌感染足部而引起的一种传染性皮肤病 ,多见于成年人 ,病程缓慢 ,有不同程度的搔痒。“脚气”的发生部位多在足趾缝或足底 ,这是由于趾间缝隙小 ,汗液蒸发较差 ,适于霉菌的繁殖。主要有水疱型、鳞屑型、趾间糜烂型和增厚型 4种类型。“脚气病”是人体缺乏维生素 B1而起的一种疾病。主要症状是四肢无力 ,肌肉疼痛萎缩 ,皮肤逐渐失去感觉 ,麻痹和麻木 ,从脚部开始向心脏发展 ,心脏扩大 ,呼吸困难严重者甚至死亡。所以 ,“脚气”与“脚气病”是两种不同的疾病。“脚气”是“…     

对"扩散"和"渗透"的讨论

自由扩散和协助扩散都是可自由运动的微粒通过热运动而发生的2种过膜扩散．生物体内的渗透是自由水通过生物膜的协助扩散。     

试论"描述"与"概述"的区别

在本市举办的一次初中生物学教师新教材培训会上,一位教师提出了这样一个问题：“《全日制义务教育生物课程标准(实验稿)》(以下简称《课程标准》)中的两个知识性目标动词——‘描述’与‘概述’的区别是什么?”《课程标准》中的知识性目标动词共计37个,“描述”与“概述”只是其中的两个。但在《课程标     

"差异显著"还是"有统计学意义"

统计分析中常用P>0．05(或0．01,下同),P<0．05作为统计结论的依据。过去我们认为如果P<0．05,则表示两组“差异显著”,“差异具有显著性”,或“差别有显著意义”。如果P>0．05,则认为“差异不显著”,“差异无显著性”．或“差别无显著意义”。但是,现在关于统计结论的表述国内外都有所变化:1)在P<0．05时,统计结论应是“有统计学意义”,或“拒绝无效假设H0(μ1=μ2),接受备选假设H1(μ1≠μ2)”;2)在P>0．05时,则应是“无统计学意义”,或“不拒绝无效假设H0”,注意此时不提及备选假设H1(因为不拒绝H0不等于接受H0,对H0可以说:拒绝或不拒绝;而对H1只能说:接受H1),除此之外的其他说法均不妥当。这就是说,P>0．05难以给出确切的统计结论。     

"概率"与"比例"问题的辨析

首先看下面2个问题： [问题1]基因型为AaBbCc的雄性个体（Aa、Bb和Cc3对等位基因均独立遗传）所产生的精子中，基因型为ABC的精子所占的比例为____。     

胰岛β细胞"质"、"量"的辩证关系——"质"的三要素

高血糖是糖尿病典型的病理特征,血糖的波动是决定糖尿病患者是否出现并发症的重要因素,而由胰岛β细胞合成分泌的胰岛素,是体内唯一可以降低血糖的多肽类激素.胰岛β细胞"质"与"量"决定着体内胰岛素分泌情况和血糖的调控.围绕"促进β细胞损伤修复,提升胰岛β细胞质量是治疗糖尿病的核心"之理念,提出构成胰岛β细胞"质"的三要素:细胞结构、"真""假"胰岛素和胰岛素调节型分泌.旨在为β细胞质量评价和糖尿病机制研究提供一定的理论参考.     

"蝗虫"和"蜜蜂"两节教学设计

1　教学设计形式师生共同维持网站——“昆虫的世界”。2　教学设计依据现代教学与传统教学相比 ,师生在教学中的角色发生了根本性的转变 ,要求学生通过协作化学习、主动学习 ,掌握的是获取知识的过程、方法和途径。教师在课堂上充当的是组织者、管理者 ,是学生的学习伙伴 ,也就是要从以前“带领学生学”转变为“引导学生学”。3　教学设计意图3.1　教学内容分析　针对初一动物学中“节肢动物”一章里“蝗虫”和“蜜蜂”两节内容而设计的。教学大纲要求学生通过学习蝗虫、蜜蜂的知识 ,了解昆虫纲的主要特征、昆虫的发育及昆虫与人类的关系等…     

Role for dopamine in malonate-induced damage in vivo in striatum and in vitro in mesencephalic cultures

Defects in mitochondrial energy metabolism have been implicated in the pathology of several neurodegenerative disorders. In addition, the reactive metabolites generated from the metabolism and oxidation of the neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) are thought to contribute to the damage to neurons of the basal ganglia. We have previously demonstrated that infusions of the metabolic inhibitor malonate into the striata of mice or rats produce degeneration of DA nerve terminals. In the present studies, we demonstrate that an intrastriatal infusion of malonate induces a substantial increase in DA efflux in awake, behaving mice as measured by in vivo microdialysis. Furthermore, pretreatment of mice with tetrabenazine (TBZ) or the TBZ analogue Ro 4-1284 (Ro-4), compounds that reversibly inhibit the vesicular storage of DA, attenuates the malonate-induced DA efflux as well as the damage to DA nerve terminals. Consistent with these findings, the damage to both DA and GABA neurons in mesencephalic cultures by malonate exposure was attenuated by pretreatment with TBZ or Ro-4. Treatment with these compounds did not affect the formation of free radicals or the inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation resulting from malonate exposure alone. Our data suggest that DA plays an important role in the neurotoxicity produced by malonate. These findings provide direct evidence that inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase causes an increase in extracellular DA levels and indicate that bioenergetic defects may contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic neurodegenerative diseases through a mechanism involving DA.     

Scurvy in capybaras bred in captivity in Argentine

In order to determine if the absence of vitamin C in the diet of capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) causes scurvy, a group of seven young individuals were fed food pellets without ascorbic acid, while another group of eight individuals received the same food with 1 g of ascorbic acid per animal per day. Animals in the first group developed signs of scurvy-like gingivitis, breaking of the incisors and death of one animal. Clinical signs appeared between 25 and 104 days from the beginning of the trial in all individuals. Growth rates of individuals deprived of vitamin C was considerably less than those observed in the control group. Deficiency of ascorbic acid had a severe effect on reproduction of another population of captive capybaras. We found that the decrease in ascorbic acid content in the diet affected pregnancy, especially during the first stages. The results obtained suggest that it is necessary to supply a suitable quantity of vitamin C in the diet of this species in captivity.     

Changes in lactate dehydrogenase activity in chicken tissues in hyperthyreosis in ontogenesis

The lactate dehydrogenase activity in reactions of lactate oxidation and synthesis was studied in subfractions of the chicken brain, heart and liver at the embryonal, early postembryonal and adult stages of development after thyroxine administration. It has been shown that during embryogenesis thyroxine predominantly enhanced the rate of lactate oxidation in the mitochondrial tissues. A marked increase in the lactate synthesis was found in cytoplasm of the adult chicken tissues. Specificity of enzyme activity alterations was detected in the chicken brain during ontogenesis after thyroxine administration.     

SSTR5 ablation in islet results in alterations in glucose homeostasis in mice

Somatostatin (SST) peptide is a potent inhibitor of insulin secretion and its effect is mediated via somatostatin receptor 5 (SSTR5) in the endocrine pancreas. To investigate the consequences of gene ablation of SSTR5 in the mouse pancreas, we have generated a mouse model in which the SSTR5 gene was specifically knocked down in the pancreatic beta cells (betaSSTR5Kd) using the Cre-lox system. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed that SSTR5 gene expression was absent in beta cells at three months of age. At the time of gene ablation, betaSSTR5Kd mice demonstrated glucose intolerance with lack of insulin response and significantly reduced serum insulin levels. Insulin tolerance test demonstrated a significant increase of insulin clearance in vivo at the same age. In vitro studies demonstrated an absence of response to SST-28 stimulation in the betaSSTR5Kd mouse islet, which was associated with a significantly reduced SST expression level in betaSSTR5Kd mice pancreata. In addition, betaSSTR5Kd mice had significantly reduced serum glucose levels and increased serum insulin levels at 12 months of age. Glucose tolerance test at an older age also indicated a persistently higher insulin level in betaSSTR5Kd mice. Further studies of betaSSTR5Kd mice had revealed elevated serum C-peptide levels at both 3 and 12 months of age, suggesting that these mice are capable of producing and releasing insulin to the periphery. These results support the hypothesis that SSTR5 plays a pivotal role in the regulation of insulin secretion in the mouse pancreas.