D-氨基酸氧化酶与麦芽糖结合蛋白和透明颤菌血红蛋白的融合表达

D-氨基酸氧化酶(DAAO)是一种重要的工业酶。为了进一步提高DAAO在大肠杆菌中的可溶性和活性表达, 分别构建了麦芽糖结合蛋白(MBP)和透明颤菌血红蛋白与三角酵母DAAO (TvDAAO) 的N-端融合蛋白。其中, MBP融合蛋白MBP-TvDAAO在组成型(JM105/pMKC-DAAO)和诱导型菌株(JM105/pMKL-DAAO)中表达时, 目标蛋白的可溶性表达量分别达到全细胞蛋白表达量的28%以上和17%左右, 比无MBP融合的对照菌株BL21(DE3)/pET-DAAO分别提高3.7和1.8倍; 但其酶活水平显著下降。VHb融合蛋白VHb-TvDAAO在重组菌BL21(DE3)/pET-VDAAO中摇瓶诱导表达时, DAAO酶活达到了3.24 u/mL, 比对照菌株BL21(DE3)/pET-DAAO提高了约90%。     

D-氨基酸氧化酶与麦芽糖结合蛋白和透明颤菌血红蛋白的融合表达

D-氨基酸氧化酶(DAAO)是一种重要的工业酶。为了进一步提高DAAO在大肠杆菌中的可溶性和活性表达, 分别构建了麦芽糖结合蛋白(MBP)和透明颤菌血红蛋白与三角酵母DAAO (TvDAAO) 的N-端融合蛋白。其中, MBP融合蛋白MBP-TvDAAO在组成型(JM105/pMKC-DAAO)和诱导型菌株(JM105/pMKL-DAAO)中表达时, 目标蛋白的可溶性表达量分别达到全细胞蛋白表达量的28%以上和17%左右, 比无MBP融合的对照菌株BL21(DE3)/pET-DAAO分别提高3.7和1.8倍; 但其酶活水平显著下降。VHb融合蛋白VHb-TvDAAO在重组菌BL21(DE3)/pET-VDAAO中摇瓶诱导表达时, DAAO酶活达到了3.24 u/mL, 比对照菌株BL21(DE3)/pET-DAAO提高了约90%。     

Cloning and co-expression of D-amino acid oxidase and glutaryl-7-aminocephalosporanic acid acylase genes in Escherichia coli

To convert cephalosporin C to 7-aminocephalosporin (7-ACA), a D-amino acid oxidase (DAAO) gene from Trigonopsis variabilis and a glutaryl-7-aminocephalosporanic acid acylase (GL-7-ACA acylase) gene from Pseudomonas were cloned and expressed in recombinant Escherichia coli. For DAAO recombinant strain BL21(DE3)/pET-DAAO, a high DAAO activity of 250 U ml⁻¹ was obtained by a fed-batch culture. A GL-7-ACA acylase gene, in which the signal peptide sequence was deleted, was also successfully expressed in a recombinant E. coli BL21(DE3)/pET-ACY with a high expression level of 3000 U l⁻¹. A novel recombinant strain, BL21(DE3)/pET-DA, harboring both genes of DAAO and GL-7-ACA acylase, was further constructed, and a rather high DAAO activity of 140 U ml⁻¹ and GL-7-ACA acylase activity of 950 U l⁻¹ were simultaneously obtained. This recombinant strain, in which two genes are co-expressed, made it possible to catalyze cephalosporin C into 7-ACA directly.     

Kinetic resolution of 3-fluoroalanine using a fusion protein of D-amino acid oxidase with Vitroscilla hemoglobin

In this study, a fusion protein (VHb-DAAO) of D-amino acid oxidase (DAAO) with Vitreoscilla hemoglobin (VHb) was functionally expressed in Escherichia coli and purified. The k(cat) value VHb-DAAO (47.1 s?1) towards rac-3-flouroalanine was about 2-fold higher than that of DAAO (21.9 s?1). rac-3-Flouroalanine (500 mM) was kinetically resolved into (R)-3-fluoroalanine with high enatiomeric excess (>99%) by VHb-DAAO with about 52% conversion.     

Improved conditions for production of recombinant plant sesquiterpene synthases in Escherichia coli

Amorpha-4,11-diene synthase (ADS) from Artemisia annua and (+)-germacrene synthase (GDS) from Zingiber officinale were expressed in Escherichia coli under different conditions to optimize the yield of active soluble protein. The cDNAs of these enzymes were inserted into the pET28 vector (Novagen) and expressed in four different bacterial strains; BL21 (DE3), BL21 (DE3) Tuner, BL21 (DE3) pLysS and BL21 (DE3) pLysS Tuner using different inducing agents (IPTG, The Inducer). The effects of induction under osmotic stress in the presence of glycine betaine and sorbitol were investigated. Although background expression for ADS was reduced when using pLysS strains, no significant difference was noted for ADS activity in soluble whole cell lysates after induction with either IPTG or The Inducer. For GDS, on the other hand, the change between BL21 (DE3) cells and BL21 (DE3) Tuner, induced with IPTG, leads to a twofold increase in enzyme activity in the soluble fraction while a reduction in activity is observed when using the pLysS strains. The same doubling of activity is observed for GDS when the commonly used BL.21 (DE3) is induced with The Inducer. Addition of 2.5 mM glycine betaine and 660 mM sorbitol to the bacterial growth media resulted in reduction of growth rate and biomass yield but under these conditions the best overall protein production, for both enzymes, was obtained. Compared to the standard conditions previously used in our laboratory the yield of soluble active protein was increased 7- and 2.5-fold for ADS and GDS, using BL21 (DE3) pLysS Tuner and BL21 (DE3), respectively.     

IL-1023-57-PE40分泌表达的初步研究

将IL-1023-57-PE40基因与pelB信号肽融合置于pET-20b构建分泌表达质粒pET-20b-IL-1023-57-PE40,然后将pET-20b-IL-1023-57-PE40分别转化至BL21(DE3),BL21(DE3)pLysS,Rosetta(DE3),E·coliK12TB1,ER2566中。无论是在37℃或是在26℃,亦或在培养基中添加葡萄糖的情况下,IPTG诱导后,IL-1023-57-PE40蛋白只在BL21(DE3)pLysS菌中以可溶分泌形式表达,其中以37℃时培养基中不添加葡萄糖表达量为最高,占菌体蛋白总量的15%,说明蛋白的分泌表达与菌种的选择有关。表达产物经免疫印记检测可被抗PE40的特异抗体识别。通过质粒稳定性实验证明,pET-20b-IL-1023-57-PE40在BL21(DE3)中不稳定,导致蛋白的不表达,在Rosetta(DE3)BL21,E·coliK12TB1,ER2566中稳定但不表达,因此,以Rosetta(DE3)BL21为例,通过SDS-PAGE、DNAStar和ANThewin蛋白分析软件对本室构建的几种PE重组毒素进行比较分析,我们发现:并不是所有PE重组毒素融合信号肽序列后,就能分泌表达,PE重组毒素分泌表达还可能与导向部分的性质有关。     

在大肠杆菌中表达有活性的人STK11蛋白

STK11蛋白(serine/threonine kinase11)是近年来发现的具有多种重要功能的蛋白,可参与调控细胞周期、p53介导的细胞凋亡、ras诱导的细胞转化、细胞极化等多种生物学过程。利用大肠杆菌高效表达有活性的人STK11蛋白,可为其结构和功能的深入研究打下良好基础。利用本室克隆的人STK11 cDNA和原核表达载体pET-44a( )构建带有Nus融合标签的诱导型表达载体pET-Nus-STK11,在不同的大肠杆菌宿主中诱导表达。SDS-PAGE和Western blot检测表明,在BL21(DE3)宿主中表达的融合蛋白主要以包涵体形式存在,占菌体总蛋白的8.9%;在Rosetta-gami(DE3)pLysS宿主中主要表达为可溶性蛋白,占菌体总蛋白的16.7%。而经纯化和包涵体蛋白复性处理后,以Chariot介导重组融合蛋白进入人肝癌细胞SMMC-7721检测其对细胞生长和细胞周期的影响。与对照组相比,BL21(DE3)中表达的Nus-STK11蛋白几乎无抑制活性;而Rosetta-gami(DE3)pLysS中表达的Nus-STK11蛋白可以显著抑制SMMC-7721细胞的生长,抑制率达47.05%,并导致细胞周期的G0/G1期阻滞,证实表达的重组融合蛋白具有明显的生物学活性。上述结果为在大肠杆菌中成功表达有活性的重组STK11蛋白的首次报道。     

Reduced background expression and improved plasmid stability with pET vectors in BL21 (DE3)

The T7 polymerase-based pET System is one of the most powerful and widely used prokaryotic expression systems available today. Expression of even slightly toxic gene products in BL21 (DE3), however, has been problematic due to basal expression, which leads to decreased plasmid stability and variable yields following large-scale growth and induction. Use of host strains such as BL21 (DE3) pLysS provides high stringency and consistent expression but typically at the cost of reduced protein levels upon induction. The experiments presented here suggest that catabolite repression can effectively reduce basal expression of the T7 polymerase gene in BL21 (DE3), yielding tight regulation and consistency comparable to that of BL21 (DE3) pLysS. By switching to a poor carbon source for the final growth cycles, the higher expression levels typical of BL21 (DE3) can readily be obtained upon induction.     

Expression and purification of the SsbB protein from Streptococcus pneumoniae

The Gram positive bacterium, Streptococcus pneumoniae, has two genes, designated ssbA and ssbB, which are predicted to encode single-stranded DNA binding proteins (SSB proteins). We have shown previously that the SsbA protein is similar in size and in biochemical properties to the well-characterized SSB protein from Escherichia coli. The SsbB protein, in contrast, is a smaller protein and has no counterpart in E. coli. This report describes the development of an expression system and purification procedure for the SsbB protein. The ssbB gene was amplified from genomic S. pneumoniae DNA and cloned into the E. coli expression vector, pET21a. Although, we had shown previously that the SsbA protein is strongly expressed from pET21a in the E. coli strain BL21(DE3)pLysS, no expression of the SsbB protein was detected in these cells. However, the SsbB protein was strongly expressed from pET21a in the Rosetta(DE3)pLysS strain, a derivative of BL21(DE3)pLysS which supplies the tRNAs for six codons that are used infrequently in E. coli. The differential expression of the two SSB proteins in the parent BL21(DE3)pLysS strain was apparently due to the presence of two rare codons in the ssbB gene sequence that are not present in the ssbA sequence. Using the Rosetta(DE3)pLysS/pETssbB expression system, a protocol was developed in which the SsbB protein was purified to apparent homogeneity. DNA binding assays confirmed that the purified SsbB protein had single-stranded DNA binding activity. The expression and purification procedures reported here will facilitate further investigations into the biological role of the SsbB protein.     

Cloning,expression, and purification of the His6-tagged hyper-thermostable dUTPase from Pyrococcus woesei in Escherichia coli: application in PCR

The gene encoding dUTPase from Pyrococcus woesei was cloned into Escherichia coli expression system. It shows 100% gene identity to homologous gene in Pyrococcus furiosus. The expression of N-terminal His(6)-tagged Pwo dUTPase was performed in E. coli BL21(DE3)pLysS and E. coli Rosetta(DE3)pLysS strain that contains plasmid encoding additional copies of rare E. coli tRNAs. E. coli Rosetta(pLysS) strain was found with two times higher expression yield of His(6)-tagged Pwo dUTPase than E. coli BL21(DE3)pLysS. The His(6)-tagged Pwo dUTPase was purified on Ni(2+)-IDA-Sepharose, dialyzed, and the enzyme activity was investigated. We found that His(6)-tag domain has no influence on dUTP hydrolytic activity. dUTP is generated during PCR from dCTP, which inhibits the polymerization of DNA catalyzed by DNA polymerase with 3(')-5(') exonuclease activity. We observed that the thermostable His(6)-tagged Pwo dUTPase used for the polymerase chain reaction with P. woesei DNA polymerase improves the efficiency of PCR and it allows for amplification of longer targets.     

Molecular design, expression, and affinity immobilization of a trypsin-streptavidin fusion protein*(1)

A trypsin-streptavidin (TRYPSA) fusion protein was designed and its expression in Escherichia coli was evaluated. The streptavidin gene was PCR modified and cloned into the pET expression vector. The trypsin gene was subsequently inserted into this plasmid, thus generating a colinear fusion of trypsin and streptavidin genes (pTRYPSA). This engineering strategy was verified, and TRYPSA was expressed after IPTG induction using the E. coli strains, BL21(DE3) and BL21(DE3)pLysS. Standard protein fractions of the cell lysate were prepared and trypsin activity was primarily detected in the periplasmic and inclusion body fractions. Immunoblotting showed a single Western-positive band exhibiting a molecular weight of 39,000 Da. A biotinylated porous glass affinity matrix was prepared and selective adsorption resulted in a one-step purification and immobilization of TRYPSA from crude cell lysate. Trypsin activity was verified using a synthetic substrate. This enzyme bioreactor should serve as an excellent prototype for future studies that will examine the effect of limited proteolysis on functional characteristics of milk proteins, including gelling, emulsifying and foaming properties.     

Clinical manufacturing of recombinant human interleukin 15. I. Production cell line development and protein expression in E. coli with stop codon optimization

Interleukin 15 (IL-15) has shown remarkable biological properties of promoting NK- and T-cell activation and proliferation, as well as enhancing antitumor immunity of CD8(+) T cells in preclinical models. Here, we report the development of an E. coli cell line to express recombinant human Interleukin-15 (rhIL-15) for clinical manufacturing. Human IL-15 cDNA sequence was inserted into a pET28b plasmid and expressed in several E. coli BL21 strains. Through product quality comparisons among several E. coli strains, including E. coli BL21(DE3), BL21(DE3)pLysS, BLR(DE3)pLysS, and BL21-AI, E. coli BL21-AI was selected for clinical manufacturing. Expression optimization was carried out at shake flask and 20-L fermenter scales, and the product was expressed as inclusion bodies that were solubilized, refolded, and purified to yield active rhIL-15. Stop codons of the expression construct were further investigated after 15-20% of the purified rhIL-15 showed an extraneous peak corresponding to an extra tryptophan residue based on peptide mapping and mass spectrometry analysis. It was determined that the presence of an extra tryptophan was due to a stop codon wobble effect, which could be eliminated by replacing TGA (opal) stop codon with TAA (ochre). As a novel strategy, a simple method of demonstrating lack of tRNA suppressors in the production host cells was developed to validate the cells in this study. The E. coli BL21-AI cells containing the rhIL-15 coding sequence with a triplet stop codon TAATAATGA were banked for further clinical manufacturing.     

花生△12脂肪酸脱氢酶基因高效表达载体构建与原核表达

花生是世界范围内广泛种植的重要油料作物之一,其种子中富含油酸和亚油酸。△^12脂肪酸脱氢酶（FAD2）是亚油酸合成的关键酶,催化油酸（18：1）在△^12位上脱氢生成亚油酸（18：2）,但由于△^12脂肪酸脱氢酶本身的特性,目前还没有有效的方法将其纯化并在蛋白水平作进一步的研究,尚需对其结构和功能之间以及表达调控进行更深入全面的研究。本文利用从花生中克隆的△^12脂肪酸脱氢酶基因（GenBank接受号为AY1006）构建高效表达载体,把花生△^12脂肪酸脱氢酶基因全长序列插入到大肠杆菌高效表达载体pRSETB中,构建了pRSET／HO-A融合表达载体,并转化到大肠杆菌表达菌BL21（DE3）pLysS中,在IPTG诱导下,pRSET／HO-A融合表达载体在BL21（DE3）pLysS菌株中高效表达了△^12脂肪酸脱氢酶。利用Clon-Tech蛋白纯化Kit进一步分离了目的蛋白,同时加入外源性底物油酸在20℃温育6h后,进行脂肪酸甲酯化处理,通过气相色谱（GC）和气相色谱,质谱（GC-MS）分析表明,所编码的酶具有△^12脂肪酸脱氢酶的活性,能将外源性的底物油酸转化为亚油酸,转化率为11．8％。花生△^12脂肪酸脱氢酶基因的原核表达目前国内外还未见报导,本实验为其进一步的大量纯化和结构功能分析奠定了基础。     

Expression of ornithine decarboxylase of Coccidioides immitis in three Escherichia coli strains carrying the lambda DE3 lysogen and an E. coli EWH319 strain odc − null mutant

Ornithine decarboxylase from respiratory fungal pathogen, Coccidioides immitis, cloned in the pETCiODC plasmid under control of T7lac promoter, was produced in E. coli BL21(DE3), BL21(DE3)pLysS, BLR(DE3) and EWH319 transformant strains. E. coli BL21(DE3)pLysS-pETCiODC expressed the highest specific activity of ODC, suggesting that this strain could be successfully used for protein structure and drug testing studies.     

Optimization of culture condition for the production of D-amino acid oxidase in a recombinant Escherichia coli

The gene encoding D-amino acid oxidase (DAAO) from Trigonopsis variabilis CBS 4095 has been cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3). Unfortunately, it was observed that the host cell was negatively affected by the expressed DAAO, resulting in a remarkable decrease in cell growth. To overcome this problem, we investigated several factors that affect cell growth rate and DAAO production such as addition time of inducer and dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration. The addition time of lactose, which was used as an inducer, and DO concentration appeared to be critical for the cell growth of E. coli BL21 (DE3)/pET-DAAO. A two-stage DO control strategy was developed, in which the DO concentration was controlled above 50% until specific stage of bacterial growth (OD₆₀₀ 30–40) and then downshifted to 30% by changing the agitation speed and aeration rate, and they remained at these rates until the end of fermentation. With this strategy, the maximum DAAO activity and cell growth reached 18.5 U/mL and OD₆₀₀ 81, respectively. By reproducing these optimized conditions in a 12-m³ fermentor, we were able to produce DAAO at a productivity of 19 U/mL with a cell growth of OD₆₀₀ 80.     

A conditional marker gene allowing both positive and negative selection in plants

Selectable markers enable transgenic plants or cells to be identified after transformation. They can be divided into positive and negative markers conferring a selective advantage or disadvantage, respectively. We present a marker gene, dao1, encoding D-amino acid oxidase (DAAO, EC 1.4.3.3) that can be used for either positive or negative selection, depending on the substrate. DAAO catalyzes the oxidative deamination of a range of D-amino acids. Selection is based on differences in the toxicity of different D-amino acids and their metabolites to plants. Thus, D-alanine and D-serine are toxic to plants, but are metabolized by DAAO into nontoxic products, whereas D-isoleucine and D-valine have low toxicity, but are metabolized by DAAO into the toxic keto acids 3-methyl-2-oxopentanoate and 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate, respectively. Hence, both positive and negative selection is possible with the same marker gene. The marker has been successfully established in Arabidopsis thaliana, and proven to be versatile, rapidly yielding unambiguous results, and allowing selection immediately after germination.     

Specificity of DNA binding activity of the Bacillus subtilis catabolite control protein CcpA.

CcpA was purified from Escherichia coli BL21 (lambda DE3)/pLysS carrying plasmid pTSC5, which was constructed by inserting the ccpA gene into the polycloning site of pGEM4. The purified protein migrated in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with an apparent mass of 38 kDa but was eluted from a calibrated Bio-Gel P-100 column with an apparent mass of 75 kDa. Western blot (immunoblot) analysis revealed the presence of CcpA in E. coli BL21 (lambda DE3)/pLysS/pTSC5, which carries ccpA, and in wild-type Bacillus subtilis 168 but not in E. coli BL21 (lambda DE3)/pLysS/pGEM4 or in B. subtilis WLN-29, in which ccpA is inactivated by transposon Tn917 insertion. Purified CcpA bound to DNA containing amyO and retarded its mobility in electrophoretic mobility shift analysis. Complete retardation of the DNA required 75 ng of CcpA per assay. In DNase protection analysis, CcpA bound to DNA containing amyO and protected a region spanning amyO when either DNA strand was labeled. Mutant forms of amyO not effective in catabolite repression were not retarded by CcpA.     

尿酸氧化酶基因的克隆、表达及其产物的应用

克隆了产朊假丝酵母(Candida utilis)AS2-117尿酸氧化酶(Urate Oxidase,Uricase,EC1.7.3.3)的基因。将此基因插入原核表达质粒pET21a后转化大肠杆菌BL21(DE3),获得高表达的重组转化子菌株。经IPTG诱导,重组尿酸酶基因表达量可达菌体可溶性蛋白的40%。重组尿酸氧化酶为有酶活性的可溶蛋白。Western印迹分析证实表达产物有免疫学活性。经DEAE DE52纤维素离子交换柱层析纯化,目的蛋白纯度可达95%。重组蛋白和天然蛋白的理化特征比较证明重组蛋白的热稳定性有较大提高。酶盒配制和临床应用实验表明重组蛋白可代替天然蛋白进行临床血清尿酸的分析。