生物膜法和SBR法相结合处理难降解制药废水的研究

采用生物膜法和SBR法相结合的废水处理工艺处理含抗生素类等难降解的制药废水 ,对生物膜的耐冲击负荷能力、生物膜对进水可生化性的影响、生物膜对好氧SBR活性污泥性能的影响、pH对系统去除效果的影响等工艺条件进行研究 ,并通过与传统SBR处理工艺的对比试验 ,进一步揭示了生物膜法和SBR法相结合的处理工艺强的耐冲击负荷能力。     

生化废水综合治理中的膜技术及其应用

工业生物技术蓬勃发展的同时其相关酿造、制药等工业已成为耗水和废水排放大户。该类生化废水属于典型高浓度、重污染有机废水,目前主要通过末端处理以达标排放为目标。随着水资源短缺的日益严重以及水环境压力的与日俱增,以资源回收利用和清洁生产为目标的生化废水综合治理工作迫在眉睫。膜分离技术因其具有高效、绿色的特点已成为生化废水综合治理过程中极具吸引力的一种选择。本文在在综述适合生化废水综合治理过程的单元膜技术、集成膜技术和膜生物反应器技术的种类、特点及应用情况的基础上．重点介绍了工业规模膜生物反应器技术在啤酒、味精及制药废水处理中的应用实例。     

应用选育菌种处理梯恩梯(a-TNT)和黑索金(RDX)混合弹药废水的研究

从长期受RDX污染的土壤中和污水中分离筛选到六株棒状杆菌,这些菌既能好氧降解RDX,又具有转化TNT的能力。首次应用该选育菌种在处理装置中接种挂膜,采用兼性好氧——好氧两步生化法处理TNT-RDX混合弹药废水取得成功。混合废水在静置生化反应器中可去除90％以上的TNT及少部分RDX,再经接触氧化反应器可去除85％以上的RDX,90％以上的CODcr和BOD205。生化处理后的出水,各项水质主要指标均低于国家排放标准。再经活性炭过滤脱色后,出水清亮无鱼、无臭。经鱼类急性毒性试验证明,生化处理后的出水毒性极低或基本无毒,并能循环使用,为处理该类废水提供了新的有效途径。     

聚乙烯醇生物降解研究进展

聚乙烯醇(PVA)是一种在纺织和化工行业中广泛使用的难降解的高分子聚合物。随着人们对纺织工业清洁生产的关注,如何在退浆工艺中就实现对PVA的生物降解、减少PVA废水的排放,并避免化学退浆过程中高温和氧化造成的棉纤维损伤,是近年来纺织生物技术领域的研究热点。由于PVA降解菌种类不多、培养周期长,PVA降解酶酶活不高、提取不容易等原因,使PVA的生化降解研究还局限在PVA降解菌的筛选、PVA降解酶的酶学性质研究等方面,PVA降解酶还未在纺织工业上得到应用。本文综述了近年来国内外在PVA降解菌筛选、PVA降解酶提取及酶学性质、PVA生化降解机理等方面的研究进展,并讨论了PVA生化降解研究中存在的问题及发展方向。     

油脂降解菌种的鉴定及降解条件优化

从学校食堂排放的废水中筛选出1株油脂降解菌株,经形态特征、生理生化特征、16S rDNA同源性序列分析,鉴定为克雷伯氏菌属,暂命名为Klebsiella sp.X-1。并利用正交实验进一步考察了pH、培养温度、摇床转速对油脂降解率的影响。实验结果表明,在高含油废水培养基中,pH 7.0、转速为140 r/min、培养温度为30 ℃时,72 h内该菌的油脂降解率最高达68.2%。     

微生物降解硝基苯废水的研究进展

硝基苯是一种淡黄色,苦杏仁味的高毒物质,且难生物降解,广泛应用于化工、染料、制药等工业,具有稳定化学性质、高毒性和易在生物体内积累的优先污染物.硝基苯的大量排放对环境构成了严重威胁,对该污染物的处理一直是研究焦点.对硝基苯的降解方法主要有物理法、化学法和生物法,生物法费用低、不易造成二次污染,可以最大程度的降解污染物.微生物降解在硝基苯类化合物废水治理和污染环境修复方面具有明显优势,近年来人们己筛选出许多硝基苯高效降解菌.从降解菌的种类,降解途径,共代谢,固定化,基因工程,高盐条件下的降解等方面阐述了硝基苯生物降解的最新研究进展.     

酸雨对水生态系统的影响

水体酸化是一个渐进而复杂的过程,引起水体酸化的因素很多,如酸沉降、工农业酸性废水的排放、有机物生化降解、不适当施肥产生的多余含氮化合物的氧化、森林砍伐和收获农作物(意味着从土壤中吸收盐基离子,释放氢离子)等,其中酸沉降是引起水体酸化的主要原因.       

生物法处理生物制药废水

生物制药废水具有化学需氧量高、悬浮物高、硫酸盐和蛋白质含量高等特点,随着国家对环保排放标准和要求的不断提高,能否对生物制药废水进行有效的处理已经成为制药企业能否顺利发展的重要因素。本文就生物法处理生物制药废水进行了综述,希望对生物制药企业污水处理工作有一定的指导意义。     

一株耐盐菌Halomonas sp. A20的分离及降解糖精钠废水的特性

【背景】糖精钠废水是一种难处理的高盐有机工业废水。【目的】为了提高糖精钠废水的生物降解效果,需要研究糖精钠废水降解菌的特性。【方法】采用纯培养技术从处理糖精钠废水的多级生物接触氧化系统内的活性污泥中分离筛选糖精钠废水降解菌,对分离菌株的形态特征、生理生化特性和16S rRNA基因序列进行分析,利用单因素实验和响应面法考察分离菌株降解糖精钠废水的最佳条件。【结果】筛选获得一株糖精钠废水降解菌A20,归属于盐单胞菌属(Halomonas),当糖精钠废水的盐分为5%,菌接种量为15%,pH值为8.0,温度为30°C时,菌株A20对糖精钠废水中的化学需氧量(chemical oxygen demand,CODcr)去除率在60%以上;通过响应面法优化,菌株A20降解糖精钠废水的最佳条件为：pH 8.0,温度为30.3°C,接种量为14.1%,其CODcr去除率为65.4%。【结论】分离到一株能高效降解糖精钠废水中有机物的耐盐菌Halomonas sp. A20,可为高盐、高浓度糖精钠废水的处理提供优良的微生物菌种资源。     

微生物燃料电池降解苯酚过程中微电场对阴极微生物多样性的影响

[背景]苯酚废水作为一种毒性强、难降解的废水而备受关注.目前,微生物燃料电池(microbial fuel cell,MFC)已经广泛用于苯酚废水的降解,MFC的产电效果和苯酚的降解效率与反应器内的微生物群落有着密切关系.[目的]为了提高MFC的产电效果及对有害物质的降解能力,需要对MFC中苯酚的降解和微生物群落结构进...     

Biodegradability of tannin-containing wastewater from leather industry

Tannins occur commonly in the wastewaters from forestry, plant medicine, paper and leather industries. The treatment of this kind of wastewaters, including settling and biodegradation, is usually difficult because tannins are highly soluble in water and would inhibit the growth of microorganisms in activated sludge. The objective of this study is to investigate biodegradability of tannin-containing wastewaters, so as to characterize the pollution properties of such wastewaters and provide a reference for their biological treatment in wastewater treatment plants. The research was typified by using the wastewater collected from vegetable tanning process in leather industry. A model was developed to describe the activated sludge process, and the biodegradation kinetics of vegetable tanning wastewater (VET wastewater) was studied. It was found that the biodegradability of tannin-containing wastewater varies heavily with the content of tannins in wastewater. The biodegradation of VET wastewater with tannin content around 4,900 mg/l occurred inefficiently due to the inhibition of tannins to the activated sludge process, and only 34.7% of biodegradation extent was reached in 14 days of incubation. The optimal biodegradability of VET wastewater was observed when its tannin content was diluted to 490 mg/l, where the COD and tannin removals reached 51.3% and 45.1% respectively in 6 days. Hence, it is suggested that a proper control of tannin content is necessary to achieve an effective biodegradation of tannin-containing wastewaters in wastewater treatment plants.     

Comparative anaerobic treatment of wastewater from pharmaceutical, brewery, paper and amino acid producing industries

This study concerned the anaerobic treatment of five different industrial wastewaters with a diverse and complex chemical composition. The kinetics of biotransformation of this wastewater at different chemical oxygen demand (COD) were studied in a batch reactor. Wastewater from an amino acid producing industry (Fermex) and from a tank that received several types of wastewaters (collector) contained 0.83 g l(-1) and 0.085 g l(-1) sulfate, respectively. During the study period of 20 days, methane formation was observed in all types of wastewaters. Studies on COD biodegradation showed the reaction velocity was higher for Fermex wastewater and lower for collector wastewater, with values of 0.0022 h(-1) and 0.0011 h(-1), respectively. A lower methanogenic activity of 0.163 g CH4 day(-1) g(-1) volatile suspended solids (VSS) and 0.20 g CH4 day(-1) g(-1) VSS, respectively, was observed for paper producing and brewery wastewater. Adapted granular sludge showed the best biodegradation of COD during the 20-day period. The sulfate-reducing activity in pharmaceutical and collector wastewater was studied. A positive effect of sulfate-reducing activity on methanogenic activity was noted for both types of wastewaters, both of which contained sulfate ions. All reactions of methane generation for the tested industrial wastewaters were first-order. The results of this study suggest that the tested wastewaters are amenable to anaerobic treatment.     

Assessing the feasibility of achieving biological nutrient removal from wastewater at an Irish food processing factory

In Ireland, wastewaters emanating from the food industry typically contain elevated levels of nitrogen and phosphorus before treatment. Two pilot scale studies were performed to determine the feasibility of achieving biological N and P removal on-site at a food ingredients plant. The wastewater treated by the pilot reactors was that which resulted from the day-to-day production in the full-scale food ingredients plant. Both reactors were of the anaerobic/anoxic/oxic (A/A/O) design, however the sizing of the zones was varied in this study. In the first pilot study, while treating a wastewater of the following strength: 1008 mg COD/l; 30.1 mg NH4-N/l and 26.7 mg P/l, removal efficiencies of 93%, 99% and 98% were obtained for COD, NH4-N and P, respectively. In the second study, while operating at reduced hydraulic retention times and lower recycle rates, the pilot plant treated a wastewater of the following strength: 1757 mg COD/l; 62 mg NH4-N/l and 57 mg P/l, with removal efficiencies of 94%, 97% and 75% obtained for COD, NH4-N and P, respectively. This work showed that biological nutrient removal could be successfully applied to treatment of food industry wastewaters.     

Comparative anaerobic treatment of wastewater from pharmaceutical,brewery, paper and amino acid producing industries

This study concerned the anaerobic treatment of five different industrial wastewaters with a diverse and complex chemical composition. The kinetics of biotransformation of this wastewater at different chemical oxygen demand (COD) were studied in a batch reactor. Wastewater from an amino acid producing industry (Fermex) and from a tank that received several types of wastewaters (collector) contained 0.83 g l⁻¹ and 0.085 g l⁻¹ sulfate, respectively. During the study period of 20 days, methane formation was observed in all types of wastewaters. Studies on COD biodegradation showed the reaction velocity was higher for Fermex wastewater and lower for collector wastewater, with values of 0.0022 h⁻¹ and 0.0011 h⁻¹, respectively. A lower methanogenic activity of 0.163 g CH₄ day⁻¹ g⁻¹ volatile suspended solids (VSS) and 0.20 g CH₄ day⁻¹ g⁻¹ VSS, respectively, was observed for paper producing and brewery wastewater. Adapted granular sludge showed the best biodegradation of COD during the 20-day period. The sulfate-reducing activity in pharmaceutical and collector wastewater was studied. A positive effect of sulfate-reducing activity on methanogenic activity was noted for both types of wastewaters, both of which contained sulfate ions. All reactions of methane generation for the tested industrial wastewaters were first-order. The results of this study suggest that the tested wastewaters are amenable to anaerobic treatment.

     

Enhanced biological phosphorus removal for high-strength wastewater with a low rbCOD:P ratio

In order to assess the feasibility of enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) for dairy processing wastewater, which in New Zealand have rbCOD:P ratios that can be as low as 13:1, a sequencing batch reactor treating a synthetic wastewater with a COD(VFA) of 800 mg/l (representing a dissolved air flotation (DAF) treated, pre-fermented dairy wastewater with a raw COD of 3000 mg/l) was operated at COD:P ratios of 25:1, 15:1 and 10:1. Full (>99%) phosphate removal was achieved for COD:P loadings of 25:1 and 15:1. The trial using 10:1 COD:P loading showed less consistency but still achieved 82% phosphate removal. Based on further analysis of the final trial this study proposes that the minimum COD:P loading for complete phosphate removal is 13:1 indicating that EBPR could indeed be feasible for effective treatment of dairy processing wastewaters. With regard to the type of COD consumed, propionate was found to be favoured over acetate as a substrate. Further research into increasing the propionate content of pre-fermented dairy wastewaters is suggested.     

Treatment of low strength soluble wastewaters in UASB reactors

Low strength wastewaters can be those with chemical oxygen demand (COD) below 2,000 mg/l. The anaerobic treatment of such wastewaters has not been fully explored so far. The suboptimal reaction rates with low substrate concentrations, and the presence of dissolved oxygen in the influent are regarded as possible constraints. In this study, the treatment of low strength soluble wastewaters containing ethanol or whey was studied in lab-scale upflow anaerobic sludged bed (UASB) reactors at 30°C. The high treatment performance obtained demonstrates that UASB reactors are viable for treating both types of wastewaters at low COD concentrations. The treatment of the ethanol containing wastewater resulted in COD removal efficiencies exceeding 95% at organic loading rates (OLR) between 0.3 to 6.8 g COD/l-d with influent concentrations in the range of 422 to 943 mg COD/l. In the case of the more complex whey containing wastewater, COD removal efficiencies exceeded 86% at OLRs up to 3.9 g COD/l·, as long as the COD influent was above 630 mg/l. Lowering the COD influent resulted in decreased efficiency with sharper decrease at values below 200 mg/l. Acidification instead of methanogenesis was found to be the rate limiting step in the COD removal at low concentrations, which was not the case when treating ethanol. The effect of dissolved oxygen in the influent as a potential danger in anaerobic treatment was investigated in reactors fed with and without dissolved oxygen. Compared with the control reactor, the reactor receiving oxygen showed no detrimental effects in the treatment performance. Thus, the presence of dissolved oxygen in dilute wastewaters is expected to be of minor importance in practice.     

Ambient temperature treatment of low strength wastewater using anaerobic sequencing batch reactor

Low strength wastewater having chemical oxygen demands (COD) concentrations of 1000, 800, 600 and 400mg/l were treated at 35, 25, 20 and 15¡C using four anaerobic sequencing batch reactors (ASBRs). Reactor 1 was operated at hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 48h, reactor 2 at 24h HRT, reactor 3 at 16h HRT and reactor 4 at 12h HRT. 80 to 99% soluble COD was removed at the various operational conditions, except during 15¡C treatment of 1000 and 800mg/l COD wastewater at 12h HRT and 1000mg/l COD wastewater at 16h HRT, where excessive loss of biological solids occurred. The ASBR process can be an effective process for the treatment of low concentrated wastewaters which are usually treated aerobically with large amount of sludge production and higher energy expenditures.     

Treatment Methods for Wine-Related and Distillery Wastewaters: A Review

A large and increasing volume of wastewater is produced globally by the winery and distillery industries. These wastewaters are generally acidic, high in chemical oxygen demand (COD) and color, and may contain phenolic compounds that can inhibit biological treatment systems. Treatment of distillery and phenolic compound–rich wastewaters by physicochemical, aerobic biological systems and hybrid treatment methods are discussed, as well as products derived from fungal treatment. White-rot fungi have been shown to exhibit unique biodegradation capabilities, primarily due to their production of extracellular and broad substrate range enzymes that are capable of mineralizing lignin, a recalcitrant biopolymer. One of these enzymes, laccase, catalyses the oxidation of various organic compounds with the subsequent reduction of molecular oxygen to water. Laccase synthesis, induction, and inhibition are discussed with the utilization of waste residues for laccase production and the enzyme's potential industrial applications. Distillery wastewaters offer a unique, presterilized, potential growth substrate for the production of lignolytic enzymes such as laccase. Compounds may be utilized for enzyme and biomass production resulting in remediation by the growing fungus.     

Factors affecting current production in microbial fuel cells using different industrial wastewaters

This study evaluated how different types of industrial wastewaters (bakery, brewery, paper and dairy) affect the performance of identical microbial fuel cells (MFCs); and the microbial composition and electrochemistry of MFC anodes. MFCs fed with paper wastewater produced the highest current density (125 ± 2 mA/m²) at least five times higher than dairy (25 ± 1 mA/m²), brewery and bakery wastewaters (10 ± 1 mA/m²). Such high current production was independent of substrate degradability. A comprehensive study was conducted to determine the factor driving current production when using the paper effluent. The microbial composition of anodic biofilms differed according to the type of wastewater used, and only MFC anodes fed with paper wastewater showed redox activity at −134 ± 5 mV vs NHE. Electrochemical analysis of this redox activity indicated that anodic bacteria produced a putative electron shuttling compound that increased the electron transfer rate through diffusion, and as a result the overall MFC performance.     

Optimization of a biological process for treating potato chips industry wastewater using a mixed culture of Aspergillus foetidus and Aspergillus niger

Potato chips industry wastewater was collected and analyzed for biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids (TSS) and total carbohydrates. Two Aspergillus species, A. foetidus and A. niger, were evaluated for their ability to grow and produce biomass and reduce the organic load of the wastewater. A. foetidus MTCC 508 and A. niger ITCC 2012 were able to reduce COD by about 60% and produce biomass 2.4 and 2.85 gl(-1), respectively. Co-inoculation of both Aspergillus strains resulted in increased fungal biomass production and higher COD reduction than in individual culture at different culture pH. pH 6 was optimum for biomass production and COD reduction. Amendment of the wastewater with different N and P sources, increased the biomass production and COD reduction substantially. Under standardized conditions of pH 6 and amendment of wastewater with 0.1% KH2PO4 and 0.1% (NH4)2 SO4, a mixed culture gave 90% reduction in COD within 60 h of incubation.