甘露碱合成酶基因启动子调控的萤光素酶基因在转化烟草中的表达

利用我们自己分离的甘露碱含成酶基因启动子与萤光素酶结构基因、胭脂碱合成酶基因’3末端结构相拼构成一融合基因,并在带有此融合基因的中间载体PBZ7610插入Ti质粒T区的tmr基因,构成中间载体pBZ7621。利用改建的Ti质粒载体PGV3850,将萤光素酶融合基因引入了烟草植株,结果表明,萤光素酶融合基因在转化烟草中能表达。中间载体pBZ7610还带有PstⅠ,HindⅢ,XbaⅠ等多个单一的酶切位点,外源基因极易插入。利用中间载体pBZ7621,还可研究启动子在高等植物不同发育阶段中的功能特征。     

Evaluation of the Use of the Tobacco PR-1a Promoter to Monitor Defense Gene Expression by the Luciferase Bioluminescence Reporter System

Because of their marked responsiveness to induction signals, genes encoding pathogenesis-related proteins are used as markers to monitor defense gene expression in plants. To develop a non-invasive bioluminescence reporter assay system, we tested acidic PR-1 gene promoters from tobacco and Arabidopsis. These two promoters share common regulatory elements and are believed to show similar responsiveness to various stimuli but the results of transient expression assays by microprojectile bombardment of various plant cells and npr1 mutant Arabidopsis suggest that the tobacco PR-1a promoter is superior to its Arabidopsis counterpart in terms of responsiveness to salicylic acid treatment. Transgenic Arabidopsis seedlings harboring the tobacco PR-1a promoter fused to firefly luciferase showed marked induction in response to treatment with chemicals that induce defense gene expression in plants. These results suggest that the tobacco PR-1a promoter is applicable in monitoring defense-gene expression in various plant species.     

翻译起始区二级结构对荧光素酶基因在COS-7细胞中表达效率的影响

在荧光素酶基因起始密码子ATG下游插入4种串连重复的密码子(6×ATT ,3×ATT ,6×GCC与3×GCC) ,得到具有不同二级结构的翻译起始区(translationinitiationregion ,TIR) ,以研究TIR二级结构对该基因在COS 7细胞中表达的影响.Northern印迹结果显示,4种重组子mRNA的转录水平没有显著差异,而Western印迹与酶活性检测表明,与野生型结构相比,6×ATT与3×ATT能显著提高荧光素酶的表达量与活性,而6×GCC结构的表达量明显下降.使用计算机辅助分析软件,扫描上述TIR结构发现,TIR稳定性或二级结构复杂度是导致上述表达差异的主要原因.     

哺乳类细胞基因表达系统

通过适当的设计,可以构建在哺乳类细胞中表达的质粒,将其导入哺乳类细胞后,可以有效地表达外源基因．文章主要就这类质粒的特征、分类及其研究进展等方面予以综述．     

An Accurate Model for the Expression of the Antisense RNA Block Gene:the Firefly Luciferase Gene-Xenopus Oocyte System

The plasmid p~(SV-Luc20)or the mRNA of luciferase gene transcribed from p~(SP64-Luc12)was introduced intothe nucleus or cytoplasm of Xenopus oocytes at stages 5-6 by microinjection.Then the injectedoocytes were incubated in MB medium at 18℃ for definite periods,and the crude enzyme ofluciferase was prepared.Results indicated that the luciferase gent and its mRNA could be transcribedand translated into the enzymatic protein of luciferase with high biological activity,and could alsocatalyze the substrates to emit light.If different ratios of firefly lucifcrasc gene and its antisense RNA were introduced together into thenucleus or cytoplasm of Xenopus oocytes,then the expression of firefly luciferase gone was severelyblocked.Since the lucifcrasc activity can be measured rapidly and quantitatively and the Xenopusoocytes obtained easily,the firefly luciferase gene-Xenopus oocyte system is an excellent model forrevealing quantitatively how the antisense RNA can block gene expression.     

T7启动子在哺乳类动物细胞中启动外源基因表达的研究

人低密度脂蛋白（LDL）受体基因cDNA和氯霉素已酞转移酶基因（CAT）及PolyA信号序列被克隆进pGEM4载体的T7噬茵体启动子下游,构建成质粒pT7LDLR和pT7CAT．两个重组质粒转化CHO细胞．PCR和CAT酶实验显示：两个基因被T7噬菌体启动子所启动．结果证实真核生物RNA聚合酶能够识别T7启动子,转录外源基因．常用的含有T7启动子的质粒可同时作为原核生物和真核生物的表达载体．     

膜锚定Gaussia萤光素酶的细胞标记及生物荧光成像

目的:制备表达膜锚定Gaussia萤光素酶(extGluc)报告基因的慢病毒,用于标记细胞。方法:将报告基因extGluc克隆至慢病毒载体pCCsin.PPT.SFFV.IRES.eGFP.Wpre(VeGFP)中,以聚乙烯亚胺(PEI)介导,将慢病毒包装所需4种质粒(pVeGFP-extGLuc、pMDL、pRev、pVSVG),转染293FT细胞,72 h后收集病毒上清进行浓缩,感染293FT细胞,并用流式细胞仪检测病毒滴度,生物荧光成像和化学发光分析extGluc的表达;之后,用收集的慢病毒感染人单核细胞白血病细胞株U937。结果:对经PCR筛选出的阳性克隆所含质粒进行酶切鉴定,表明extGlu报告基因插入载体中;重组慢病毒包装成功且病毒滴度为5×106 TU/mL;用包装的病毒颗粒感染293FT细胞,生物荧光成像和化学发光证实extGluc的膜定位,且酶活性与细胞数目呈线性相关;病毒颗粒能够感染悬浮细胞U937。结论:包装了extGluc标记的重组慢病毒,可用于标记细胞,为体内监测细胞迁移、聚集和变化提供了一种方法。     

Improved Expression of Novel Red- and Green-emitting Luciferases of Phrixothrix Railroad Worms in Mammalian Cells

Luciferases are widely used for the quantitative monitoring of gene expression in a variety of organisms. We successfully expressed novel red- and green-emitting luciferases of Phrixothrix railroad worms in mammalian cells in combination with the Kozak sequence and the CAG promoter. The characteristic properties of these luciferases indicate that they are appropriate reporter genes for the simultaneous monitoring of two gene expressions.     

Crystal structures of the luciferase and green fluorescent protein from Renilla reniformis

Due to its ability to emit light, the luciferase from Renilla reniformis (RLuc) is widely employed in molecular biology as a reporter gene in cell culture experiments and small animal imaging. To accomplish this bioluminescence, the 37-kDa enzyme catalyzes the degradation of its substrate coelenterazine in the presence of molecular oxygen, resulting in the product coelenteramide, carbon dioxide, and the desired photon of light. We successfully crystallized a stabilized variant of this important protein (RLuc8) and herein present the first structures for any coelenterazine-using luciferase. These structures are based on high-resolution data measured to 1.4 Å and demonstrate a classic α/β-hydrolase fold. We also present data of a coelenteramide-bound luciferase and reason that this structure represents a secondary conformational form following shift of the product out of the primary active site. During the course of this work, the structure of the luciferase's accessory green fluorescent protein (RrGFP) was also determined and shown to be highly similar to that of Aequorea victoria GFP.     

两种萤火虫荧光素酶活性检测方法的一致性比较

目的：比较2种萤火虫荧光素酶活性检测方法的一致性。方法：分别采用化学发光技术（Che）及活体光学成像技术（Bio）,从细胞和动物水平检测在转染以萤火虫荧光素酶为报告基因的载体pCI-AAA-Fluc-neo后不同时间点,萤火虫荧光素酶的表达强度。结果：在细胞和动物水平,萤火虫荧光素酶的表达强度均随时间推移逐步递减。在HepG2细胞,萤火虫荧光素酶表达持续96h,活性从24h的2781±220mV（1．6×10^6±2．3×10^5光子）降至96h的49±3．5mV（6．4×10^4±2．5×10^4光子）。在动物水平得到相似的结果,BALB／c小鼠萤火虫荧光素酶表达持续20d,其活性从1d的16592±409mV（1．9×10^8±3．6×10^6光子）降至20d的798±139mV（3．37×10^5±3．8×10^4光子）。通过一致性检验,2种检测方法在细胞和动物水平的直线回归方程分别为lgChe=1．186·lgBio-3．764（r=-0．937,P〈0．001）和lgChe=0．451·lgBio＋0．64（r=0．915,P〈0．001）;进一步将理论数据与实验数据进行配对t检验,二者无统计学差异（P〉0．05）。结论：2种检测方法是一致的;从整个实验过程来看,活体光学成像技术较化学发光法更为简便、直观,可量化地对同一个体连续检测,减少了个体间差异和实验动物用量。     

含分泌型萤光素酶和绿色荧光蛋白双报告基因的慢病毒载体的制备与表达分析

目的:制备含分泌型萤光素酶和绿色荧光蛋白双报告基因的慢病毒载体,为慢病毒载体的进一步广泛应用奠定基础。方法:克隆构建含分泌型萤光素酶和绿色荧光蛋白双报告基因的转基因载体pCS-gluc-2A-eGFP,酶切与序列分析鉴定其正确后,与包装质粒pCMVHR’Δ8.2、包膜质粒pVSV-G共转染293FT细胞,获得含分泌型萤光素酶和绿色荧光蛋白双报告基因的重组慢病毒载体;重组慢病毒载体感染A549、Huh7细胞后,用荧光显微镜直接观察报告基因GFP的表达,或取细胞上清实时检测分泌型萤光素酶的表达。结果:制备了含双报告基因的重组慢病毒载体,感染细胞后可以活体观察绿色荧光蛋白的表达,也可以快速灵敏地检测到分泌型萤光素酶的表达。结论:所获含分泌型萤光素酶和绿色荧光蛋白双报告基因的重组慢病毒载体感染效率高,表达易于活体实时检测,灵敏度高。本研究为慢病毒载体的广泛应用奠定了基础。     

杆状病毒介导外源基因在哺乳动物细胞中表达的研究进展

杆状病毒(Baculovirus)是一种以昆虫为唯一宿主的病毒, 可用做生物杀虫剂或作为表达载体在昆虫细胞中大量表达外源蛋白, 制备疫苗。研究发现, 在哺乳动物细胞中携带哺乳动物启动子的重组杆状病毒能启动下游外源基因的表达但病毒不能在哺乳动物细胞中增值, 对细胞毒性小, 转导成功的细胞可以稳定传代并有效表达外源基因, 哺乳动物细胞比昆虫细胞对蛋白质具有更好的翻译后修饰, 表达出的蛋白结构更接近天然蛋白。因此, 杆状病毒可作为一种新型的哺乳动物细胞基因转移载体, 用于表达外源基因及作为一种基因治疗载体, 具有巨大潜力, 日益受到人们的关注。本文对杆状病毒作为一种表达载体在哺乳动物细胞中表达的研究进展进行了综述。     

在大肠杆菌中合成的萤火虫荧光素酶的分离和性质

用生物工程技术将萤火虫荧光素酶基因转移到大肠杆菌,在大肠杆菌中合成荧光素酶。这种工程菌已可通过发酵大量培养,并从菌体分离得到接近纯化的荧光素酶。这种酶的分子量是103kD;巯基试剂5,5’-巯基-2(2-硝基苯甲酸)“DTNB”能抑制酶的活性;对于底物荧光素的K_m为1.2μmol/L;酶反应最适pH为7.77;酶催化的生物发光峰在560nm。     

Structure-function studies on the active site of the coelenterazine-dependent luciferase from Renilla

Renilla luciferase (RLUC) is a versatile tool for gene expression assays and in vivo biosensor applications, but its catalytic mechanism remains to be elucidated. RLUC is evolutionarily related to the alpha/beta hydrolase family. Its closest known homologs are bacterial dehalogenases, raising the question of how a protein with a hydrolase fold can function as a decarboxylating oxygenase. Molecular docking simulations with the coelenterazine substrate against an RLUC homology model as well as a recently determined RLUC crystal structure were used to build hypotheses to identify functionally important residues, which were subsequently tested by site-directed mutagenesis, heterologous expression, and bioluminescence emission spectroscopy. The data highlighted two triads of residues that are critical for catalysis. The putative catalytic triad residues D120, E144, and H285 bear only limited resemblance to those found in the active site of aequorin, a coelenterazine-utilizing photoprotein, suggesting that the reaction scheme employed by RLUC differs substantially from the one established for aequorin. The role of H285 in catalysis was further supported by inhibition using diethylpyrocarbonate. Multiple substitutions of N53, W121, and P220--three other residues implicated in product binding in the homologous dehalogenase Sphingomonas LinB--also supported their involvement in catalysis. Together with luminescence spectra, our data lead us to propose that the conserved catalytic triad of RLUC is directly involved in the decarboxylation reaction of coelenterazine to produce bioluminescence, while the other active-site residues are used for binding of the substrate.     

利用萤光素酶标记的肿瘤细胞建立肝癌原位移植模型及其活体成像

目的：利用生物发光成像技术非侵入性地监测活体裸鼠原位肝癌发展过程。方法：将包含有萤火虫萤光素酶基因的pCI-neo-Luc载体转染人肝癌HepG2细胞系,筛选获得具有高萤光素酶活性的细胞克隆;利用流式细胞仪对萤光素酶表达的稳定性进行初步研究,并分析细胞的生物发光情况;持续表达萤光素酶的肿瘤细胞培养扩增后被植入裸鼠皮下,2周后以形成的异体瘤作为供体瘤,进行肝脏原位移植手术;对建立的肝癌原位移植模型,用影像学资料显示肿瘤部位,用IVIS成像系统动态监测肿瘤生长情况。结果：体外影像的结果显示,表达萤光素酶细胞的数量与发光强度呈正相关;活体成像的结果显示。成功地建立了萤光素酶标记的原位肝癌动物模型。结论：生物发光成像可以监测活体内肝癌演进过程,为抗肿瘤药物的筛选和评价提供了新的手段和工具。     

Monitoring Cell-autonomous Circadian Clock Rhythms of Gene Expression Using Luciferase Bioluminescence Reporters

In mammals, many aspects of behavior and physiology such as sleep-wake cycles and liver metabolism are regulated by endogenous circadian clocks (reviewed^1,2). The circadian time-keeping system is a hierarchical multi-oscillator network, with the central clock located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) synchronizing and coordinating extra-SCN and peripheral clocks elsewhere^1,2. Individual cells are the functional units for generation and maintenance of circadian rhythms^3,4, and these oscillators of different tissue types in the organism share a remarkably similar biochemical negative feedback mechanism. However, due to interactions at the neuronal network level in the SCN and through rhythmic, systemic cues at the organismal level, circadian rhythms at the organismal level are not necessarily cell-autonomous^5-7. Compared to traditional studies of locomotor activity in vivo and SCN explants ex vivo, cell-based in vitro assays allow for discovery of cell-autonomous circadian defects^5,8. Strategically, cell-based models are more experimentally tractable for phenotypic characterization and rapid discovery of basic clock mechanisms^5,8-13.Because circadian rhythms are dynamic, longitudinal measurements with high temporal resolution are needed to assess clock function. In recent years, real-time bioluminescence recording using firefly luciferase as a reporter has become a common technique for studying circadian rhythms in mammals^14,15, as it allows for examination of the persistence and dynamics of molecular rhythms. To monitor cell-autonomous circadian rhythms of gene expression, luciferase reporters can be introduced into cells via transient transfection^13,16,17 or stable transduction^5,10,18,19. Here we describe a stable transduction protocol using lentivirus-mediated gene delivery. The lentiviral vector system is superior to traditional methods such as transient transfection and germline transmission because of its efficiency and versatility: it permits efficient delivery and stable integration into the host genome of both dividing and non-dividing cells²⁰. Once a reporter cell line is established, the dynamics of clock function can be examined through bioluminescence recording. We first describe the generation of P(Per2)-dLuc reporter lines, and then present data from this and other circadian reporters. In these assays, 3T3 mouse fibroblasts and U2OS human osteosarcoma cells are used as cellular models. We also discuss various ways of using these clock models in circadian studies. Methods described here can be applied to a great variety of cell types to study the cellular and molecular basis of circadian clocks, and may prove useful in tackling problems in other biological systems.     

稳定表达ALB启动子及荧光素酶报告基因的肝干细胞株的构建

目的构建稳定表达ALB启动子及荧光素酶报告基因的肝干细胞株。方法PCR扩增获得ALB启动子,并与pBGLuc连接获得携带ALB启动子及荧光素酶报告基因的pBGLuc—ALB质粒,脂质体转染质粒到不同细胞,ALB—GLuc活性检测功能。构建逆转录病毒,感染HP14．5肝干细胞株获得携带ALB启动子及荧光素酶报告基因的稳定细胞株,经Dex、HGF体外诱导后第3、6、9、12天ALB—GLuc检测荧光素酶活性,免疫荧光检测ALB的表达。结果PCR、酶切及测序结果显示ALB启动子正确插入至荧光素酶GLuc基因上游,HEK293、HP14．5、LC14d及Hepa1-6细胞中ALB—GLuc活性与免疫荧光结果一致。HP14．5ALB—Gluc稳定细胞株在高浓度的稻瘟菌素中存活,免疫荧光结果显示Dex、HGF诱导后细胞中ALB的表达逐渐增强,并与ALB—Gluc活性升高一致。结论成功构建了稳定表达ALB启动子及荧光素酶报告基因的肝干细胞株,为研究肝干细胞的体外成熟分化提供了重要的细胞手段。     

TRAIL在细胞中的表达及其诱导凋亡的活性分析

以PCR方法克隆了Trail cDNA全长,构建了其真核表达载体,通过脂质转染HeLa细胞,48小时后利用流式细胞仪分析Trail诱导细胞凋亡的比率,发现发生凋亡的细胞为总细胞数的19％。证实了Trail真核4表达系统的产物的生物学活性高,为从真核表达的途径获得Trail基因工程产品奠定了基础。