壳斗科原始植物轮叶三棱栎在云南西双版纳的发现及其生物地理意义

于云南西双版纳发现了壳斗科植物的原始类群——轮叶三棱栎（Trigonobalanus verticillata Forman）。轮叶三棱栎被认为是栎属（Quercus L.）和水青冈属（Fagus L.）植物的祖先之一,原纪录分布于印度尼西亚和马来西亚,后来在我国海南岛被发现,其分布格局的形成一直未能合理解释。本次在云南新发现轮叶三棱栎,不仅可以解释它在海南岛的分布,也为海南岛历史上可能曾经连接着越南北部和广西西南部的假设提供了科学支持,具有重要的科研价值和生物地理学意义。     

Does detritus quality predict the effect of native and non‐native plants on the performance of larval amphibians?

1. The lack of consistent differences between the traits of native and non‐native plant species makes it difficult to make general predictions about the ecological impact of invasive plants; however, the increasing number of non‐native plants in many habitats makes the assessment of the impact of each individual species impracticable. General knowledge about how specific plant traits are linked to their effects on communities or ecosystems may be more useful for predicting the effect of plant invasions. Specifically, we hypothesised that higher carbon‐to‐nitrogen ratio (C:N) and percent lignin in plant detritus would reduce the rate of development and total mass at metamorphosis of tadpoles, resulting in lower metamorph production (total fresh biomass) and amphibian species richness. 2. To test these hypotheses, we raised five species of tadpoles in mesocosms containing senescent leaves of three common native and three common non‐native wetland plants that varied in C:N ratio and % lignin. 3. Leaf mass loss, total metamorph production and the number of species that metamorphosed declined as a function of increasing C:N ratio of plant leaves. Plant lignin content was not related to the production of metamorphs or the number of species that metamorphosed. The percentage of wood frog (Lithobates sylvaticus) and American toad (Anaxyrus americanus) tadpoles reaching metamorphosis declined as a function of increasing plant C:N ratio. Mean time to metamorphosis increased and mean mass at metamorphosis declined as a function of increasing plant C:N ratio. Tadpole performance and metamorph diversity and production (biomass) were similar between native and non‐native plant species with similar C:N ratio in leaves. Percent lignin was not a significant predictor of tadpole performance. 4. Our results show that the impact of a plant invasion on tadpole performance could depend on differences between the quality of the detritus produced by the invading species and that of the native species it replaces. We suggest that plant community changes that lead to dominance by more recalcitrant plant species (those with higher leaf C:N ratio) may negatively affect amphibian populations.     

陕西留坝地区种子植物区系分析

陕西留坝地区有种子植物１３３科、６３５属、１４８０种。本文对该地区植物区系进行了统计分析。统计分析结果表明：（１）本地区种子植物种类丰富,共有裸子植物６科、１３属、１９种;单子叶植物１８科、１３５属、２９７种;双子叶植物有１０９科、４８７属、１１６４种。木本种类５６６种,占３８．２％,草本９１４种,占６１．８％。（２）属的地理分布类型种类多,１５个分布类型及１５个变型。其中温带成分占６７．０％,有     

Native weeds and exotic plants: relationships to disturbance in mixed-grass prairie

Disturbance frequently is implicated in the spread of invasive exotic plants. Disturbances may be broadly categorized as endogenous (e.g., digging by fossorial animals) or exogenous (e.g., construction and maintenance of roads and trails), just as weedy species may be native or exotic in origin. The objective of this study was to characterize and compare exotic and native weedy plant occurrence in and near three classes of disturbance – digging by prairie dogs (an endogenous disturbance to which native plants have had the opportunity to adapt), paved or gravel roads (an exogenous disturbance without natural precedent), and constructed trails (an exogenous disturbance with a natural precedent in trails created by movement of large mammals) – in three geographically separate national park units. I used plant survey data from the North and South Units of Theodore Roosevelt National Park and Wind Cave National Park in the northern mixed-grass prairie of western North and South Dakota, USA, to characterize the distribution of weedy native and exotic plants with respect to the three disturbance classes as well as areas adjacent to them. There were differences both in the susceptibility of the disturbance classes to invasion and in the distributions of native weeds and exotic species among the disturbance classes. Both exotic and native weedy species richness were greatest in prairie dog towns and community composition there differed most from undisturbed areas. Exotic species were more likely to thrive near roadways, where native weedy species were infrequently encountered. Exotic species were more likely to have spread beyond the disturbed areas into native prairie than were weedy native species. The response of individual exotic plant species to the three types of disturbance was less consistent than that of native weedy species across the three park units. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

海南岛维管植物物种多样性的现状

热带岛屿的植物多样性一直是全球生物多样性保护的重点和热点。海南岛地处热带北缘, 是中国的第二大岛屿, 具有丰富的植物多样性。经过近几十年的考察研究, 关于海南岛的植物物种数量出现了多个版本。本文通过文献梳理和野外考证的方法进行了全面的植物多样性调查, 以确定其维管植物种数。结果表明: 截止到2015年12月, 海南岛记录并能考证实物或标本的维管植物共有6,036种, 包括野生种4,579种(含特有植物483种和珍稀濒危植物512种)、外来逸生及归化植物163种(含外来入侵种57种)、外来引种的纯栽培植物1,294种。自1964-1977年《海南植物志》出版至今, 新增野生及引种的栽培植物所占的比例均较大, 分别占海南岛野生和栽培植物总种数的35.9%和75.9%。本文还对其中1,220种的拉丁学名进行了异名处理等的订正。     

Generalised pollination systems for three invasive milkweeds in Australia

Because most plants require pollinator visits for seed production, the ability of an introduced plant species to establish pollinator relationships in a new ecosystem may have a central role in determining its success or failure as an invader. We investigated the pollination ecology of three milkweed species – Asclepias curassavica, Gomphocarpus fruticosus and G. physocarpus – in their invaded range in southeast Queensland, Australia. The complex floral morphology of milkweeds has often been interpreted as a general trend towards specialised pollination requirements. Based on this interpretation, invasion by milkweeds contradicts the expectation than plant species with specialised pollination systems are less likely to become invasive that those with more generalised pollination requirements. However, observations of flower visitors in natural populations of the three study species revealed that their pollination systems are essentially specialised at the taxonomic level of the order, but generalised at the species level. Specifically, pollinators of the two Gomphocarpus species included various species of Hymenoptera (particularly vespid wasps), while pollinators of A. curassavica were primarily Lepidoptera (particularly nymphalid butterflies). Pollinators of all three species are rewarded with copious amounts of highly concentrated nectar. It is likely that successful invasion by these three milkweed species is attributable, at least in part, to their generalised pollinator requirements. The results of this study are discussed in terms of how data from the native range may be useful in predicting pollination success of species in a new environment.     

Are native and non‐native pollinator friendly plants equally valuable for native wild bee communities?

Bees rely on floral pollen and nectar for food. Therefore, pollinator friendly plantings are often used to enrich habitats in bee conservation efforts. As part of these plantings, non‐native plants may provide valuable floral resources, but their effects on native bee communities have not been assessed in direct comparison with native pollinator friendly plantings. In this study, we performed a common garden experiment by seeding mixes of 20 native and 20 non‐native pollinator friendly plant species at separate neighboring plots at three sites in Maryland, USA, and recorded flower visitors for 2 years. A total of 3,744 bees (120 species) were collected. Bee abundance and species richness were either similar across plant types (midseason and for abundance also late season) or lower at native than at non‐native plots (early season and for richness also late season). The overall bee community composition differed significantly between native and non‐native plots, with 11 and 23 bee species being found exclusively at one plot type or the other, respectively. Additionally, some species were more abundant at native plant plots, while others were more abundant at non‐natives. Native plants hosted more specialized plant–bee visitation networks than non‐native plants. Three species out of the five most abundant bee species were more specialized when foraging on native plants than on non‐native plants. Overall, visitation networks were more specialized in the early season than in late seasons. Our findings suggest that non‐native plants can benefit native pollinators, but may alter foraging patterns, bee community assemblage, and bee–plant network structures.     

Features and distribution patterns of Chinese endemic seed plant species

We compiled and identified a list of Chinese. endemic seed plant species based on a large number of published References and expert reviews. The characters of these seed plant species and their distribution patterns were described at length. China is rich in endemic seed plants, with a total of 14 939 species (accounting for 52.1%of its total seed plant species) belonging to 1584 genera and 191 families. Temperate families and genera have a significantly higher proportion of endemism than cosmopolitan and tropical ones. The most primitive and derived groups have significantly higher endemism than the other groups. The endemism of tree, shrub, and liana or vine is higher than that of total species; in contrast, the endemism of herb is lower than that of total species. Geographically,these Chinese endemic plants are mainly distributed in Yunnan and Sichuan provinces, southwest China. Species richness and proportion of these endemic plants decrease with increased latitude and have a unimodal response to altitude. The peak value of proportion of endemism is at higher altitudes than that of total species and endemic species richness. The proportions of endemic shrub, liana or vine, and herb increase with altitude and have a clear unimodal curve. In contrast, the proportion of tree increases with altitude, with a sudden increase at～4000 m and has a completely different model. To date, our study provides the most comprehensive list of Chinese endemic seed plant species and their basic composition and distribution features.     

秦岭南坡中段种子植物区系初步分析

秦岭南坡中段有种子植物152科,815属,2184种,对该地区植物区系进行了统计分析,结果表明,（1）本地区种子植物种类丰富,共有裸子植物5科,15属,30种,单子叶植物23科,169属,390种;双子叶植物124科,631属,1764种。（2）属的地理分布类型种类多,有15个分布类型及19个变型,其中温带成分占64.17%,具一定的优势。但同时表现亚热带成分向温带成分过渡的特点。（3）本地区植物古老、残遗、原始成分多,反映了该地区植物区系古老的性质。（4）有中国种子植物特有属41属。国家级保护植物32种,分析结果认为本地区是秦岭种子植物区系的重要组成部分。     

太行山脉东坡中南段种子植物区系初步分析

太行山脉东坡中南段分布有种子植物106科、464属、942种。对该地区种子植物区系进行了统计分析,结果表明:(1)本地区种子植物种类不丰富,有裸子植物2科, 4属, 5种;单子叶植物16科, 88属, 173种;双子叶植物88科, 372属, 764种。(2)属的地理分布类型多样,有15个分布类型及12个变型。其中温带成分占73.25%,具有明显的优势。热带成分占23.75%。(3)古老、残遗、原始成分较多,反映该地区植物区系具有一定的古老性。(4)有中国种子植物特有属12属,国家级保护植物11种。分析认为该地区是华北植物区系的重要组成部分。     

Vascular plant diversity in eastern Asia and North America: historical and ecological explanations

Taxonomic diversity of vascular plants (ferns, gymnosperms and angiosperms) was compared between eastern Asia and North America. Eastern Asia has significantly higher species richness in all three classes but the difference was greatest in ferns and least in angiosperms. Differences in taxonomic treatments between the two continents are not likely contributors to these patterns. The relationship of regional to global species richness across the three plant classes suggested that diversity patterns were relatively homogeneous at three taxonomic levels. Thus, differences in species richness are established at the family level and are therefore relatively old. The previously noted fact that eastern Asia has a higher proportion of primitive taxa was shown by analyses both among and within plant classes. Diversity patterns across three taxonomic levels (i.e. family, genus and species) of the three classes may reflect the relative historical positions of the two continents (following continental drift) to the centre(s) of their origin, neighbouring land masses, differential speciation/extinction rates, and switches in dominance levels associated with climate change (including glaciation), as well as reproductive/dispersal mechanisms of the three plant classes.     

湖南武陵源种子植物区系初步研究

武陵源共有种子植物171科、742属、1468种(含栽培种,下同)。其中裸子植物8科、24属、39种;被子植物163科、718属、1429种。在科属种不同的水平上对武陵源种子植物区系特征进行了较深入的统计分析,结果表明：武陵源种子植物区系属的成分中,北温带分布类型占明显优势,共有389属,热带分布类型次之,共289属,东亚和中国特有分布也是非常重要的区系成分之一,共139属。可见,武陵源植物区系不仅兼容了丰富的热带和温带成分,而且还显示出其在华中植物区系中的重要位置。另外武陵源植物区系还有许多珍稀、古老、孑遗、原始植物成分。     

Phylogenetic evidence for the evolution of ecological specialization in Timema walking‐sticks

We used phylogenetic and ecological information to study the evolution of host‐plant specialization and colour polymorphism in the genus Timema, which comprises 14 species of walking‐sticks that are subject to strong selection for cryptic coloration on their host‐plants. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that this genus consists of three main lineages. Two of the lineages include highly generalized basal species and relatively specialized distal species, and one of the lineages comprises four specialized species. We tested for phylogenetic conservatism in the traits studied via randomizing host‐plant use, and the four basic Timema colour patterns, across the tips of the phylogeny, and determining if the observed number of inferred changes was significantly low compared to the distribution of numbers of inferred changes expected under the null model. This analysis showed that (1) host‐plant use has evolved nonrandomly, such that more closely related species tend to use similar sets of hosts and (2) colour pattern evolution exhibits considerable lability. Inference of ancestral states using maximum parsimony, under four models for the relative ease of gain and loss of plant hosts or colour morphs, showed that (1) for all models with gains of host‐plants even marginally more difficult than losses, and for most optimizations with gains and losses equally difficult, the ancestral Timema were generalized, feeding on the chaparral plants Ceanothus and Adenostoma and possibly other taxa, and (2) for all models with gains of colour morphs more difficult than losses, the ancestral Timema were polymorphic for colour pattern. Generation of null distributions of inferred ancestral states showed that the maximum‐parsimony inference of host‐plant generalization was most robust for the most speciose of the three main Timema lineages. Ancestral states were also inferred using maximum likelihood, after recoding host‐plant use and colour polymorphism as dichotomous characters. Likelihood analyses provided some support for inference of generalization in host‐plant use at ancestral nodes of the two lineages exhibiting mixtures of generalists and specialists, although levels of uncertainty were high. By contrast, likelihood analysis did not estimate ancestral colour morph patterns with any confidence, due to inferred rates of change that were high with respect to speciation rates. Information from biogeography, floristic history and the timing of diversification of the genus are compatible with patterns of inferred ancestral host‐plant use. Diversification in the genus Timema appears to engender three main processes: (1) increased specialization via loss of host‐plants, (2) retention of the same, single, host‐plant and (3) shifts to novel hosts to which lineages were ‘preadapted’ in colour pattern. Our evidence suggests that the radiation of this genus has involved multiple evolutionary transitions from individual‐level specialization (multiple‐niche polymorphism) to population‐level and species‐level specialization. Ecological studies of Timema suggest that such transitions are driven by diversifying selection for crypsis. This paper provides the first phylogeny‐based evidence for the macroevolutionary importance of predation by generalist natural enemies in the evolution of specialization.     

Occurrence of diacylglyceryltrimethylhomoserines and major phospholipids in some plants

Over 40 higher plant species were examined for the contents of total lipids, phospholipids, diacylglyceryl-N,N,N-trimethylhomoserine (DGTS), phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), and phosphatidylglycerol (PG) by using micro-HPTLC. The results showed a wider range of plants containing betaine lipids. So, DGTS was found in some higher plant species, not studied earlier, belonging to Equisetophyta, Polypodiophyta; the lipid composition of many other species from Spermatophyta was also studied. It was demonstrated that more primitive plant species contained, as a rule, the betaine lipid DGTS. The quantitative data for the distribution of the main phospholipid classes PC, PE, and PG in various plant species and their tissues are given in this paper.     

Areas of high conservation value at risk by plant invaders in Georgia under climate change

Invasive alien plants (IAP) are a threat to biodiversity worldwide. Understanding and anticipating invasions allow for more efficient management. In this regard, predicting potential invasion risks by IAPs is essential to support conservation planning into areas of high conservation value (AHCV) such as sites exhibiting exceptional botanical richness, assemblage of rare, and threatened and/or endemic plant species. Here, we identified AHCV in Georgia, a country showing high plant richness, and assessed the susceptibility of these areas to colonization by IAPs under present and future climatic conditions. We used actual protected areas and areas of high plant endemism (identified using occurrences of 114 Georgian endemic plant species) as proxies for AHCV. Then, we assessed present and future potential distribution of 27 IAPs using species distribution models under four climate change scenarios and stacked single‐species potential distribution into a consensus map representing IAPs richness. We evaluated present and future invasion risks in AHCV using IAPs richness as a metric of susceptibility. We show that the actual protected areas cover only 9.4% of the areas of high plant endemism in Georgia. IAPs are presently located at lower elevations around the large urban centers and in western Georgia. We predict a shift of IAPs toward eastern Georgia and higher altitudes and an increased susceptibility of AHCV to IAPs under future climate change. Our study provides a good baseline for decision makers and stakeholders on where and how resources should be invested in the most efficient way to protect Georgia's high plant richness from IAPs.     

鄂尔多斯高原风蚀沙化梁地克隆植物的分布及其与物种多样性的关系

 采用样线法和点样法对鄂尔多斯风蚀沙化梁地上的植物进行了调查,研究了梁地上克隆植物的分布、克隆植物在群落中的重要性及其与群落物种多样性之间的关系。结果表明：1）在梁顶的典型草原植物群落和梁底的滩地盐生植物群落中克隆植物的物种丰富度较高,而在梁坡的沙生植物群落中较少,非克隆植物物种在梁顶出现频率较高,在梁坡和梁底较少;密集型克隆植物物种丰富度的变化与非克隆植物相同,游击型克隆植物在梁顶植物群落中没有出现,在梁坡群落中也很少,而在梁底的滩地中较多。2）梁底群落中克隆植物的重要值高于梁顶和梁坡群落中克隆植物的重要值,梁顶与梁坡群落中非克隆植物的重要值高于梁底群落中非克隆植物的重要值;在梁坡与梁底群落中,克隆植物的重要值都高于非克隆植物的重要值,而在梁顶群落中克隆植物与非克隆植物的重要值之间无差异;梁顶与梁坡群落中密集型克隆植物的重要值高于梁底群落中密集型克隆植物的重要值,而游击型克隆植物的重要值在梁底群落中较高;在梁顶与梁坡群落中,密集型克隆植物的重要值分别高于游击型克隆植物的重要值,而在梁底群落中,密集型克隆植物的重要值低于游击型克隆植物的重要值。3）梁顶的典型草原植物群落中,群落物种多样性随非克隆植物的重要值、克隆植物的重要值、密集型克隆植物的重要值的变化趋势相同,都为抛物线型。梁坡的沙生植物群落中,群落物种多样性与非克隆植物的重要值呈正相关,而分别与克隆植物和密集型克隆植物的重要值呈负相关。梁底的滩地盐生植物群落中,群落物种多样性与非克隆植物的重要值呈正相关,而与克隆植物和游击型克隆植物的重要值呈负相关。     

Invasive plant integration into native plant–pollinator networks across Europe

The structure of plant–pollinator networks has been claimed to be resilient to changes in species composition due to the weak degree of dependence among mutualistic partners. However, detailed empirical investigations of the consequences of introducing an alien plant species into mutualistic networks are lacking. We present the first cross-European analysis by using a standardized protocol to assess the degree to which a particular alien plant species (i.e. Carpobrotus affine acinaciformis, Impatiens glandulifera, Opuntia stricta, Rhododendron ponticum and Solanum elaeagnifolium) becomes integrated into existing native plant–pollinator networks, and how this translates to changes in network structure.Alien species were visited by almost half of the pollinator species present, accounting on average for 42 per cent of the visits and 24 per cent of the network interactions. Furthermore, in general, pollinators depended upon alien plants more than on native plants. However, despite the fact that invaded communities received more visits than uninvaded communities, the dominant role of alien species over natives did not translate into overall changes in network connectance, plant linkage level and nestedness. Our results imply that although supergeneralist alien plants can play a central role in the networks, the structure of the networks appears to be very permeable and robust to the introduction of invasive alien species into the network.     

Ethnobotany of Ghalegay, District Swat, Pakistan

Ethnobotanical study of plants revealed that the local community of Ghalegy, District Swat, invariably uses 126 species of 59 families for various purposes. Based on their traditional local uses, fifty-seven species （45.2%） were classifted as medicinal, forty-seven as fire wood （37.3 % ）, forty-five as forage （35.7 % ）, twenty-eight as honey bee species （22.2%）, twenty-seven as vegetable species （21.4%）, 25 as edible fruits （14 wild and llcultivated）, thirteen as timberwood （10.3%）, twelve as ornamental （9.5%）, eleven as furniture wood, ten as shelter and thatch makers （7.9%）, ten as fencing （7.9%）, five as poisonous （4%）, four as religious/superstitious species, three species used in making hand sticks and wooden tools （2.4%）, three as utensil cleaner species （2.4%）, three as evil repellent and one as fish poisoning species. The area is in plant resources and traditional knowledge but it needs ecological management for its sustainability.     

Pyrrolizidine alkaloids: different acquisition and use patterns in Apocynaceae and Solanaceae feeding ithomiine butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)

Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) often serve as chemical mediators of plant-herbivore-predator interactions. Butterflies (Danainae and Ithomiinae) and moths (Arctiidae) usually acquire PAs from plant sources (larval host plants, flowers or withered leaves visited by adults—pharmacophagy) and thereby become chemically protected against predators; they also use PAs as pheromone precursors. Study by GC-MS of PAs in three species of Ithomiinae butterflies, their larval host plants and adult alkaloid sources showed three different acquisition patterns: (1) larvae of the primitive Tithorea harmonia sequester PAs from their food plant Prestonia acutifolia (Apocynaceae: Echitoideae), and adults may also acquire these alkaloids from plant sources; (2) larvae of the more derived Aeria olena feed on Prestonia coalita , in whose leaves no PAs were detected, but freshly emerged adults sometimes contain PAs and males intensively seek and sequester these alkaloids in plant sources; and (3) larvae of the still more advanced Mechanitis polymnia feed on several PA-free Solanum species, and adult males sequester the alkaloids from various plant sources. Males and females of all three species contain mostly two PAs, the diastereoisomeric retronecine monoesters lycopsamine and intermedine, stored in the N-oxide form. Larval host plants and adult plant sources showed a large array of PA structures, the most abundant and frequent being lycopsamine and its diastereoisomers intermedine, echinatine, rinderine and indicine, and the deoxy-analogues supinine and amabiline. Bioassays with wild caught and freshly emerged adults suggest that protection against predation by the orb weaving spider Nephila clavipes may be dependent on PA concentration and maybe some spider idiosyncrasies, but freshly emerged Aeria olena without PAs are also liberated by Nephila , suggesting other protective compounds. The role of this spider as a selective pressure for PA acquisition by ithomiines is not clear.     

Comparative Anatomical Studies on Vessel Elements of Chinese Ranunculaceae

The vessel elements in 77 species of 36 genera of Chinese Ranunculaceae were studied. The vessel elements of Ranunculaceae could be divided into primitive and more specialized groups on the basis of their morphological characters through clustering analysis. The most primitive type of the vessel elements was seen in Asteropyrum, and some vessel elements were considered more primitive, as in Paeonia, Trollius, Actaea, Helleborus, Souliea, Calathodes, Beesia, Caltha, Coptis, Kingdonia, Circaeaster, Adonis, Hepatica, than others. There was a marked difference between Paeonia and other genera of Ranunculaceae. The vessel elements of Paeonioideae and Helleboroideae with follicles were more primitive than Ranunculoideae with achenes. In Thalictroideae, .the vessel elements of Thalictrum with achenes were more specialized than other genera with follicles. All these findings coincided with the evolution of fruits. The character of evolution of vessel elements ran parallel with that of other parts of plant (flower, carpel, petiole, venation). The features of vessel elements in the same genus were at similar evolutional level, however, some difference between species do exist.