DNA损伤生物学反应中ATM对p21~(WAF1/CIP1)蛋白的直接磷酸化

毛细血管扩张性共济失调症突变蛋白 (mutatedinataxiatelangiectasia ,ATM)是直接感受DNA双链断裂损伤并起始诸多DNA损伤信号反应通路的主开关分子 .已有研究发现 ,DNA损伤生物学反应中 ,ATM可通过磷酸化活化p5 3,继而转录活化细胞周期检查点蛋白p2 1WAF1 CIP1的表达 ,而对于ATM是否直接参与p2 1WAF1 CIP1的早期活化迄今尚无实验证明 .通过免疫共沉淀反应 ,检测到细胞电离辐射 (ionizingradiation ,IR)反应早期ATM与p2 1WAF1 CIP1蛋白存在相互作用 .将p2 1WAF1 CIP1蛋白编码基因全长克隆入原核表达载体pGEX4T 2 ,经诱导表达及亲和层析纯化获取GST p2 1融合蛋白作为磷酸化底物 .体外磷酸化实验检测证明 ,IR活化的ATM具磷酸化p2 1WAF1 CIP1蛋白的功能 ,并且此磷酸化功能可被PI3K家族特异性抑制剂Wortmannin所抑制 .结果揭示了IR后ATM可通过直接磷酸化p2 1WAF1 CIP1蛋白 ,在IR致DNA损伤生物学反应早期调控p2 1WAF1 CIP1蛋白的快速活化过程     

Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 is a survival factor for radiation-exposed intestinal epithelial stem cells in vivo

Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) is a key enzyme mediating the cellular response to DNA strand breaks. It plays a critical role in genomic stability and survival of proliferating cells in culture undergoing DNA damage. Intestinal epithelium is the most proliferative tissue in the mammalian body and its stem cells show extreme sensitivity to low-level genotoxic stress. We investigated the role of PARP-1 in the in vivo damage response of intestinal stem cells in crypts of PARP-1^–/– and control mice following whole-body γ-irradiation (1 Gy). In the PARP-1^–/– mice there was a significant delay during the first 6 h in the transient p53 accumulation in stem cells whereas an increased number of cells were positive for p21^CIP1/WAF1. Either no or only marginal differences were noted in MDM2 expression, apoptosis, induction of or recovery from mitotic blockage, or inhibition of DNA synthesis. We further observed a dose-dependent reduction in crypt survival measured at 4 days post-irradiation in control mice, and this crypt-killing effect was significantly potentiated in PARP-1^–/– mice. Our results thus establish that PARP-1 acts as a survival factor for intestinal stem cells in vivo and suggest a functional link with early p53 and p21^CIP1/WAF1 responses.