Effects of vegetation change and soil disturbance on ectomycorrhizas ofBetula platyphylla var.japonica: A test using seedlings planted in soils taken from various sites

The occurrence and character of different types of ectomycorrhizas of birch seedlings were investigated in soils from three naturally regenerating birch stands: a forest site, a clear-cut site, and a site recently disturbed by plowing. Birch grown in soil from an evergreen broad-leaved forest without birch was also studied. The rate of ectomycorrhizal formation in the soil from the evergreen broad-leaved forest was lower than that in the soil from the other three sites. The ectomycorrhizal formation of seedlings grown in soil from the clear-cut and plowed sites were the same as or higher than that in soil from the birch forest site. The largest number of ectomycorrhizal types were formed in soil from the birch forest site. In the soil from the plowed site, only one type of ectomycorrhiza was formed, and it was different from the dominant type formed in soils from the birch forest site and the clear-cut site. The results of this investigation showed that equal levels of ectomycorrhizas were formed in soils from the different birch stands, but the types formed were different among those sites. It is likely that the different ectomycorrhizal fungi were better adapted to the soil conditions at each of those sites.     

东方田鼠的同工酶与异构蛋白生化基因位点

目的观察四类东方田鼠在10个同工酶与异构蛋白生化基因位点上的基因分布特征,以研究它们间的遗传关系。方法应用乙酸纤维素膜电泳对四类东方田鼠的同工酶与异构蛋白生化基因位点进行测定分析。结果与结论黑龙江小体型东方田鼠与其他三类东方田鼠的电泳结果差异较大,在6个位点上都存在其所特有的等位基因,并且在其中的3个位点上它的基因型与其他三类鼠完全不同;湖南、宁夏和黑龙江大体型东方田鼠三者间的遗传距离在0.0633~0.2107之间,而黑龙江小体型东方田鼠与其他三类鼠的遗传距离在0.7068~0.8953之间;UPGMA聚类分析显示,湖南、宁夏和黑龙江大体型东方田鼠聚为一类,亲缘关系较近,而黑龙江小体型东方田鼠单独为一类,与其他三种鼠的亲缘关系均相对较远。     

General Stress Protein CTC from Bacillus subtilis Specifically Binds to Ribosomal 5S RNA

Two recombinant proteins of the CTC family were prepared: the general stress protein CTC from Bacillus subtilis and its homolog from Aquifex aeolicus. The general stress protein CTC from B. subtilis forms a specific complex with 5S rRNA and its stable fragment of 60 nucleotides, which contains internal loop E. The ribosomal protein TL5 from Thermus thermophilus, which binds with high affinity to 5S rRNA in the loop E region, was also shown to replace the CTC protein from B. subtilis in its complexes with 5S rRNA and its fragment. The findings suggest that the protein CTC from B. subtilis binds to the same site on 5S rRNA as the protein TL5. The protein CTC from A. aeolicus, which is 50 amino acid residues shorter from the N-terminus than the proteins TL5 from T. thermophilus and CTC from B. subtilis, does not interact with 5S rRNA.     

重症监护病房的病原调查及耐药性监测研究

目的调查浙江中医药大学附属第一医院重症监护病房（ICU）临床分离株的病原分布及细菌耐药状况,并与非ICU相比较,观察二者的区别,为临床用药提供有效的参考价值。方法收集该院2010年1月至2011年6月临床送检的各类标本,采用VITEK-2 compact全自动微生物鉴定仪,用GPI、GNI、ANC、YST鉴定卡、AST—GN13、AST—GP67药敏卡进行菌株的鉴定和药敏,根据美国临床实验室标准化协会（CLSI2010）制定的指导原则,判断细菌的耐药率。结果共计分离到2341株细菌,其中ICU有505株占21．6％,非ICU有1836株占78．4％。在ICU分离到的细菌中,革兰阳性菌占23．2％（117／505）;非发酵菌占47．3％（239／505）。在非ICU中,革兰阳性菌占34．4％（632／1836）;非发酵菌20．2％（371／1836）。ICU前3位细菌分别为鲍曼不动杆菌、肺炎克雷伯杆菌、洋葱伯克霍尔德菌。非ICU前3位依次为大肠埃希菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、铜绿假单胞菌。非发酵菌中,铜绿假单胞菌和鲍曼不动杆菌对哌拉西林／他唑巴坦、头孢他啶、头孢吡肟、亚胺培南、美洛培南的耐药率,ICU和非ICU差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。亚胺培南对ICU铜绿假单胞中的MIC50是非ICU的8倍,MIC。值相当。ICU与非ICU分离的葡萄球菌属细菌对头孢唑啉、环丙沙星、左旋氧氟沙星的耐药率差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。ICU和非ICU葡萄球菌对利奈唑胺、万古霉素、替考拉宁全部敏感。结论ICU患者分离的细菌以革兰阴性菌为主,其中又以非发酵菌占大多数。非ICU患者分离的革兰阳性菌比例明显要比ICU高。在主要的致病菌中,ICU的耐药率明显高于非ICU。     

Influence of Indigenous Microbiota on Amount of Protein and Activities of Alkaline Phosphatase and Disaccharidases in Extracts of Intestinal Mucosa in Mice

The protein content and the activities of alkaline phosphatase, maltase, and sucrase were measured at 0800, 1000, 1200, 1400, and 1600 in saline extracts of the proximal small bowels of germfree and of ex-germfree mice colonized with an indigenous microbiota. In extracts prepared from germfree mice, the total activities of all of the enzymes were relatively constant throughout the sampling period. Likewise, the total activity of alkaline phosphatase in extracts prepared from associated mice varied little as a function of time. By contrast, the total activities of maltase and sucrase in the extracts from these latter animals varied significantly from sample to sample. The total activity levels in extracts from germfree mice were approximately twofold greater than the levels in extracts from associated mice. The specific activities of alkaline phosphatase and sucrase did not vary from sample to sample in extracts prepared from either type of mouse. In contrast, the specific activity of maltase in extracts prepared from both germfree and associated mice differed significantly from sample to sample. The specific activities of all three enzymes were greater in extracts from germfree animals than in those from associated animals. The protein content of extracts prepared from germfree mice also was greater than that of extracts prepared from associated animals at every sampling time. The amount of protein extractable from the mucosa of the small bowels of the former animals varied significantly at different sampling times during the day, whereas the amount of protein extractable from the tracts of associated animals remained relatively constant throughout the day. The indigenous microbiota apparently stabilizes in some way the amount of protein extractable from the mucosa of the mouse small bowel.     

文蛤花纹的形态及形成观察

通过研究辽宁、山东、浙江、江苏和广西沿海的文蛤(Meretrix meretrix)壳的颜色及花纹特征,发现这些地区的文蛤可以分为2种类型,即花纹明显型和不明显型.辽宁和山东海域的文蛤贝壳表面具有花纹,只有极少数文蛤个体贝壳表面没有花纹;其中1龄个体贝壳表面都具有花纹.江苏地区的文蛤群体中,绝大多数个体的贝壳表面没有花纹,仅有极少数个体贝壳表面具有花纹.浙江地区的文蛤外表与山东文蛤很相似.广西地区的文蛤绝大部分没有花纹分布.外套膜组织装片确定了文蛤外套膜中的黄色素带与贝壳的色泽及花纹有关.黑色素带则与文蛤的生长状态有关,生长速度快的文蛤黑色素带浓而宽.所以,随着文蛤年龄的增长,黑色素带的颜色逐渐减弱直至消失.     

用SSR标记分析广西香稻与南亚香稻的遗传多样性

利用16对分布于水稻12条染色体上的SSR引物分析78份来自南亚的香稻资源和18份广西种植的香稻的遗传多样性。结果表明:在南亚的香稻资源中,每对引物检测到的等位基因数为3~13个,平均每个位点的等位基因数为5.31个,广西的香稻资源中,每对引物检测到等位基因数2~9个,平均每个位点的等位基因数为3.44个;南亚香稻资源平均多态信息含量(PIC)为0.55,广西香稻资源平均PIC为0.41;南亚香稻资源平均基因多样性(Hs)为0.60,广西香稻资源平均Hs为0.47;说明了南亚香稻资源比广西香稻资源具有更为丰富的遗传多样性。聚类结果表明,大部分的南亚香稻资源或大部分的广西香稻资源各自聚为一类,说明大部分南亚和广西的香稻种质资源存在遗传差异性和地理远缘性。     

广东吴川红火蚁消长规律

采用系统调查的方法研究广东吴川红火蚁Solenopsis invicta Buren蚁巢数量、蚁丘体积和工蚁的年度变化规律,结果表明1年之中红火蚁活动蚁巢密度出现2个高峰期,分别在6~8月和10~12月;4~7月和10~11月新增活动蚁巢数量较大;蚁巢自然消亡出现在多个时间,其中以9月最多。4~11月红火蚁工蚁活动旺盛,用诱饵诱集法监测,5、6月和10、11月红火蚁工蚁出现2个明显盛期,而陷阱法中工蚁数量为单峰型,高峰出现在7月。2种监测方法获得的工蚁数量间相关系数为0.88,达到极显著相关。气温、地表温度、5cm土壤温度与2种方法获得的工蚁数量间相关系数分别为0.88,0.88,0.86和0.93,0.94,0.95,均达极显著水平。红火蚁蚁丘体积4~6月、9~12月增大幅度较大,其中6月份蚁巢增长最为明显。     

The evolutionary expansion of the Spirurida

The possible origins of the 12 superfamilies of the Spirurida are considered, based on comparative morphology, host and geographic distributions. The available evidence suggests a complex origin of these nematodes, some families being derived from the Seuratoidea, and others from the Cosmocercoidea (Ascaridida). The spirurid radiation is an old one and seems to have occurred primarily in the Secondary or early Tertiary eras. Since then, expansion has occurred with host capture as a prominent mechanism. The Dracunculoidea Procamallanidae and Camallanidae are probably derived from the Chitwoodchabaudiidae and the Rictularioidea from the Schneidernematidae. The Seuratidae may have given rise to the Gnathostomatoidea, the Physalopteroidea, the Thelazioidea, the Habronematoidea, the Spiruroidea and the Acuarioidea. The filarioid nematodes appear to have several origins with the Diplotriaenoidea derived from the Spiruroidea, while constituents of the Aproctoidea derived from the Cystidicolinae, the Seuratoidea and the Spiruroidea. The Filarioidea are thought to have arisen from the Spiruroidea and the Thelazioidea. The evolution of tissue parasitism as a secondary phenomenon is considered in various groups.     

枯草杆菌中性蛋白酶天然抑制剂的筛选

用透明因法和福林──酚法筛选了２１种植物中的蛋白酶活性抑制剂,其中来自鼓皮、高粱、玉米和土豆的抑制剂的活性在本研究条件下达５０％以上。进一步研究了麸皮、玉米两种抑制剂在不同温度和ｐＨ值下的稳定性,结果表明,两者的稳定性相差甚远,是两类不同的抑制剂。玉米抑制剂比麸皮抑制剂更稳定。     

Intraspecific Diversity within Diaporthe Helianthi: Evidence from Rdna Intergenic Spacer (IGS) Sequence Analysis

Diaporthe helianthi is the causal agent of sunflower stem canker, a serious pathogen of sunflower in Europe but recorded sporadically in Italy. The genetic diversity of D. helianthi isolates from different geographic origins (Argentina, France, Italy, Yugoslavia, Romania) was investigated using IGS sequences. A 400 bp fragment of the portion of the IGS region flanking the 5' end of the 18S gene was amplified from each isolate. The aligned nucleotide sequences showed intraspecific sequence homology from 99-100% among French/Yugoslavian isolates to 95-100% among Italian isolates. French/Yugoslavian isolates shared 90-92% sequence homology with Italian isolates. The phylogenetic tree obtained from the aligned data revealed three separate groups. Group 1 included all isolates from France and former Yugoslavia and one isolate from Argentina; Group 2 included all Italian isolates and one isolate from Argentina. The most distantly related isolate was that from Romania (Group 3). The average genetic distances among isolates within Group 1 and within Group 2 were 0.22 and 3.29 respectively. The analysis showed that all isolates originating from countries where severe outbreaks of the disease are reported annually (France and former Yugoslavia) form a well defined taxon characterized by relatively low variability. This group is distinct from the group formed by isolates originating from Italy, whose variability is relatively much higher. Results obtained revealed a marked differentiation among pathogen isolates, and members of Group 1 seem not yet to have spread into Italian sunflower-growing areas.     

Genetic variation of isolated and peripheral populations of Pinus sylvestris (L.) from glacial refugia

Analysis of variation at 10 polymorphic isoenzyme loci in 51 European populations of Pinus sylvestris both from its main continuous range and from isolated, marginal populations out of the continuous range, revealed differences in genetic structure. The highest genetic richness, measured as mean number of alleles per locus, was recorded for populations from the Iberian Peninsula, followed by those from Scotland and the Balkans. Marginal, isolated populations were characterized by much greater interpopulation variation than populations from the continuous range of the species. The highest mean observed heterozygosity was recorded for the Iberian populations. The highest gene flow was observed among populations in the continuous range of the species. The populations could be classified into five groups based on genetic similarities. Populations from the continuous range formed one group, those from Spain two groups, pines from Scotland one group and those from the Balkans one group. One population from Scotland was found to be most distinct from the other Scottish pines and was found to be grouped with the Balkan populations. The occurrence and frequencies of rare alleles in the populations showed a characteristic pattern, suggesting that populations from the Iberian Peninsula probably did not participate in the colonization of Europe by Pinus sylvestris after the last glaciation. In contrast, the migration of populations from the Balkan refugium into Central and Western Europe had a significant effect on the contemporary gene pools of populations of Pinus sylvestris in its continuous range.     

Metal Leaching and Reductive Dissolution of Iron from Contaminated Soil and Sediment Samples by Indigenous Bacteria and Bacillus Isolates

The purpose of this study was to leach Cu, Zn, As, and Fe from contaminated soil and sediment samples with indigenous heterotrophic bacteria isolated from the study sites. The sediment contained Fe in the form of goethite and low concentrations of other metals. The soil contained hematite and high concentrations of other metals. The environmental conditions affected the bacterial activity in the metals dissolution. As and Fe were the major metals leached from the sediment sample while a minor fraction of Cu was solubilized. Cu and Zn were the major metals leached from the soil sample while only a minor fraction of Fe was dissolved. As a control, a disinfectant was used for partial inactivation of indigenous bacteria. This treatment had a negative effect on the leaching of Fe, Zn and As from soil and sediment samples, but it increased Cu dissolution from the sediment. Bacterial different dissolution of Fe during soil and sediment bioleaching was also investigated with ferrihydrite. The iron concentration was much higher during ferrihydrite dissolution when indigenous bacteria from sediment were used compared to indigenous bacteria isolated from soil. The indigenous bacterial inoculum provided more biological and metabolic diversity which may account for the difference in reductive iron reduction from ferrihydrite. The Bacillus cultures isolated from soil and sediment samples showed similar efficiencies in reductive dissolution of ferrihydrite. The synergetic bacterial inhibition effect created by the environmental conditions can influence bioremediation effect.     

大连市两种来源的副溶血性弧菌分子分型

目的 分析食品来源、患者来源及2种来源的副溶血性弧菌之间的PFGE图谱的关系,从分子流行病学角度探讨2种来源的副溶血性弧菌的关联.方法 收集患者和食品2种来源的副溶血性弧菌178株,经限制性内切酶SfiI酶切,用脉冲场凝胶电泳方法进行电泳,凝胶成像仪获得电泳图谱,利用BioNumerics软件对图谱进行聚类分析.结果 ...     

Identification of 10 microsatellite loci in the earwig Labidura riparia (Dermaptera,Labiduridae)

Ten microsatellite loci were isolated from the earwig Labidura riparia (Pallas, 1773). The polymorphism of the loci was assessed in 24 individuals from one population. The number of alleles ranged from four to 11 alleles and observed and expected heterozygosities from 0.250 to 0.833 and from 0.551 to 0.861, respectively.     

Comparison of the nucleotide sequence of cloned DNA coding for an apolipoprotein (apoVLDL-II) from avian blood and the amino acid sequence of an egg-yolk protein (apovitellenin I): equivalence of the two sequences

We have compared the amino acid sequences of two low-molecular-weight avian apoproteins: apoVLDL-II from very low-density lipoproteins of hen plasma and apovitellenin I from hen egg yolk. The sequence of White Leghorn apoVLDL-II was derived from the nucleotide sequence of cloned apoVLDL-II DNA (Chan et al., 1980). The sequenator was used to determine the amino acid sequence of apovitellinin I from two breeds of hen (White Leghorn and Australorp). The sequences from the two breeds were not only identical, but they also completely matched the predicted sequence derived from the apoVLDL-II DNA sequence. The identity reported here establishes that this protein is transported intact from the blood to the egg yolk.     

Characteristics of 11 polymorphic microsatellite markers in the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren

We have characterized 11 polymorphic microsatellite loci in the invasive ant Solenopsis invicta. Primer pairs were evaluated on fire ants collected from monogyne mounds in Lauderdale County, Mississippi. The observed and effective number of alleles ranged from two to six and from 1.31 to 2.64, respectively. The observed and expected heterozygosity values ranged from 0.1613 to 0.7826 and from 0.1491 to 0.6242, respectively. The polymorphism information content of the microsatellites ranged from 0.1482 to 0.6208. Probability tests indicated significant deviations from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium at three loci. Pairwise tests did not detect linkage disequilibrium between any pair of loci.     

Glacial history of Saxifraga paniculata (Saxifragaceae): molecular biogeography of a disjunct arctic-alpine species from Europe and North America

The molecular biogeography of the disjunctly distributed and morphologically highly variable species Saxifraga paniculata Mill. was analysed using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) and chloroplast microsatellites. The study comprised 77 samples from mountain regions in Europe and North America throughout the complete range of distribution. AFLP data revealed clear genetic differentiation between samples from the Arctic, the Caucasus, and the eastern European mountains. Samples from the Alps were divided into two groups. One group clustered with the samples from central Europe and the Pyrenees, whereas another group with individuals from southern Norway. AFLP diversity was lowest in the Arctic and highest in the Alps. Chloroplast microsatellite analysis revealed eight haplotypes but no unequivocal phylogeographical pattern. However, haplotype diversity was highest in the Alps and central Europe whereas, in the Arctic, only few widespread haplotypes could be found. The results indicate in situ survival of S. paniculata in the Caucasus, the eastern European mountains, and the Alps. The Arctic has presumably been colonized postglacially from North American refugia south of the ice shield. Southern Norway and the Pyrenees have most likely been colonized from two phylogeographically different groups in the Alps. The origin of the central European samples remains ambiguous. In situ survival seems to be as possible as several postglacial recolonization events from the Alps. The obtained molecular data clearly support the subdivision of S. paniculata into three subspecies: ssp. cartilaginea from the Caucasus, ssp. laestadii from northern Norway, Iceland, and North America, and ssp. paniculata from the other geographical regions.  © 2008 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society , 2008, 93 , 385–398.     

兔痒螨和水牛痒螨第二转录间隔区（ITS-2）基因序列分析

为了探讨水牛痒螨株和兔痒螨株的分类地位,采用 PCR 技术扩增了四川水牛痒螨株和四川兔痒螨株的第二内部转录间隔区（ITS-2）基因,并与 GenBank 中注册的 5 个国外痒螨株的同源基因进行了比较。序列分析发现：兔痒螨株和水牛痒螨株的序列长度分别为 277 bp 和 281 bp,两序列间存在多处转换、颠换和缺失。四川水牛痒螨株同四川兔痒螨株间及国外痒螨分离株间的 ITS-2 基因同源性较低（87.1%～88.0％）; 而四川兔痒螨株与国外痒螨分离株的同源性较高（95.5％～100.0％）。用痒螨 ITS-2 基因构建的 MP,NJ,ME 及 UPGM 树中,兔痒螨株和水牛痒螨株在不同的系统树中其位置比较固定,且两者相距均较远。根据痒螨 ITS-2 基因同源性分析和系统树构建结果以及其他已报道的相关证据,作者认为：兔痒螨株和水牛痒螨株可能为痒螨属 Psoroptes 中两个不同的种,兔痒螨分离株为马痒螨 P. equi ;而水牛痒螨株与来自兔、山羊、绵羊和黄牛等痒螨株亲缘关系较远,可能为痒螨属中的另一个独立有效种。     

蠊卵荚内寄生啮小蜂的生物学

本文报道了寄生于烟色大蠊Periplaneta fuliginosa(Serville)卵荚内的两种啮小蜂:Tetrastichus hagenowii和Tetrastichodes sp.,并讨论了Tetrastichus hagenowii的生物学特性。所收集的(虫非)蠊卵荚中,该蜂的自然寄生率为50.38%。观察14枚卵荚的出蜂数,最多为202只/枚,最少为10只/枚,平均为74.92只/枚。雌雄性比为1:0.42。该蜂4月上旬开始出现,5—8月是繁殖高蜂期,11月上旬则少见。接蜂的8枚卵荚孵出的成蜂平均存活12.8天(14.4天.10.2天)。蜂在卵荚内的发育时间与温度有关,在夏季比在秋冬季显著为短。成蜂的产卵期较长:而且除产卵于新鲜(虫非)卵荚内,也产卵于已产出7天以上的卵荚内。本文的观察结果为人工繁殖该啮小蜂用以防治室内(虫非)蠊提供了科学依据。