Status of biomethanation development in the Philippines

Summary Two major agro-industrial enterprizes have commercialized the biomethanation technology in the Philippines: the Maya Farm and the Central Azucarera de Tarlac. The Maya Farm produces biogas from the manure of 25 000 pigs. The reactors are of the batch type. The gas production is used for electricity generation, water pumping and heating, solid wastes drying etc. The Central Azucarera de Tarlac produces biogas from distillery slops and filter cake. The principle of the treatment is decantation followed by thermophilic anaerobic digestion lagooning with and without aeration and finally, irrigation of the sugar-cane fields with the final liquid effluent. The pollution load of the influent is reduced by 80% after anaerobic digestion and by 99% at the end of the treatment. The biogas produced is used to reactivate the spent carbon in the refinery kilns and in the boilers.

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Resumen Dos importantes fábricas agro-industriales han comercializado la técnología de la biometanación en Filipinas: la Granja Maya y la Central Azucarera de Tarlac. La Granja Maya produce biogas a partir del estiercol de 25 000 marranos. Los reactores son de una sola fase. Elagas producido se utiliza para generar electricidad, bombear y calentar agua, secar residuos sólidos, etc. La Central Azucarera de Tarmac produce biogas a partir de desechos de destilerias y de posos de filtrado. El tratamiento consiste en una decantación seguida de una digestión termofílica anaerobia mediante encharcamiento con o sin aereación y finalmente el riego de los campos de caña de azucar con el efluente líquido resultante. El nivel de polución del afluente se reduce en un 80% después de la digestión anaerobia y en un 99% al final del tratamiento. El biogas producido se utiliza para reactivar el carbón gastado en los hornos y calderas de la refinería.

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Résumé Deux importantes agro-industries ont commercialisé, la technologie de la biométhanisation aux Philippines: la ferme Maya et la sucrerie Central Azucarera de Tarlac (CAT). La ferme Maya produit du biogaz à partir du lisier de 25 000 porcs. Les digesteurs sont du type batch et la production de gaz est utilisée pour la production d'électricité, le pompage et le chauffage de l'eau, le séchage, etc. La sucrerie CAT produit du biogaz à partir de boues de distilleries et de gâteaux de filtration. Le principe du traitement est une décantation suivie d'une digestion

     

Status of biomethanation development in India

Summary More than 142 distilleries in India produce 12000 million litres of effljent per year with a biogas potential of 22 to 30 litres per litre of effluent. Only four distilleries already produce biogas from their effluent. In these distilleries the biogas replaces coal for the production of energy. Incentives for the development of biomethanation are provided in the form of ediction of pollution control laws, subsidies on incremental costs, special refinance and discounting schemes, etc. Ashok Organics Ltd. possesses the know-how and sells the technology.

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Resumen Más de 142 destilerias en la India producen 12000 millones le litros de efluentes al año, con un potencial para la producción de biogas de 22 a 30 m³ por litro de effluente. Unicamente 4 destilerias producen biogas a partir de sus efluentes. En estas destilerias el biogas sustituye al carbón para la producción de energía. Se esta incentivando el desarrollo de sistemas de biometanación mediante la promulgación de leyes para el control de la polución, subsidios para los costes instrumentales y planes especiales de descuento y financiación. Mesas Ashok Organics Ltd. posee y vende la tecnología adecuada.

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Résumé En Inde, plus de 142 distilleries produisent 12 millions de m³ d'effluents par an, avec un potentiel de production de biogaz de 22 à 30 m³ par m³ d'effluent. A l'heure actuelle quatre distilleries seulement produisent du biogaz à partir de leurs effluents. Dans ces distilleries le biogaz remplace le charbon pour la production d'énergie. Il existe pourtant des incitants au développement de la biométhanisation, sous la forme de subsides, de programmes spéciaux de financement, de taux d'intérêts avantageux et de lois pour le contrôle de la pollution. De plus une firme indienne, Ashok Organics, possède le know how et vend la technologie.

     

Report on the use of biomethanation in Argentina

Summary Biomethanation in Argentina is considered for the treatment of agro-industrial wastes, to reduce pollution and costs of wastewater treatment, and for the treatment of animal manure in locations far away from the energy-distribution systems. For the treatment of stillage the Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) reactor has been retained on the basis of the results obtained in a 100-litre semi-pilot-plant reactor. A 30-m³ UASB pilot plant is to be built in a leading distillery. The expected production of a full-scale plant would cover, 65 to 70% of the energy needs of the distillery. In biomethanation of manure, the only farms that could profit from biogas technology are the milking farms located far away from the electricity distribution system where the manure collected during the milking time could produce the energy needed to cool the milk from 22°C to 4°C.

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Resumen En Argentina se usa la biometanación para el tratamiento de residuos agro-industriales, para reducir los niveles de polución y el coste de tratamiento de aguas residules y para el tratamiento de estiercol animal en lugares lejanos de la red de distribución energética. Debido a los resultados obtenidos en un reactor semi-piloto de 100 litros se sigue utilizando el UASB para el tratamiento de los desechos de destileria. Se va a construir una planta piloto UASB en una de las destilerias más importantes. Las expectativas de producción cubren du un 65% a un 70% de las necesidades energéticas de la destileria. En relación con la biometanación de estiercol las únicas explotaciones agrarias que podrían beneficiarse de la tecnología del biogas son las granjas lecheras localizadas lejos de la red de distribución electrica donde el estiercol recogido durante el tiempo de ordeñe podría producir la energía necesaria para enfriar la leche de 22°C a 4°C.

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Résumé En Argentine la biométhanisation est essentiellement prise en compte d'une part pour le traitement des eaux résiduaries des agro-industries, pour réduire la pollution et le coût de traitement des ces déchets, et d'autre part pour le traitement de lisiers animaux dans des régions éloignées du réseau de distribution d'énergie. En ce qui concerne le traitement des eaux résiduaires, le procédé Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) a été retenu sur base des résultats obtenus dans un digesteur pilote de 100 1. Une installation pilote de 30 m³ sera construite dans une distillerie importante susceptible de couvrir 65 à 75% de ses besoins énergétiques avec la production attendue d'une installtion de taille réelle. En ce qui concerne la biométhanisation de lisier, les seules exploitations qui tireraient profit de la technologie sont les élevages laitiers situés loin du réseau de distribution d'électricité, où le lisier récolté pendant la traite pourrait produire l'énergie suffisant au refroidissement du lait.

     

Fluidized bed biomethanation of acetic acid

Summary The kinetics of acetate biomethanation was studied in a high recycle ratio biological fluidized bed reactor behaving in practice as a completely mixed reactor. The active biofilm consisted of bacteria from a methane fermenter that after spontaneous immobilization on the bed particles (sand) were adapted to acetate as the only carbon source. The effects of temperature (13°, 20°, 25° and 35°C), substrate concentration (500, 1000 and 1500 mg chemical oxygen demand (COD) l^-1) and hydraulic retention time (1 to 8 h) on substrate consumption were studied. Maximum substrate consumption (as % COD reduction) amounted from 25% (13°C, 1500 mg COD l^-1) to 93% (35°C, 500 mg COD l^-1). At 35°C the concentration of attached biomass presented a weakly increase with reactor substrate concentration (from 3.10 g VS l^-1 to 4.54 g VS l^-1 for 32 and 1150 mg COD l^-1 respectively). On the other hand when reducing , a sharp incrase in biomass loss coefficient was observed showing that excess biofilm growth was continuously removed by shearing forces. Thus in the assayed conditions the attached biomass concentration was basically determined by the bed superficial velocity. Result show that diffusional resistances are negligible. Data are fairly well correlated by a variable order kinetic model. The apparent reaction order is a function of temperature and increases from 0.27 to 0.7 when temperature decreases from 35° C to 13°C.Nomenclature b Total biomass loss coefficient (T^-1) - J Flux of substrate removal into the biofilm surface (ML^-2 T^-1) - J _d Flux of substrate removed into the biofilm surface in deep conditions (ML^-2 T^-1) - k Maximum specific rate of substrate utilization (T^-1) - K Variable order kinetic constant (T^-1 M^n-1 L^3n-3) - K _s9 Hall saturation constant (ML^-3) - n Reaction order - q Feed flow rate (L³ T^-1) - S Substrate concentration (ML^-3) - Se Effluent substrate concentration (ML^-3) - So Influent substrate concentration (ML^-3) - Se_min Minimum substrate concentration able to sustain a steady-state biofilm (ML^-3) - T Temperature - t Time(T) - V Bed volume (L³) - VS Volatile solids (M) - VSS Volatile suspended solids - X Attached biomass concentration (ML^-3) - X _c Effluent volatile suspended solids (ML^-3) - Y Yield coefficient - Hydraulic retention time (T) This work forms part of a Doctoral Thesis of senior author     

Solutions for on-farm integration of biomethanation

Summary A 100-m³ on-farm digester working on bovine manure has been built by the Belgian industrial sector in view of acquiring the know-how in biomethanation technology. After three years of experiments, a project has been started to achieve the on-farm integration of the digester, i.e. to find solutions to the problems occurring upstream in relation to the flow of manure, downstream to the flow of biogas, and to increase the farmer's interests in the management of the plant. Ultimately, the dynamic aspect of farm management shall have a continuous impact on the digester on-farm integration with innovations taking the digester into account.

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Resumen A fin de obtener información sobre la tecnología de la biometanación el sector industrial belga ha construido, integrado en una granja, un digestor de 100 m³ alimentado por estiercol vacuno. Después de tres años de experimentos se ha iniciado un proyecto a fin de lograr la completa integración del digestor en la explotación ganadera. Para ellohay que aportar soluciones a los problemas que ocurren rio arriba en relación con el flujo de estiercol y rio abajo con el de biogas, o bien incrementar el interés del granjero por la gestión de la planta. En el fondo tan solo una gestión dinámica de la explotación ganadera tendrá un impacto prolongado en la integración del digestor en la granja generando innovaciones que tengan en cuenta al digestor.

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Résumé Un digesteur rural de 100 m³ traitant du lisier de bovins a été construit par le secteur industriel belge en vue de l'acquisition de know how en biométhanisation. Après trois ans d'expérience un nouveau projet a été entrepris afin de réaliser l'intégration à la ferme de ce digesteur, c'est-à-dire afin de trouver des solutions aux problèmes en amont du digesteur, en relation avec le flux de lisier, en aval du digesteur, en relation avec le flux de biogaz, et afin de susciter l'intérêt de l'agriculteur pour la gestion de l'installation. L'objectif du projet est d'atteindre le stade où l'aspect dynamique de la gestion de la ferme a des impacts continus sur l'intégration du digesteur, de sorte que les innovations au sein de l'exploitation prennent le digesteur en compte.

     

Anaerobic protozoa and their growth in biomethanation systems

This study was to investigate growth of protozoa and its influence on biodegradation in anaerobic treatment systems. It was done by specifically controlling and monitoring growth of protozoa versus degradation in continuous stirred anaerobic reactors and batch anaerobic reactors. Occurrence of a diverse protozoa population such as the ciliates, Prorodon, Vorticella, Cyclidium, Spathidium, Loxodes, Metopus were observed in stable anaerobic systems and the flagellates, Rhynchomonas, Naeglaria, Amoeboflagellates, Tetramitus, Trepomonas and Bodo during increased VFA concentration and affected periods of biomethanation. The abundance of ciliates in the anaerobic system had significant correlation with the reduction of MLSS, increased rate of COD removal and higher methane production. The results of this study thus tend to relate increased anaerobic degradation with the abundance of protozoa, mainly ciliates, which indicate their possible involvement in the process. Present study also reveals that performance of anaerobic process can be assessed by monitoring the protozoa population in the system.     

Enhanced biomethanation of kitchen waste by different pre-treatments

Five different pre-treatments were investigated to enhance the solubilisation and anaerobic biodegradability of kitchen waste (KW) in thermophilic batch and continuous tests. In the batch solubilisation tests, the highest and the lowest solubilisation efficiency were achieved with the thermo-acid and the pressure-depressure pre-treatments, respectively. However, in the batch biodegradability tests, the highest cumulative biogas production was obtained with the pressure-depressure method. In the continuous tests, the best performance in terms of an acceptable biogas production efficiency of 60% and stable in-reactor COD_s and VFA concentrations corresponded to the pressure-depressure reactor, followed by freeze-thaw, acid, thermo-acid, thermo and control. The maximum OLR (5 g COD L⁻¹ d⁻¹) applied in the pressure-depressure and freeze-thaw reactors almost doubled the control reactor. From the overall analysis, the freeze-thaw pre-treatment was the most profitable process with a net potential profit of around 11.5 € ton⁻¹ KW.     

Status of biomethanation in Brazil: perspective and viability in the short and long term

Summary Biomethanation of all the polluting residues of the Brazilian processing industries could produce the energy equivalent to half the Brazilian alcohol production. Biogas production from surgar-cane processing wastewaters has an attractive payback period. There exists many advantages as well as disadvantages for biogas development in Brazil but production of biogas from any raw material should always be considered viable from the ecological and social points of view, independently from the involved costs.

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Resumen La biometanación de todos los residuos polucionantes de las industrias brasileñas de transformación podría producir el equivalente energético de la mitad de la producción brasileña de alcohol. La producción de biogas a partir de las aguas residuales de la industria de transformación de la caña de azucar tiene un periodo de amortización interesante. El desrrollo del biogas en Brasil tiene tantasventajas como inconvenientes, sin embargo, desde unpunto de vista ecológico y social, la producción de biogas a partir de cualquier materia prima ha de considerarse siempre como viable independientemente de los costes implicados.

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Résumé La biométhanisation de tous, les résidus polluants de l'industrie de transformation brézilienne produirait l'équivalent énergétique de la moitié de l'actuelle production brézilienne d'alcool. De plus on peut montrer que la production de biogaz à partir des eaux résiduaires de l'industrie de la canne à sucre est rentable. En fail il existe de nombreux avantages et désavantages au développement de la biométhanisation au Brésil mais la production de biogaz devrait en général être toujours considérée comme rentable du point de vue écologique et social, indépendamment des coûts en jeu.

     

Effect of microwave irradiated Methanosarcina barkeri DSM-804 on biomethanation

Methanosarcina barkeri DSM-804, a methanogenic bacterium, when exposed to microwave radiation of frequencies ranging from 13.5 to 36.5 GHz, showed faster growth in comparison to the unirradiated bacterial culture. Methane concentration in the biogas generated from the irradiated culture was higher than that from unirradiated one, which was to 76.3% on the 15th day of incubation at a microwave radiation frequency of 31.5 GHz, 10 dbm power when irradiated for 2 h. Microscopic study of pure culture revealed that the cells of M. barkeri were more in number and their cell diameter was enlarged by 20%. Inoculation of the culture in a biogas digester containing a combination of jute waste and vegetable market waste as substrate increased the efficacy of biomethanation and reduced its lag phase significantly.     

The effect of temperature variation on biomethanation at high altitude

The aim of the current study was to examine effects of daily temperature variations on the performance of anaerobic digestion. Forced square-wave temperature variations (between 11 and 25, 15 and 28, and 19 and 32 degrees C) were imposed on a bench-scale digester using a mixture of llama-cow-sheep manure in a semi-continuous process. The volumetric biogas production rate, methane yield, and the volatile solid reductions were compared with the results obtained from anaerobic digestion (AD) at constant temperatures. The forced cyclic variations of temperature caused large cyclic variations in the rate of gas production and the methane content. As much as 94-97% of the daily biogas was obtained in the 12h half-cycle at high temperature. The values for volumetric biogas production rate and methane yield increased at higher temperatures. The average volumetric biogas production rate for cyclic operation between 11 and 25 degrees C was 0.22Ld(-1)L(-1) with a yield of 0.07m3CH4kg(-1) VS added (VSadd), whereas for operation between 15 and 29 degrees C the volumetric biogas production rate increased by 25% (to 0.27Ld(-1)L(-1) with a yield of 0.08m3CH4kg(-1) VSadd). In the highest temperature region a further increase of 7% in biogas production was found and the methane yield was 0.089m(3)CH(4)kg(-1) VSadd. The employed digester showed an immediate response when the temperature was elevated, which indicates a well-maintained metabolic capacity of the methanogenic bacteria during the period of low temperature. Overall, periodic temperature variations appear to give less decrease in process performance than a priori anticipated.     

Differentiation between acetate and higher volatile acids in the modeling of the anaerobic biomethanation process

This paper presents a model for the single-stage completely-mixed anaerobic digestion of complex substrates containing no volatile acids. In the model, volatile acids produced by the acidogenic bacteria are no longer considered together. Acetate is assumed to be representative of the substrate and propionate and butyrate act only as inhibitors for the methanogenic bacteria.Nomenclature ···0 represents factors associated with the influent - ···1 represents factors associated with the acidogenic bacteria - ···2 represents factors associated with the methanogenic bacteria - Q hydraulic flow (1/d) - V reactor liquid volume (1) - T temperature of the mixed liquor (° C) - S microorganisms concentration (mg/1) - L volatile solids concentration (mg VS/1) - Lb biodegradable volatile solids concentration (mg VS/1) - VA2 acetate concentration (mg/1) - VA3 volatile acids with 3 to 5 carbon atoms concentration (mg/1) - methane rate production (1 CH₄/1_digester.d) - Km saturation coefficient (mg/l) - Ki inhibition coefficient (mg/l) - specific growth rate (1/d) - maximum specific growth rate (1/d) - b biological decay coefficient (1/d) - Arrhénius coefficient (–) - yield of acidogenic bacteria per mg of biodegradable matter consumed (mg S₁/mg L_b) | (mg S₂/mg VA2) - yield of methanogenic bacteria per mg of VA2 consumed - yield of methane production per mg of S₂ formed (1 CH₄/mg S₂) - proportion of VA2 produced per mg of S₁ biosynthetised - proportion of VA3 produced per mg of S₁ biosynthetised - Y_sp volume of CH₄ produced per g of volatile solids eliminated     

A review of the main problems in the utilization of biomethanation of agro-industrial residues in China

Summary Combining construction of cities and towns with environmental protection, China has already constructed 19000 medium- and large-size biogas plants. The reasons for the success of biogas development in China are (1) promotion of the technology by the government with special conditions for manpower, material and finance, (2) establishment of special agencies to take charge of programs, plans and follow-up, (3) establishment of technical regulations and standards for quality biogas construction, and (4) the establishment of heavy penalties on pollution. But social, economical and technological problems still exist among which the technological one is the key one: most of the biogas processes are outdated with imperfect equipment and low gas production. Moreover the digested slurry does not reach the discharging standards asked by the government, thus many industries still have to use traditional post-treatments.

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Resumen La combinación de la protección del medio ambiente con la construcción de ciudades y pueblos ha permitido la construcción en China de 19000 plantas de biogas de media y gran escala. Las razones para el éxito del desarrollo del biogas en China son: (1) la promoción de la tecnología por el gobierno que ofrece condiciones especiales para contratar trabajadores, materiales y financiación. (2) el establecimiento de agencias especiales encargadas de los programas, de los planes y del seguimiento. (3) el establecimiento de regulaciones técnicas y normativas de calidad para la construcción de instalaciones de biogas. (4) el establecimiento de elevadas multas en caso de polución. Persisten aún, sin embargo, problemas sociales, económicos y técnicos siendo estos últimos los más importantes: la mayoria de los procesos para la obtención de biogas estan anticuados con instalaciones imperfectas y baja producción de gas. Incluso fangos ya digeridos no alcanzan las normativas de calidad establecidas por el gobierno por lo que muchos industriales han de utilizar tratamientos posteriores.

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Résumé Alliant la construction des villes et des villages avec la protection de l'environment, la Chine a déjà construit 19000 installations de biométhanisation de moyenne et grande taille. Les raisons du succès du développement de la biométhanisation en Chine sont (1) la promotion de la technologie par le gouvernement, avec des conditions spéciales pour la main-d'oeuvre, les matériaux et le financement; (2) l'éstablissement d'institutions spécialisées pour la prise en charge des programmes, la réalisation des plans et le suivi technique; (3) l'établissement de normes techniques et de standards de qualité de la construction; et (4) l'établissement de lourdes amendes contre la pollution. Cependant il existe encore de nombreux problèmes sociaux, économiques et technologiques parmi lesquels le problème technologique est un problème clef: la plupart des procédés de biométhanisation utilisés sont dépassés, l'équipement est inapproprié et les productions de gaz sont faibles. De plus les effluents méthanisés n'atteignent pas les normes de décharge exigées par le gouvernement, de sorte que beaucoup d'industriels doivent encore utiliser des post-traitements traditionnels.

     

Fundamentals of methanogenic pathways that are key to the biomethanation of complex biomass

The conversion of biomass to CH4 (biomethanation) involves an anaerobic microbial food chain composed of at least three metabolic groups of which the first two decompose the complex biomass primarily to acetate, formate, and H2. The thermodynamics of these conversions are unfavorable requiring a symbiosis with the CH4-producing group (methanogens) that metabolize the decomposition products to favorable concentrations. The methanogens produce CH4 by two major pathways, conversion of the methyl group of acetate and reduction of CO2 coupled to the oxidation of formate or H2. This review covers recent advances in the fundamental understanding of both methanogenic pathways with the view of stimulating research towards improving the rate and reliability of the overall biomethanation process.     

Multi stage high rate biomethanation of poultry litter with self mixed anaerobic digester

A multi stage high rate biomethanation process with novel self mixed anaerobic digester (SMAD) was developed in the present study to reduce the hydraulic residence time (HRT), increase the volatile solids (VS) loading rate, improve the VS destruction efficiency and enhance the methane yield. Specific design features of SMAD were useful in mixing the digester contents without consuming power and de-alienated the problem of scum formation. In the first phase, poultry litter having 10% total solids (TS) was subjected to high rate biomethanation in multi stage configuration (SMAD-I and II in series with UASB reactor). It was observed that gross VS reduction of 58%, gross methane yield of 0.16 m³ kg⁻¹ (VS reduced) and VS loading rate of 3.5 kg VS m⁻³ day⁻¹ at HRT of 13 days was obtained. In the second phase SMAD-II was bypassed from the process scheme keeping the other parameters same as in the first phase. The results obtained were not as encouraging as in the first phase. The study showed that multi stage configuration with SMAD design improved the anaerobic digestion process efficiency of poultry litter.     

国家级经济技术开发区绿色发展指数研究

国家级经济技术开发区是改革开放以来中国经济发展的缩影,已成为中国推动开放型经济发展,促进工业化、城镇化进程,实现区域发展战略的重要支撑。处理好经济发展与节约资源、保护环境的关系,实现绿色、低碳、循环发展,提高发展的质量和效益,是国家级经开区在新形势下面临的新挑战。为推进国家级经开区的创新驱动和绿色发展,加强对国家级经开区绿色低碳循环发展的引导,通过建立绿色发展指数方法,对国家级经开区的绿色发展水平进行评价,以期为管理决策提供参考。绿色发展水平定量评价研究运用多准则排序方法构建了绿色发展指数。首先从经济发展、资源能源消耗、生态环境和基础设施4个方面构建了国家级经开区绿色发展评价指标体系,其次对各项指标进行归一化处理,加权后得到绿色发展指数。以2007年52家国家级经开区各项指标(基于不变价格的平均值)为参照,分析了2007—2012年52家国家级经开区绿色发展指数的动态变化,采用动态气泡图直观地表征年际间经开区绩效的横向和纵向变化。比较了东中西部国家级经开区绿色发展水平的差异,及建设国家生态工业示范园区对其绿色发展指数的影响,进而对国家级经开区的绿色发展进行了展望。     

State and tendencies in development of floras of man-transformed ecosystems

Basing on published data, authors estimate the current state and tendencies in the development of man-transformed floras. Special attention is given to the flora of cities and such man-transformed habitats, as open-cast mines, dumps, hydrotechnical constructions and railway embankments. Floras of man-made forests and plant communities of cultivated lands were also analyzed. Structure of urbanized landscapes are considered as the aggregates of man-transformed landscapes with fragments of natural vegetation. Floras of urbanized areas are characterized by high species diversity, inconsistency of species composition and diminishing influence of natural vegetation characteristic for particulate zone. Species variety and structure of floras of man-transformed habitats depend on specificity of substrate, geographical latitude, neighboring natural communities and intensity of technical plants exploitation. In the floras of railway embankments species of 10 main families are more abundant then those in natural ecosystems of the same latitude. Floras of man-made forests are characterized by very high species diversity, this type of habitats plays the main compensating role. Analysis of segetal floras reveals the replacement of oligotrophic weeds by eutrophic ones and the increase in diversity of Poaceae species.     

Phycological research in the development of the Chinese seaweed industry

The term seaweed industry is employed in a broad sense and includes production both of commercial seaweeds such as Laminaria and Porphyra by phycoculture and of processed seaweed products, such as algin, agar and carrageenan.Before the founding of the People's Republic, China had a very insignificant seaweed industry, producing small quantities of the purple laver Porphyra and the glueweed Gloiopeltis by the primitive rock-cleaning method and the kelps Laminaria and Undaria by the primitive stone-throwing method, both aiming at enhancing the growth of the wild seaweeds. Also, a small quantity of agar was manufactured by the traditional Japanese method of gelling, freezing, thawing and drying the product. The small production was not sufficient to meet the demand of the Chinese people who for ages have appreciated seaweeds and their products for food. Therefore, large quantities of seaweeds and seaweed products had to be imported from various countries, for instance, Eucheuma and Gracilaria from Indonesia and other southeastern Asian countries, Laminaria and agar from Japan, even Porphyra from the USA. Annual Laminaria import from Japan generally amounted to over 10 000 tons and in some years approached 20 000–30 000 tons. Some quantities of the glueweed Gloiopeltis and the vermifuge weed Digenea simplex were exported, mainly to Japan.Since the founding of the People's Republic of China in October, 1949, China has exerted efforts to build up a self-supporting seaweed industry. Now after a lapse of 30-some years, a sizable seaweed industry has been developed. China is now able to produce by phycoculture more than one million tons of fresh seaweeds, including Laminaria, Undaria, Porphyra, Eucheuma, Gracilaria etc. and several thousand tons of seaweed extracts, including algin, agar, carrageenan, mannitol and iodine. At present, China still imports some quantities of seaweeds and seaweed products from various countries but is able to produce sufficient quantities to meet the people's need and even to export some quantities of the seaweeds Laminaria, Undaria and Porphyra and the seaweed products algin and mannitol.At the Tenth International Seaweed Symposium, I presented a paper on the Marine Phycoculture of China, in which I emphasized on the methods of cultivation (Tseng 1981b). Therefore I would like to take this opportunity to supplement the last lecture by presenting a paper on the role of phycological research in the development of China's seaweed industry.