温度对青蒿毛状根生长和青蒿素生物合成的影响

本实验研究了不同温度(15℃～35℃)对青蒿毛状根生长和青蒿素生物合成的影响,发现25℃有利于毛状根生长,30℃促进了青蒿素生物合成。通过温度改变的二步培养技术(培养前20d温度控制在25℃,后10d温度提高到30℃),青蒿素的产量得到明显提高,高于在恒温培养时(25℃或30℃)的结果。     

Quantification of artemisinin in Artemisia annua extracts by 1H-NMR

Artemisinin is a polycyclic sesquiterpene lactone that is highly effective against multidrug-resistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum, the etiological agent of the most severe form of malaria. Determination of artemisinin in the source plant, Artemisia annua, is a challenging problem since the compound is present in very low concentrations, is thermolabile and unstable, and lacks chromophoric or fluorophoric groups. The ain of this study was to develop a simple protocol for the quantification of artemisinin in a plant extract using an (1)H-NMR method. Samples were prepared by extraction of leaf material with acetone, treatment with activated charcoal to remove chlorophylls and removal of solvent. (1)H-NMR spectra were measured on samples dissolved in deuterochloroform with tert-butanol as internal standard. Quantification was carried out using the using the delta 5.864 signal of artemisinin and the delta 1.276 signal of tert-butanol. The method was optimised and fully validated against a reference standard of artemisinin. The results were compared with those obtained from the same samples quantified using an HPLC-refractive index (RI) method. The (1)H-NMR method gave a linear response for artemisinin within the range 9.85-97.99 mm (r(2) = 0.9968). Using the described method, yields of artemisinin in the range 0.77-1.06% were obtained from leaves of the A. annua hybrid CPQBA x POP, and these values were in agreement with those obtained using an HPLC-RI.     

青蒿毛状根生长、青蒿素合成以及 营养物消耗的动力学

诱导产生的青蒿毛状根培养物置于MS培养基(含30 g/L蔗糖)进行悬浮培养,并对悬浮培养过程中毛状根生长、青蒿素合成、蔗糖、磷酸盐和不同氮源的消耗、pH和电导率的动力学过程进行分析。经30 d培养,生物量干重和青蒿素产量分别达到13.7 g/L和0.23 g/L,碳源和氮源在培养过程中被逐渐利用,而磷酸盐的利用速率最快,培养至15 d所有的磷酸盐均被吸收,pH在培养初期降低,后又逐渐上升,电导率由于毛状根生长对无机离子的吸收而逐渐减低。     

Modulation of artemisinin biosynthesis by elicitors,inhibitor, and precursor in hairy root cultures of Artemisia annua L.

Artemisinin is frequently used in the artemisinin-based combination therapy to cure drug-resistant malaria in Asian subcontinent and large swath of Africa. The hairy root system, using the Agrobacterium rhizogenes LBA 9402 strain to enhance the production of artemisinin in Artemisia annua L., is developed in our laboratory. The transgenic nature of hairy root lines and the copy number of transgene (rol B) were confirmed using polymerase chain reaction and Southern Blot analyses, respectively. The effect of different concentrations of methyl jasmonate (MeJA), fungal elicitors (Alternaria alternate, Curvularia limata, Fusarium solani, and Piriformospora indica), farnesyl pyrophosphate, and miconazole on artemisinin production in hairy root cultures were evaluated. Among all the factors used individually for their effect on artemisinin production in hairy root culture system, the maximum enhancement was achieved with P. indica (1.97 times). Increment of 2.44 times in artemisinin concentration by this system was, however, obtained by combined addition of MeJA and cell homogenate of P. indica in the culture medium. The effects of these factors on artemisinin production were positively correlated with regulatory genes of MVA, MEP, and artemisinin biosynthetic pathways, viz. hmgr, ads, cyp71av1, aldh1, dxs, dxr, and dbr2 in hairy root cultures of A. annua L.     

Nitric oxide potentiates oligosaccharide-induced artemisinin production in Artemisia annua hairy roots

The purpose of the present study was to characterize the generation of nitric oxide （NO） in Artemisia annua roots induced by an oligosaccharide elicitor （OE） from Fusarium oxysporum mycelium and the potentiation role of NO in the elicitation of artemisinin accumulation. The OE （0.3 mg total sugar/mL） induced a rapid production of NO in cultures, which exhibited a biphasic time course, reaching the first plateau within 1.5 h and the second within 8 h of OE treatment. Artemisinin content in 20-day-old hairy roots was increased from 0.7mg/g dry wt to 1.3 mg/g dry wt by using the OE treatment for 4d. In the absence of OE, the NO donor sodium nitroprusside （SNP） at 10, 50 ~1 and 100 ~1 enhanced the growth of hairy roots, but had no effect on artemisinin synthesis, The combination of SNP with OE increased artemisinin content from 1.2 mg/g drywt to 2.2 mg/g dry wt, whereas the maximum production of artemisinin in cultures was 28.5 mg/L, a twofold increase over the OE treatment alone. The effects of SNP on the OE-induced artemisinin were suppressed strongly by the NO scavenger 2-（4- carboxyphenyl）-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-l-oxyl-3-oxide （cPTIO）. The results suggest that NO can strongly potentiate elicitor-induced artemisinin synthesis in A. annua hairy roots.     

衍生化条件的优化及不同产地青蒿中青蒿素含量的柱前衍生化-HPLC法测定

Derivation conditions of pre-column derivation-HPLC method used for determinating artemisinin content were compared and selected,and artemisinin content in above-ground part of Artemisia annua L.from seventeen locations was compared by optimal pre-column derivation-HPLC method.The optimal derivation condition is selected via comparing of 0.2% NaOH solution addition(3,4,5,6 and 7 mL),derivation temperature(30 ℃,35 ℃,40 ℃,45 ℃ and 50 ℃) and derivation time(0,2,5,10,20,40 and 60 min) during derivation process.The optimal derivation condition is adding 5 mL 0.2% NaOH solution,then insulating in 40 ℃ water bath for 10 min.Differences of artemisinin content in A.annua from seventeen locations are obvious,the general trend is that artemisinin content decreases gradually with location from south to north,in which artemisinin content in A.annua from Youyang of Chongqing is the highest with a value of 7.08 mg·g-1.The method is simple and accurate with good reproducibility,and can be used to determinate artemisinin content in medicinal material of A.annua.     

TLC-densitometric analysis of artemisinin for the rapid screening of high-producing plantlets of Artemisia annua L

A simple TLC-densitometric technique has been developed for the rapid and accurate analysis of artemisinin in a large number of Artemisia annua plantlets cultured in vitro. This new analytical method is based on the structural conversion of artemisinin on a silica gel layer by ammonia vapour to form 10-azadesoxyartemisinin, a chromophore-containing compound (lambdamax 320 nm) that can be detected by UV-based TLC densitometry. The TLC system was evaluated quantitatively in terms of product stability, precision, accuracy and calibration. Good linearity was obtained in the range of 0.01-0.12 microg artemisinin. The technique appeared to be accurate and sensitive as compared with the complicated pre-column reaction-HPLC technique. Among 90 samples of A. annua plantlets, the artemisinin content in the leaves appeared to be highly variable, ranging from 0.02 to 0.67% w/w dry weight. These results demonstrate that densitometric TLC can be a cheap and simple technique for the accurate screening of high-artemisinin-producing plants.     

青蒿发根生长及青蒿素生物合成动态的研究

从747条发根农杆菌ATCC15834转化的青蒿株系025发根中,筛选出7个生长较快的发根系,这7个系在生长速度和青蒿素含量上均有显著差异,其中发根系HR9青蒿素产率最高,达到每月3325mg/L。青蒿发根的生长量和青蒿素含量极显著高于未转化根和愈伤组织。青蒿发根在分批培养中没有明显的迟滞期,接种后第7天进入指数生长期,第11天生长最快,第20天进入稳定期。青蒿发根中青蒿素含量呈明显的“与生长相关”特性,在指数生长期,青蒿素含量缓慢下降,生长速度减缓后,青蒿素含量上升,发根生长停止后,继续延长培养时间,青蒿素含量也不再提高。在分批培养中,青蒿发根适宜的培养时间为21d。     

适于青蒿芽生长和青蒿素积累的光、温和培养方式探讨

探讨了光照、温度和培养方式对青蒿芽生长和青蒿素合成的影响。适宜芽生长和青蒿素积累的光照强度约为３ ０００ ｌｘ,照光时间为２０ ｈ／ｄ ;芽生长和青蒿素积累的最适温度分别为２５ ℃和３０ ℃,通过先２５ ℃（２５ ｄ）后３０ ℃（５ ｄ） 的温度转变二步培养法可以提高青蒿素的产量;青蒿芽生长和青蒿素积累的最佳培养方式为非浸没低转速摇瓶培养。     

Enhanced artemisinin accumulation and metabolic profiling of transgenic Artemisia annua L. plants over-expressing by rate-limiting enzymes from isoprenoid pathway

Artemisinin, a natural product isolated from aerial parts of Artemisia annua L. plant, is a potent antimalarial drug against drug-resistant malaria. In recent times, the demand (101–119 MT) for artemisinin is exponentially increasing with the increased incidence of drug-resistant malaria throughout the world, especially African and Asian continents. However, the commercial production of artemisinin-based combination therapies has limitation because of the presence of low concentration of artemisinin in plants. Therefore, transgenic lines of A. annua L. plants over-expressing both HMG-Co A reductase (hmgr) and amorpha-4, 11-diene synthase (ads) genes were developed to enhance the content of artemisinin. The selected transgenic lines (TR4, TR5, and TR7) were found to accumulate higher artemisinin (0.97–1.2%) as compared to the non-transgenic plants (0.63%). The secondary metabolite profiles of these lines were also investigated employing gas chromatography mass spectrometry, which revealed a clear difference in these metabolites in transgenic and non-transgenic lines of A. annua L. at different growth and developmental stages. The major metabolites reported in these lines at pre-flowering stage were related to essential oil and chlorophyll biosynthesis (71.33% in TR5 transgenic lines vs. 61.70% in non-transgenic line). Based on these results, we concluded that over-expression of both hmgr and ads genes in A. annua L. plants results not only increase in artemisinin content, but also enhances synthesis of other isoprenoid including essential oil. It is also evident from this study that the novel artemisinin-rich varieties of A. annua L. could be developed by suppressing essential oil biosynthesis, so that more carbon could preferentially be diverted from mevalonate pathway to artemisinin biosynthesis.     

Technical Factors of Artemisin Biosynthesis in Artemisia annua Hairy Root Culture

The optimum cultural conditions of growth and artemisinin accumulation of hairy roots in Artemisia annua L. were identified as follows: the initial pH 5.8 ~ 6.0; the rate of flask shaking, 130 ~ 150 r/min; the liquid medium volume per flask, 25%; light cycle, 16 h/d; temperature, 30 ℃. Under the above conditions, up to 233.3 mg/L of artemisinin could be obtained after 25 days of culture.     

Artemisinin Production by Adventitious Shoots of Artemisia annua in a Novel Mist Bioreactor

A novel ultrasonic inner-loop bioreactor was used for artemisinin production by adventitious shoots in a multiplate culture of Artemisia annua L. The bioreactor was designed to allow the nutrient mist to uprise along a concentric draught-cylinder until it overflows from the top opening and the side-holes of the central tube downward and out of the annulus, so that the nutrient mist can be fulfilled in the bioreactor within 2 ~ 3 minutes. Under the misting cycles of every 3-minute misting in every 90 minute interval, artemisinin production reached totally 46.9 mg DW/L of culture medium at an airflow rate of 0.5 L/min for 25 d of culture in batches. The product amounted 2.9 and 3.2 folds of those obtained from culturing in solid medium and in shaking flasks respectively.     

Improved growth of Artemisia annua L hairy roots and artemisinin production under red light conditions

Hairy root cultures of Artemisia annua L were cultivated for 30 days under either white, red, blue, yellow or green light. Red light at 660 nm gave the highest biomass of hairy roots (5.73 g dry wt cells l^–1 medium) and artemisinin content (31 mg arteminsinin g^–1 dry cells) which were, respectively, 17% and 67% higher than those obtained under white light.     

State of the art of the production of the antimalarial compound artemisinin in plants

For more than three centuries we have relied on the extracts of the bark of Cinchona species to treat malaria. Now, it seems we may be changing to the leaves of a Chinese weed, Artemisia annua, and its active compound artemisinin. Artemisinin-derived drugs have been proved particularly effective treatments for severe malaria, even for multi-drug-resistant malaria. However, this promising antimalarial compound remains expensive and is hardly available on a global scale. Therefore, many research groups have directed their investigations toward the enhancement of artemisinin production in A. annua cell cultures or whole plants in order to overproduce artemisinin or one of its precursors. This article provides a brief review of the state of art of the different aspects in A. annua research.     

内生青霉菌对黄花蒿组培苗生长和青蒿素合成的影响

从黄花蒿茎中分离得到了17株内生真菌,其中内生青霉菌(Penicilliumsp.Y2)能有效促进黄花蒿组培苗生长及青蒿素合成。内生青霉菌悬浮培养5d后,分别将培养液与菌丝匀浆后经过高压灭菌处理,或将培养液经过高压灭菌、过滤除菌处理获得3种内生菌诱导子(A、B和C)。结果表明,3种内生菌诱导子对植株生长、抗氧化酶活性及青蒿素合成都有促进作用,诱导子C青蒿素合成诱导效果最好,可促进黄花蒿组培苗的干重增长44.44%、可溶性糖含量提高38.24%,诱导超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性,从而提高青蒿素合成达58.86%,黄花蒿组培苗青蒿素含量达4.701mg.g-1(干重)。     

Abscisic acid (ABA) treatment increases artemisinin content in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Artemisia annua</Emphasis> by enhancing the expression of genes in artemisinin biosynthetic pathway

Artemisinin, a sesquiterpene lactone endoperoxide derived from Artemisia annua L., is the most effective antimalarial drug. In an effort to increase the artemisinin production, abscisic acid (ABA) with different concentrations (1, 10 and 100 μM) was tested by treating A. annua plants. As a result, the artemisinin content in ABA-treated plants was significantly increased. Especially, artemisinin content in plants treated by 10 μM ABA was 65% higher than that in the control plants, up to an average of 1.84% dry weight. Gene expression analysis showed that in both the ABA-treated plants and cell suspension cultures, HMGR, FPS, CYP71AV1 and CPR, the important genes in the artemisinin biosynthetic pathway, were significantly induced. While only a slight increase of ADS expression was observed in ABA-treated plants, no expression of ADS was detected in cell suspension cultures. This study suggests that there is probably a crosstalk between the ABA signaling pathway and artemisinin biosynthetic pathway and that CYP71AV1, which was induced most significantly, may play a key regulatory role in the artemisinin biosynthetic pathway.