野生太行猕猴肠道寄生虫感染的初步调查

为了解野生太行猕猴(Macaca mulatta tcheliensis)肠道寄生虫感染情况,采用饱和蔗糖溶液漂浮法、改良抗酸染色法和卢戈碘液染色法对194份粪便样品进行检查,结果共检查出阿米巴原虫(Amoebasp.)、等孢球虫(Isospora sp.)、鞭虫(Trichuris sp.)、圆线虫(Strongylid sp.)、泡翼线虫(Physaloptera sp.)、蛲虫(Enterobius叩.)、蛔虫(Ascarid sp.)7种寄生虫.寄生虫总感染率为97.4%,线虫感染率为93.8%.其中,鞭虫感染率最高,为91.2%;阿米巴原虫和圆线虫次之,分别为67.5%和60.8%.寄生虫混合感染率为87.1%;鞭虫、泡翼线虫、圆线虫3种线虫混合感染率为71%,同时感染其中2种的占42%,同时感染3种的占29%.对鞭虫卵、圆线虫卵和泡翼线虫卵进行感染强度测定,92%以上阳性样品线虫卵的EPG值在2 000以下.等孢球虫为非人灵长类国内新发现种;所检出寄生虫中,阿米巴原虫、鞭虫、泡翼线虫、蛲虫、蛔虫均可感染人,因此具有重要的公共卫生意义.     

钩虫病的感染及防治

钩虫是一类土源性人体肠道寄生虫,寄生于人体的钩虫主要为十二指肠钩口线虫和美洲板口线虫,锡兰钩口线虫、犬钩口线虫等偶尔也可寄生于人体,巴西钩口线虫的感染期幼虫也能侵入人体,但不能发育为成虫。戴维斯（Davis）提出,钩虫感染、阿米巴病和蛔虫感染是发展中国家引起死亡人数最多的ZO种传染病中的3种。什托尔（Stoll）估计全世界有63亿钩虫感染者。许隆棋等“首次全国寄生虫分布调查”估计我国钩虫感染率为17．166％,全国钧虫感染人数为1．94亿。曾被忽视的钩虫病仍是危害严重的公共卫生问题。1感染途径（1）经皮肤感染十二指肠…     

安徽恒河猴的微生物学和寄生虫学检测

对安徽省实验猕猴中心的安徽恒河猴进行了微生物（包括病毒和病原菌）和寄生虫检测。对恒河猴的病毒检测结果发现,猕猴疱疹病毒1型（BV）和猴痘病毒（SPV）抗体的阳性率分别为20．7％（6／29）和10．0％（2／20）,20只恒河猴中没有发现猴反转录D型病毒（SRV）、猴免疫缺陷病毒（SIV）和猴T细胞趋向性病毒Ⅰ型（STLV—1）的抗体。5只受检的人工繁育的安徽恒河猴没有感染沙门菌、皮肤病原真菌、志贺菌和结核分枝杆菌的这四种病原菌。肉眼检测恒河猴体表,未发现体外寄生虫。39份人工繁殖的恒河猴粪便样品的总寄生虫感染率为38．5％,检测到溶组织内阿米巴和5种蠕虫（粪类圆线虫、猴结节线虫、绦虫、钩虫、蛔虫）,感染率最高的是粪类圆线虫和猴结节线虫。本次调查表明,安徽恒河猴无特殊疾病,健康状况基本良好,可以建立普通级的实验恒河猴,实现安徽恒河猴的实验动物化。     

生态旅游对川金丝猴肠道寄生虫的影响

非人灵长类接触人类或受人类活动干扰导致肠道寄生虫与宿主关系失衡,这种影响造成肠道寄生虫感染,进而增加肠道寄生虫种类和荷虫量。为检验生态旅游对川金丝猴（Rhinopithecus roxellana）肠道寄生虫的种类和承载是否有影响,本研究收集神农架国家级自然保护区川金丝猴投食群和野生群粪便样品,采用福尔马林乙酸乙酯沉淀法,共发现5种肠道寄生虫：阿米巴原虫（Amoeba）,鞭虫属（Trichuris sp.）,蛔虫（Ascaris lumbricoides）,蛲虫（Enterobius vermicularis）,钩虫（Hookworms）。结果显示,投食群的阿米巴和蛲虫的荷虫量高于野生群;蛔虫在投食群和野生群均有发现,但两者之间无显著性差异;鞭虫和钩虫只在投食群中发现。投食群部分肠道寄生虫具有高荷虫量和新增的两个种类是由于非人灵长类直接或间接与人类接触（生态旅游等）所导致的。     

宁夏固原市流浪犬寄生虫感染情况的调查

为了解城市流浪犬寄生虫感染情况,2011年7～9月对宁夏固原市随机选择3个小区的56只流浪犬进行了体表寄生虫和肠道寄生虫感染调查.结果显示,流浪犬体表寄生虫总感染率100％,其中54只犬检到犬栉首蚤,56只犬检到犬啮毛虱,26只犬检到犬疥螨,10只犬检到犬蠕形螨;33份粪样中检出虫卵,肠道寄生虫总感染率58.93％,其中20份检出犬弓首蛔虫卵,4份检出犬钩虫卵,9份检出泡状带绦虫卵.可见固原市城市流浪犬寄生虫感染相当普遍和严重,加强宠物饲养管理和流浪犬管理的工作刻不容缓.     

九华山猴群肠道蠕虫检查初步报告

目的了解九华山野生猴群肠道寄生虫感染情况,为野生猴疾病的防治及人兽共患寄生虫病原的控制提供参考依据。方法采用沉淀法和饱和盐水浮聚法对64份猴群粪便样品进行检查,对检出的虫卵分类计数,分析感染强度和混合感染率。结果共检出蠕虫卵34份(53%);其中鞭虫卵13份(20%),食道口线虫卵12份(19%),肠毛细线虫卵各8份(12%),蛔虫卵1份(2%);寄生虫混合感染率为19%,同时感染其中2种的占10%,同时感染3种的占9%。感染强度为鞭虫"++",肠毛细线虫"+",食道口线虫"+",蛔虫"+"。另外还有两例幼虫有待鉴定。结论此次所检出的肠道寄生虫均可感染人,因此具有重要的公共卫生意义。     

黑白仰鼻猴肠道寄生虫感染调查

为了解黑白仰鼻猴野生种群的肠道寄生虫感染现状,对分布于云南塔城境内的一群90只个体的黑白仰鼻猴种群进行了粪便虫卵检查。共采集了225份样品,记录了粪便供体的性别、年龄、所在单元和采集时间,分别采用水洗过滤沉淀法、饱和盐水浮聚法和改良加藤氏厚涂片法进行检查。实验结果表明该猴群感染的寄生虫种类有灵长类肠道常见寄生虫毛首线虫Trichuris sp.,感染率在不同年龄段间存在显著差异;钩虫Ancylostoma sp.和结节线虫Oesophagostomum sp.在黑白仰鼻猴中的感染存在季节性,旱雨季差异性显著;同时粪便样品中还检出了少量的肝毛细线虫Capillaria hepatica和蛔虫Ascaris sp.。     

四川省人体寄生虫感染的调查研究：Ⅱ.虫种的人群分布

以加权感染率83．01％估计,四川全省约有寄生虫感染者8556万,其中一些主要寄生虫的感染人数为：蛔虫约有7058万、钩虫4217万、鞭虫3135万、蓝氏贾第鞭毛虫171万、人芽囊原虫826万、溶组织内阿米巴86万,12岁以下儿童蛲虫感染者约300万。在感染者中,混合感染极为普遍,感染1种的为37．53％、2种的为36．44％、3种以上的为26．03％;个体最多感染虫种数为8种。对四川寄生虫感染的人群分布做了分析。     

大连地区人群肠道寄生虫感染调查及流行病学分析

于2002年9～12月采用改良加腾氏法等方法对大连地区人群肠道寄生虫感染开展调查并对此进行流行病学分析。调查结果显示,在被检的10865人群中,肠道寄生虫总感染率为4．38％(重76／10 865),三个片区人群感染率分别为城市2．82％、郊区4．60％和区县7．79％;男性与女性所感染的寄生虫种类及感染率有所差异;在我们所检查出的寄生虫中主要是蛔虫,其次为鞭虫;农民肠道寄生虫感染率最高(6．89％),其次是小学生(4．75％)。本次调查结果表明,大连地区人群肠道寄生虫的感染情况已得到有效的控制．并且感染率呈明显下降趋势。     

天山马鹿南山种群肠道寄生虫的流行病学调查

为了解野生天山马鹿胃肠道寄生虫感染情况,2011 年10 月至2012 年6 月和2012 年9 月,利用漂浮法和沉淀法,对分布于新疆乌鲁木齐南山山区天山马鹿的306 份马鹿粪便进行了调查。结果表明,天山马鹿寄生虫感染情况较为严重,主要有鞭虫卵、蛔虫卵、球虫卵、线虫卵和幼虫,总感染率高达85. 6% 。其中鞭虫卵、蛔虫卵、球虫卵及其他(未能鉴定分类的线虫卵和幼虫)的平均感染率分别为78.1% 、56. 9% 、0.7% 和25. 8% ,感染强度(EPG)分别为106.4、8. 6、0.9 和3.9,其中鞭虫卵占优势。混合感染情况比较严重,鞭虫卵和蛔虫卵的混合感染率为最高,可达44% 。     

球虫感染与捕食对根田鼠繁殖性能的影响

在自然界,捕食者和寄生物是两种主要的种群外部调节因子,二者的交互作用会对猎物和宿主种群波动产生深远影响。较低的球虫感染强度与捕食对根田鼠（Alexandromys oeconomus）繁殖无显著的交互作用。自然界球虫感染存在季节性变化,秋季感染强度最高。为了探究较高感染强度下,球虫与捕食对根田鼠繁殖的主效应及交互作用,本研究采用2×2析因实验设计,在野外围栏中测定了根田鼠种群肠道内寄生物的感染率和感染强度、雄性睾丸指数、睾酮水平、精子密度、精子活力以及雌性卵巢指数。结果表明,较高的感染强度下,球虫能显著抑制根田鼠的繁殖性能,但球虫感染与捕食对根田鼠的繁殖无显著的交互作用,这可能与球虫感染和捕食效应在时间上的错配有关。本研究认为,球虫感染对繁殖期小哺乳动物种群的调节作用虽有限,但其可通过与捕食者的耦合来降低宿主越冬时的存活率,进而影响宿主种群波动。     

Whip- and pinworm infections elicit contrasting effector and distinct regulatory responses in wild house mice

Infections with high doses of intestinal nematodes result in protective immunity based on robust type 2 responses in most mouse lines under laboratory conditions. Here, we report on cellular responses of wild house mice from northern Germany. We detected robust Th1 responses in wild house mice naturally infected with the whipworm Trichuris muris. In contrast, mice infected with pinworms (Syphacia, Aspiculuris) reported type-2 activity by elevated IgG1 levels and eosinophil counts, but also harbored high frequencies of Foxp3+ regulatory T cells, suggesting that natural whip- and pinworm infections induce distinct immunoregulatory as well as effector profiles.     

Host resistance and parasite virulence in greenfinch coccidiosis

The question why different host individuals within a population differ with respect to infection resistance is of fundamental importance for understanding the mechanisms of parasite-mediated selection. We addressed this question by infecting wild-caught captive male greenfinches with intestinal coccidian parasites originating either from single or multiple hosts. Birds with naturally low pre-experimental infection retained their low infection status also after reinfection with multiple strains, indicating that natural infection intensities confer information about the phenotypic ability of individuals to resist novel strains. Exposure to novel strains did not result in protective immunity against the subsequent infection with the same strains. Infection with multiple strains resulted in greater virulence than single-strain infection, indicating that parasites originating from different host individuals are genetically diverse. Our experiment thus demonstrates the validity of important but rarely tested assumptions of many models of parasite-mediated selection in a wild bird species and its common parasite.     

Status of intestinal parasites infection among primary school children in Kampongcham,Cambodia

A survey was made to find the extent of intestinal parasite infection in Kampongcham, Cambodia in February 2002. A total of 251 fecal specimens were collected from Tonlebat primary school children and examined by formalin-ether sedimentation technique. The overall infection rate of intestinal parasite was 54.2% (males, 57.3%; females, 50.8%). The infection rate of intestinal helminths by the species were as follows: Ascaris lumbricoides 26.3%, Echinostoma sp. 15.6%, hookworm 6.4%, Opisthorchis sp. 4.0%, Rhabditis sp. 2.4%, and Trichuris trichiura 0.4%. The infection rate of intestinal protozoa were as follows: E. coli 7.6%, G. lamblia 3.2%, I. butschlii 3.2%, and E. histolytica 0.8%. More than two different kinds of parasites were found in 16.7% of the stool samples. All the children infected were treated with albendazole, praziquantel and metronidazole according to parasite species. The results showed that intestinal parasites are highly endemic in this area.     

Ancient Human Parasites in Ethnic Chinese Populations

Whilst archaeological evidence for many aspects of life in ancient China is well studied, there has been much less interest in ancient infectious diseases, such as intestinal parasites in past Chinese populations. Here, we bring together evidence from mummies, ancient latrines, and pelvic soil from burials, dating from the Neolithic Period to the Qing Dynasty, in order to better understand the health of the past inhabitants of China and the diseases endemic in the region. Seven species of intestinal parasite have been identified, namely roundworm, whipworm, Chinese liver fluke, oriental schistosome, pinworm, Taenia sp. tapeworm, and the intestinal fluke Fasciolopsis buski. It was found that in the past, roundworm, whipworm, and Chinese liver fluke appear to have been much more common than the other species. While roundworm and whipworm remained common into the late 20th century, Chinese liver fluke seems to have undergone a marked decline in its prevalence over time. The iconic transport route known as the Silk Road has been shown to have acted as a vector for the transmission of ancient diseases, highlighted by the discovery of Chinese liver fluke in a 2,000 year-old relay station in northwest China, 1,500 km outside its endemic range.     

The intestinal parasite infection status of inhabitants in the Roxas city,The Philippines

We carried out a small-scale survey to investigate the status of intestinal protozoa and helminthes infection of inhabitants in Roxas city, Mindoro, the Philippines. Total 301 stool samples were subjected to the formalin-ether concentration method for the detection of helminth ova and protozoan cysts. The overall positive rate was 64.5%, and that of male and female were 56.6% and 72.5%, respectively. The highest infected helminth was Ascaris lumbricoudes (51.2%), followed by Trichuris trichiura (27.6%), hookworm (8.0%) and Enterobius vermicularis (0.3%). The protozoa infection status revealed that Entamoeba coli was the most frequent (15.0%). Iodoamoeba buetschlii and E. histolytica were found but few. The multiple infection more than two parasites was 29.6%, and double infection with A. lumbricoides and T. trichiura was most common. The intestinal helminth infections were highly prevalent in this area, according to this result, and we concluded that anthelminthic drugs should be given to inhabitants, especially to children of 1 to 15 years-old.     

艾美尔球虫防治高原鼠兔实验及对其胚胎发育的影响

高原鼠兔是青藏高原地区危害高寒草甸植被的主要有害小哺乳动物。生物控制为有害动物防治的主要发展方向,但存在防治效果见效慢的缺点。艾美尔球虫是高原鼠兔肠道内的主要寄生物,并对宿主具有专一性寄生的特点。为将艾美尔球虫研发成新型的高原鼠兔无公害生物防治制剂,本文测定了球虫毒饵对高原鼠兔致死率并在野外进行了灭鼠实验。结果表明,添加增效剂的300 万球虫毒饵在室内可导致63. 6% 的成年个体死亡,在野外可导致54. 9% 成体和71. 0% 幼体死亡。灭鼠后残存高原鼠兔的球虫感染率和感染强度显著大于对照个体,且妊娠雌体的胚胎重较对照显著降低。上述结果说明,艾美尔球虫防治高原鼠兔具有较好的速效性,并能影响残存妊娠雌体的胚胎发育。     

Molecular evidences of single mutational events followed by recurrent crossing-overs in the common delta-globin alleles in the Mediterranean area

The human delta-globin gene (HBD) is one of the beta-like globin genes expressed in adults. In the Mediterranean countries the carriers of delta-thalassemia defects or Hb A2-variants are >1% and about 40/70 known alleles have been found in families with this ethnic origin. The scope of this study was to investigate the variability of the gene and of the chromosomal background in order to highlight the origin and spreading of the delta-globin gene alleles in the Mediterranean area. We carried out the characterization of the delta-globin gene alleles and of RFLP-haplotypes, SNPs and one microsatellite associated with them in 231 carriers originating principally from East Sicily. Seventeen alleles were identified, of which five were new. The chromosomes associated with mutated alleles from unrelated carriers were 158; the allele Hb A2-Yialousa accounted for about 75% of relative frequency, Hb A2-Mitsero for about 8%. The alleles were associated with RFLP 5'-haplotypes "- - - -" or "+ - + +", prevalent in the Mediterranean area, except Hb A2-Mitsero associated with the 5'-haplotype "Benin" "- - - +" and the Hb A2' associated with "+ - - +", both of African origin. Each allele showed linkage with one haplotype with these exceptions. The Hb A2-Yialousa showed heterogeneity of the 5'-haplotype in 2/58 chromosomes; the Hb A2-Mitsero showed SNPs and (A)gamma-microsatellite typical of a "Benin" haplotype found associated with the Hb C and Hb S chromosomes; the Hb A2-Yialousa (14/58 chromosomes), Hb A2-Mitsero, Hb A2-Pylos, Hb A2-Fitzroy showed heterogeneity in the 3'-haplotypes and beta-globin gene SNPs. The Hb A2-Coburg was found associated with the haplotype "+ - + +/+ +" different from that already reported "- - - -/+ -". With the exception of this last allele, the linkage of each mutation with a core of RFLPs or SNPs around or inside the delta-globin locus suggested the unicentric origin of the mutations followed by recurrent recombination events causing the chromosomal background heterogeneity.     

Discovery of three novel coccidian parasites infecting California sea lions (Zalophus californianus), with evidence of sexual replication and interspecies pathogenicity

Enteric protozoal infection was identified in 5 stranded California sea lions (Zalophus californianus). Microscopically, the apical cytoplasm of distal jejunal enterocytes contained multiple stages of coccidian parasites, including schizonts with merozoites and spherical gametocytes, which were morphologically similar to coccidians. By histopathology, organisms appeared to be confined to the intestine and accompanied by only mild enteritis. Using electron microscopy, both sexual (microgametocytes, macrogamonts) and asexual (schizonts, merozoites) coccidian stages were identified in enterocytes within parasitophorous vacuoles, consistent with apicomplexan development in a definitive host. Serology was negative for tissue cyst-forming coccidians, and immunohistochemistry for Toxoplasma gondii was inconclusive and negative for Neospora caninum and Sarcocystis neurona. Analysis of ITS-1 gene sequences amplified from frozen or formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded intestinal sections identified DNA sequences with closest homology to Neospora sp. (80%); these novel sequences were referred to as belonging to coccidian parasites "A," "B," and "C." Subsequent molecular analyses completed on a neonatal harbor seal (Phoca vitulina) with protozoal lymphadenitis, hepatitis, myocarditis, and encephalitis showed that it was infected with a coccidian parasite bearing the "C" sequence type. Our results indicate that sea lions likely serve as definitive hosts for 3 newly described coccidian parasites, at least 1 of which is pathogenic in a marine mammal intermediate host species.