胸膜肺炎放线杆菌毒素apxⅣA基因的克隆与表达及间接ELISA方法的建立

参照APP血清1型apxⅣA基因序列合成了一对特异性引物,从本实验室分离鉴定的胸膜肺炎放线杆菌(APP)血清2型中扩增了apxⅣA基因5'端2445bp的片段.将该片段克隆到原核表达载体pET-28b的T7启动子下游,与6×His Tag融合,再转化大肠杆菌BL21(DE3),在IPTG的诱导下表达大小约90kD的蛋白.表达产物以包涵体的形式存在,且能与APP标准阳性血清发生特异性反应.将包涵体变性和复性后包被酶标板建立了间接ELISA方法(ApxⅣA-ELISA),特异性良好.用ApxⅣA-ELISA检测猪胸膜肺炎三价(1、2和7型)灭活菌苗和基因工程类毒素菌苗免疫猪血清抗体均为阴性,而1、2、7型APP活菌感染动物的血清抗体均为阳性.实验证明,ApxⅣA-ELISA不仅可以用于检测所有血清型APP的抗体,而且还可以用于APP自然感染猪和灭活菌苗免疫猪的鉴别诊断.     

猪胸膜肺炎放线杆菌血清1型RTX毒素I的N-端表达多肽具有良好的免疫原性

ApxI外毒素是猪胸膜肺炎放线杆菌(APP)最重要的毒力因子,为了研究其N端多肽的免疫原性,分别将apxIA基因的全长编码区(apxIA,3146bp)及其5′端1140bp的片段(apxIA5)克隆到原核表达载体pET28a,经IPTG诱导后在大肠杆菌中实现了表达,表达产物ApxIA和ApxIAN均以包涵体的形式存在,Westernblot检测证实两种表达产物均具有免疫反应性。将纯化的重组蛋白(rApxIA和rApxIAN)和提取的天然毒素ApxI(nApxI)分别经腹腔免疫BALBc小鼠,于免疫前、免疫2周和4周后分别检测了ELISA抗体和毒素中和抗体水平,结果表明,rApxIAN免疫组的ELISA抗体显著低于rApxIA免疫组和nApxI免疫组,但rApxIAN免疫组血清中和试验中测定的溶血素单位与rApxIA及天然nApxI免疫组没有显著差异。第二次免疫2周后,用1个LD50的APP血清1型J101株和2型标准菌株攻击试验动物,rApxIAN免疫组对血清1型和2型菌株的保护率分别为80%和100%。     

重组猪胸膜肺炎放线杆菌毒素ApxI对小鼠的急性毒性和免疫保护性研究

研究了猪胸膜肺炎放线杆菌毒素Ⅰ重组表达蛋白(包括粗提包涵体和经复性处理的重组蛋白)对小鼠的急性毒性以及免疫保护性,并和天然毒素Ⅰ(由APP血清10型菌的培养物上清提取)做了对比。在急性毒性试验中,3种蛋白均以200μg只的剂量腹腔注射小鼠,并分别于24h、7d和14d后眼眶放血致死,检测血常规和血液生化相关指标。结果表明,3种蛋白均不引起小鼠死亡,且重组表达蛋白对小鼠的生长、血常规和血液生化指标没有显著影响。在免疫保护性试验中,用3种蛋白乳化后免疫小鼠,2周后加强免疫1次,并在每次免疫后采血检测其效价,二免2周后用致死剂量的APP血清10型菌(1.09×108cfu)腹腔攻毒。结果表明,天然毒素和复性的重组表达蛋白均具有良好的免疫原性,对小鼠具有较好的免疫保护效力。     

截短的猪戊型肝炎病毒ORF2基因克隆与重组蛋白的原核表达

用巢式PCR从阳性猪戊型肝炎粪便悬液中克隆了截短的猪戊型肝炎病毒ORF2基因(SORF2)片段,并将克隆基因亚克隆到原核表达载体pTO-13上构建表达质粒pTO-T7-SORF2,然后转化大肠杆菌.SDS-PAGE检测发现在大肠杆菌中以包涵体形式获得了高效表达,Western-blot证明表达蛋白具有良好的特异性和反应原性,包涵体纯化时发现该重组蛋白在4 mmol/L的尿素-Tris溶液(pH 7.2)中的溶解度较大,有利于重组蛋白的复性,为开发家畜用诊断试剂,预防猪戊型肝炎的流行与人畜交叉感染奠定了一定的基础.     

制备肺炎衣原体抗原片检测血清抗体

目的:探索肺炎衣原体抗原片检测血清抗体法在诊断Cpn感染中的实际应用前景。方法:应用进口肺炎衣原体(Cpn)毒株感染Hep-2细胞,分别以瑞氏-姬母萨染色、吖啶橙染色和直接免疫荧光染色等3种方法鉴定Cpn感染细胞。纯化获取大量Cpn抗原,用于制备斑点抗原片。建立微量免疫荧光染色法(MIF)检测血清抗体,诊断Cpn感染。结果:Cpn感染Hep-2细胞的最适条件是用含1μg/mL放线菌酮的维持液,在35℃、5%CO2孵箱中培养7d,并在培养的第0、3、4、5天以2600r/min离心1h,感染成功率极高。染色反应显示,瑞氏-姬母萨染色可将Cpn包涵体染成蓝紫色或红紫色;吖啶橙染色则使Cpn感染的Hep-2细胞呈现鲜明的橘红色;免疫荧光抗体染色后,在Cpn感染细胞内可见亮苹果绿色包涵体。通过斑点抗原荧光抗体染色的方法抽样检测了100份病人血清中的Cpn抗体,其中抗Cpn-IgG抗体的阳性血清共61份,阳性率为61%。与Cpn-外周血单核细胞(Cpn-PBMC)抗原片比较,阳性检出率无明显差别。结论:用Cpn感染细胞制作的Cpn斑点抗原片可用于临床检测血清Cpn-IgG抗体,且具有特异性、敏感性高的特点,但要求检测人员有一定的经验。     

人类免疫缺陷病毒Ⅰ型Gag前体蛋白片段在大肠杆菌中的表达、纯化及鉴定

利用新型原核表达载体pDOG,在大肠杆菌中高效表达了人类免疫缺陷病毒1型(HIV-1)gag基因片段。表达载体利用λPR启动子以及T7g-10的RBS来有效起始表达基因的翻译。表达片段PG1包括p17C-端13个氨基酸、整个p24以及p15N-端74个氨基酸。与PG1相比,PG2片段不含有p17序列,并缺失了p24N-端77个氨基酸。两者的表达量均占总菌体蛋白的20％以上。重组蛋白以包涵体形式存在,在提取包涵体后,经过一步离子柱层析,可以纯化到90％以上的纯度。PG1可被一株抗p24的单抗特异识别,而PG2则不能。纯化的重组蛋白能与HIV-1阳性血清发生很强的特异反应,可以用于HIV-1抗体检测中。     

胸膜肺炎放线杆菌apxIC基因插入失活突变株构建及免疫原性分析

胸膜肺炎放线杆菌是引起猪传染性胸膜肺炎(APP)的呼吸道病原菌,其分泌的Apx毒素是最重要的毒力因子之一。为构建APP突变弱毒菌株,在apxIC基因下游XhoI酶切位点处插入氯霉素抗性基因(Chlr)制备转移载体,通过电转化导入APP血清10型参考菌株(D13039)进行同源重组,筛选获得apxIC基因插入突变菌株D13039C-Chlr。该突变菌株特性鉴定结果表明其溶血活性完全丧失,可正常增殖和分泌ApxI毒素,连续10次传代后基因组中插入的Chlr基因可稳定遗传,利用5个剂量(2×108CFU~2×106CFU)对每组3只小鼠腹腔攻毒结果显示突变菌株毒力较母源菌株降低至少100倍以上,将突变菌株作为弱毒活疫苗经滴鼻途径免疫仔猪后利用APP血清1型(4074)和血清10型(D13039)菌株攻毒进行免疫原性鉴定,结果显示血清1型攻毒后非免疫组4头仔猪全部死亡而免疫组4头中死亡2头,非免疫组肺损伤指数(34.4)显著高于免疫组(17.5),血清10型攻毒后非免疫组肺损伤指数(17.5)也高于免疫组(10.5),同时鼻拭子和肺组织样品的细菌重分离数及PCR检测阳性数非免疫组也明显高于免疫组,表明突变菌株作为弱毒活疫苗对仔猪具有一定的交叉免疫保护力。该突变菌株的构建为鉴定ApxI毒素活性及研制具有交叉保护活性的APP弱毒活疫苗奠定了基础。     

假定蛋白CT440在沙眼衣原体感染细胞中的定位研究

包涵体膜蛋白在沙眼衣原体致病过程中发挥重要的作用.为确定假定蛋白CT440在沙眼衣原体感染细胞中的定位及特征,本研究采用PCR方法从D型沙眼衣原体的基因组中扩增Ct440基因,克隆入pGEX-6p原核表达载体构建pGEX-6p/Ct440原核表达重组体,重组体转化到XL1-blue大肠杆菌,IPTG诱导表达融合蛋白GST-CT440.纯化后的CT440融合蛋白免疫小鼠制备抗体,间接免疫荧光(IFA)和Western blot测定抗体的特异性.特异性抗体用于分析CT440蛋白在衣原体感染细胞内的定位、表达时相特征及其对衣原体感染的影响.结果表明,CT440蛋白定位于沙眼衣原体包涵体膜上,为沙眼衣原体包涵体膜蛋白;该蛋白在衣原体感染12h后开始表达,直至持续到整个感染周期;转基因在胞浆表达的CT440融合蛋白不影响其后的衣原体感染.本实验为深入研究衣原体与宿主细胞间的相互作用,阐明衣原体致病机制提供了重要的实验依据.     

猪源支气管败血波氏杆菌百日咳杆菌黏附素基因的原核表达及其抗体检测ELISA方法

[目的]以猪源支气管败血波氏杆菌(Bordetella bronchiseptica,Bb)百日咳杆菌黏附素(PRN)基因的原核表达产物为抗原建立检测PRN抗体的间接ELISA方法.[方法和结果]利用谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶(GST)表达系统对PRN基因在大肠杆菌中进行融合表达.SDS-PAGE和Western blot检测证实该基因获得高效表达,产物易于纯化且具有良好的免疫学活性.通过凝血酶酶切GST-PRN并回收,获得不含GST载体蛋白的PRN蛋白片段.以PRN蛋白片段为抗原建立检测天然PRN抗体的间接ELISA方法.该方法对猪巴氏杆菌病等7种常见细菌性疾病阳性血清的检测结果均为阴性,其敏感性比乳胶凝集试验提高4～128倍,能检测到人工感染14 d后的仔猪血清抗体IgG,对临床送检的1,229份猪血清的检测阳性率为32.7%.ELISA方法对阳性猪场的监测结果预示了保育期仔猪的合群导致猪群大量感染支气管败血波氏杆菌.[结论]该方法具有特异性强、敏感性高、重复性好的特点,可用于猪群PRN抗体水平监测和猪波氏菌病流行病学调查.     

猪传染性胸膜肺炎放线杆菌apxIA基因在大肠杆菌中的融合表达与纯化

选取猪传染性胸膜肺炎放线杆菌(APP)apx1A基因序列中的抗原决定簇集中的区域,采用PCR方法从APP血清1型参考株259的基因组DNA中,扩增apxIA基因中约954 bp的片段,连接到pMD-18T载体,经测序正确后,以EcoR I和Not I双酶切,亚克隆到原核表达载体pGEX-4T-1中,转化大肠杆菌DH5α,经0.4 mmol/L IPTG诱导表达,产物通过尿素变性复性,并以Glutathione Sepharose 4B亲和层析的方法对目的蛋白进一步纯化.SDS-PAGE分析结果显示,目的基因在大肠杆菌DH5ct中以包涵体形式高效表达,经薄层凝胶扫描分析占菌体总蛋白的32%,纯化后的GST融合蛋白纯度达到95%,为亚单位疫苗和诊断抗原的研究奠定了基础.     

壳聚糖酶的克隆表达与壳寡糖的制备分析

目的:克隆壳聚糖酶基因于大肠杆菌中实现高表达,制备壳寡糖。方法:以枯草芽孢杆菌总DNA为模板扩增壳聚糖酶基因(CSN),克隆至载体pET23a(+)上,转化菌株BL21(DE3)。重组子经0.5 mmol/L IPTG诱导后,SDS-PAGE和质谱检测与鉴定重组酶。酶纯化后水解壳聚糖,薄层色谱分析其水解产物。结果:质谱证明壳聚糖酶(31.5kDa)成功表达,表达量占菌体总蛋白的45%左右。纯化后重组酶浓度为900 mg/L,纯度95%、回收率85%,酶活力为10 000 U/mg。壳聚糖降解产物为壳二糖至壳四糖。结论:原核表达载体pET23a(+)-CSN构建正确,壳聚糖酶表达量与活性高,适用于水解壳聚糖制备壳寡糖。     

国内外蝗害治理技术现状与展望

本文首先概述了国内外蝗虫发生与为害的态势,总结了现阶段我国蝗虫发生与为害的主要特点:即农田飞蝗暴发频繁而且严重,草原土蝗的发生时常造成严重的经济损失,而且侵入城市干扰市民生活,我国与周边国家之间蝗虫过境迁移频繁,使用化学农药污染环境和农产品;分析了国内外蝗虫防治对策与技术的发展现状,重点介绍了应急防治和可持续治理对策、...     

Kinetics and thermodynamics of peroxidase- and laccase-catalyzed oxidation of N-substituted phenothiazines and phenoxazines

N -substituted phenothiazines (PTs) and phenoxazines (POs) catalyzed by fungal Coprinus cinereus peroxidase and Polyporus pinsitus laccase were investigated at pH 4–10. In the case of peroxidase, an apparent bimolecular rate constant (expressed as k _cat/K _m) varied from 1 ×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹to 2.6×10⁸M⁻¹s⁻¹ at pH 7.0. The constants for PO oxidation were higher in comparison to PT. pH dependence revealed two or three ionizable groups with pK _a values of 4.9–5.7 and 7.7–9.7 that significantly affected the activity of peroxidase. Single-turnover experiments showed that the limiting step of PT oxidation was reduction of compound II and second-order rate constants were obtained which were consistent with the constants at steady-state conditions. Laccase-catalyzed PT and PO oxidation rates were lower; apparent bimolecular rate constants varied from 1.8×10⁵M⁻¹s⁻¹ to 2.0×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹ at pH 5.3. PO constants were higher in comparison to PT, as was the case with peroxidase. The dependence of the apparent bimolecular constants of compound II or copper type 1 reduction, in the case of peroxidase or laccase, respectively, was analyzed in the framework of the Marcus outer-sphere electron-transfer theory. Peroxidase-catalyzed reactions with PT, as well as PO, fitted the same hyperbolic dependence with a maximal oxidation rate of 1.6×10⁸M⁻¹s⁻¹ and a reorganization energy of 0.30 eV. The respective parameters for laccase were 5.0×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹ and 0.29 eV. Received: 20 September 1999 / Accepted: 24 February 2000     

Coiled-coil nanomechanics and uncoiling and unfolding of the superhelix and alpha-helices of myosin

The nanomechanical properties of the coiled-coils of myosin are fundamentally important in understanding muscle assembly and contraction. Force spectra of single molecules of double-headed myosin, single-headed myosin, and coiled-coil tail fragments were acquired with an atomic force microscope and displayed characteristic triphasic force-distance responses to stretch: a rise phase (R) and a plateau phase (P) and an exponential phase (E). The R and P phases arise mainly from the stretching of the coiled-coils, with the hinge region being the main contributor to the rise phase at low force. Only the E phase was analyzable by the worm-like chain model of polymer elasticity. Restrained molecular mechanics simulations on an existing x-ray structure of scallop S2 yielded force spectra with either two or three phases, depending on the mode of stretch. It revealed that coiled-coil chains separate completely near the end of the P phase and the stretching of the unfolded chains gives rise to the E phase. Extensive conformational searching yielded a P phase force near 40 pN that agreed well with the experimental value. We suggest that the flexible and elastic S2 region, particularly the hinge region, may undergo force-induced unfolding and extend reversibly during actomyosin powerstroke.     

Synthesis of hapten and conjugates of coumestrol and development of immunoassay

3-O-Carboxymethylcoumestrol was prepared as the hapten for immunoassay by a partial alkylation of coumestrol with ethyl chloroacetate in acetone alkalized with potassium carbonate. 3-O-Ethoxycarbonylmethylcoumestrol was separated by column chromatography and finally was hydrolyzed with formic acid. 1H and 13C NMR data (APT, COSY, HMQC, and HMBC) revealed that the reaction was regioselective, as 3-O-ethoxycarboxymethylcoumestrol was the only monosubstituted derivative. The hapten was then conjugated to bovine serum albumin and used for immunization of rabbits. A radioimmunoassay (RIA) system was established based on the polyclonal antiserum and a 125I-labeled hapten-tyrosine methyl ester conjugate as the radioligand. Parameters of the RIA: sensitivity: 12 pg per tube, 50% intercept: 140 pg per tube, working range: 20-4000 pg per tube. The cross-reactivity of a panel isoflavonoid and lignan phytoestrogens was either negligible (e.g. formononetin 0.07%; biochanin A 0.06%) or not detectable at all. The major immunoreactive peak in HPLC fractions from an alfalfa extract had the same retention time as coumestrol standard and represented 94.8% of the signal. The remaining 5.2% of immunoreactivity was distributed between five minor peaks. We conclude that after the validation for particular matrices, the method will be a useful tool for analysis of coumestrol, especially in low volume and low concentration samples.     

白术同源四倍体的诱导和鉴定及其与二倍体过氧化物酶的比较

以白术（Atractylodes macrooephala Koidz.）二倍体组培苗为材料,对其四倍体诱导方法进行研究,共获得45个白术同源四倍体株系,为优良株系的选育提供了材料。此外,还分析比较了其中8个白术四倍体株系与二倍体的过氧化物酶同工酶（POD）的酶谱差异,发现四倍体各株系过氧化物酶同工酶谱比二倍体的均多了Rf0.310的谱带,且总过氧化物酶比活力也发生了很大改变,对探讨白术四倍体优良株系的生理生化机理具有一定的参考价值。     

Effect of soil salinity and water stresses on growth and content of nitrogen,chloride and phosphate of wheat and triticale

Summary Three wheats and one triticale were grown, up to flowering stage, in pots on calcareous soil adjusted to a range of salinities (S₁=3.5, S₂=6, S₃=8.5, and S₄=11 mmhos/cm, 20°C, soilpaste extract) by adding solution consisting of 3∶2∶1 of Na-, Ca- and Mg chlorides in chemical equivalent amounts. Moisture in the pots was kept at 100% (W₁), 40% (W₂) and 20% (W₃) of the available water. The vegetative growth, nitrogen and phosphate were affected by S and W treatments, chloride was affected only by S. The interaction S×W affected only dry weight. Varietal effect was observed between wheat as a group and triticale. Multiple quadratic regression equations of these properties on salinity and water revealed that the higher the available water the wider the range of tolerable salinity. Triticale was relatively more tolerant to water stress. Salinity increases Cl and decreases N, whereas water stress enhances N accumulation to a certain extent. However, in triticale at S₃ and S₄ the effect of water stress on N was overshadowed by the excessive salinity. This did not occur for the wheat (Florence). P trends were described. R² for P was low (0.7435–0.3603) which made interpretations rather difficult.     

放牧对牧草光合作用、呼吸作用和氮、碳吸收与转运的影响

研究放牧对草地植物生理活动的影响,对于揭示草地放牧演替的生理机制有重要意义.大量研究表明,家畜放牧对牧草光合作用、呼吸作用以及C和N吸收与转运的影响,可以分为生理伤害和生理恢复2个阶段.放牧通过改变草地冠层结构影响牧草光合作用,净光合作用速率短期内迅速下降,随着叶面积指数增加又逐渐上升,呼吸作用有相似的变化趋势.牧草放牧后再生长所需的C和N最初主要来自根系和留茬中的贮藏物质,此后随着牧草生长恢复逐渐由同化作用供给,C代谢与土壤N水平负相关.放牧后牧草生理活动变化与牧草遗传特性、种间竞争、家畜放牧特征、非生物环境等因素密切相关.