云南禄丰古猿地点Ursinae indet.化石性质的再讨论

1984年和1985年本文后一作者曾将禄丰古猿化石地点的一种小型而冠面无强烈褶皱的熊类化石归人Ursinae indet.现经重新研究,认为它应属Ursavus。鉴于它和Utsavus已知其他种的区别,订一新种U.sylvestris。它与欧洲的U.ehrenbetgi大体处在同一进化水平上。在原认为是Ursinae indet.的材料中,有两枚M_1,其特点与U.sylvestris者不同,暂以Ursavus sp.记之。     

云南禄丰晚中新世的长臂猿类化石

本文记述的是在禄丰腊玛古猿化石产地发现的长臂猿类化石,它是一种与上猿较为相似而又具有一些进步性质的长臂猿类。它的发现从根本上改变了晚中新世此类化石记录稀少的状况,使我们对这一时期的长臂猿类有了新的认识;同时,对现生长臂猿起源的研究提供了较为充分的化石依据。鉴于它的形态特征和地史分布,作者把它订为一新属新种Laccopithecusrobussus gen.et sp.nov.     

Ursavus在中国的首次发现——并记禄丰古猿化石产地的其他熊类标本

本文记述的是1981年在禄丰古猿化石产地发掘中发现的熊类标本,共有二属二种和一种暂不能确定属、种的类型。其中祖熊(Ursavus)过去只见于欧洲、北美和西亚的中新世地层,在我国还是首次发现。禄丰的标本,就其大小和特征可归于Ursavus depereti;印度熊(Indarctos)过去在我国发现过两个种:中国印度熊(I.sinensis)和拉氏印度熊(I.lagrelli),禄丰的标本为前一个种;第三类型与Protursus和Ursus都有相似之处,但又有区别,鉴于材料不足,暂不订属和种。     

禄丰中新世兔猴类一新属

本文记述的是在云南禄丰腊玛古猿化石产地发现的原猴类化石,分类上归于兔猴科。鉴于它的形态特征,作者把它订为一新属新种(Sinoadapis carnosus gen. et sp. nov.),这是迄今已知兔猴科最晚的记录。这一发现对兔猴类的进化及探讨腊玛古猿的生活环境具有一定的意义。     

禄丰古猿地点中国兔猴一新种

本文记述的是在云南禄丰石灰坝古猿化石产地与古猿共生的一种中国兔猴化石。这类化石以下颌骨和牙齿较纤细,牙齿的颊侧齿带较发育,牙齿狭长,齿尖锐利和臼齿咬合面的三角凹较大,下次小尖向后延伸而使下内尖和下次小尖之间有较大间隔;上臼齿的颊舌径较小等特征区别于中国兔猴厚齿种(Sinoadapis carnosus Wu and Pan.)根据以上的形态特征,作者把它订为中国兔猴一新种:中国兔猴石灰坝种Sinoadapis shihuibaensis sp.nov.。     

人类化石分类中的亚种问题

本文提出怎样认识人属亚种的含义,认为把蓝田猿人陈家窝子和公王岭两地点的化石,分别订为两个亚种是没有根据的和没有意义的。     

科学家发现现生熊类的最近祖先化石

正中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所的邱占祥院士等人发现了距离现生熊类最近的祖先化石。这一新种被命名为"戴氏祖熊"(Ursavus tedfordi),是现生熊类祖先中最晚和最进步的一个种。2014年第3期《古脊椎动物学报》以封面文章的形式刊登了这一研究成果。这件祖熊化石于2006年7月发现于甘肃省临夏回族自治州广河县官坊乡槐沟村附近。据研究人员介绍,此前世界上还从未发现和报道过祖熊的完整头骨;熊亚科的祖先化石,特别是祖熊     

江苏泗洪下草湾中中新世脊椎动物群——8. Dorcatherium(Tragulidae,Artiodactyla)

本文记述了江苏泗洪下草湾动物群中最常见的一种化石,羚鼷鹿(Dorcatherium).材料包括六段破碎颌骨、若干肢骨和四百余颗单个牙齿.根据齿冠低、上颊齿齿带弱、下臼齿∑形结构清楚等特点,将它订为—新种:东方羚鼷鹿(Dorcatherium orientale sp. nov.).其地质时代大约相当于欧洲的 MN4.文中还讨论了鼷鹿科的分类问题,指出在牙齿构造上有三个类群:Dorcatherium, Dorcabune 和现生鼷鹿.     

中国新发现的鳄类化石

自1948年本文作者发表了有关我国鳄类化石的论文以后,关于这一类化石的记载迭有增加。最近在广东南雄发现了一些鳄类化石,而在部分地区同许多粪化石共生。这一发现特别重要,因为根据所获哺乳动物化石的研究,这些化石的时代可能为古新世。另外在内蒙古伊克昭盟鄂克托旗的两地方,也找到了鳄类化石,时代为白垩纪。这些材料在本文加以研究和讨论。     

山东山旺中中新世鲤科化石

本文记述了山旺中中新世鲤科鱼类6属9种,其中5属6种为新发现;还记述了河南始新世一新属种;订正了Barbus linchiiensis, Barbus scotti, Pseudorasbora, macrocephala和Leuciscus miocenicus的系统位置。本文认为鲤类在中国最早出现于始新世,此后鱼类区系曾发生过较大的演替。前人订为现生属的始新世、中新世鲤类化石绝大部分应为已绝灭的化石属。     

Kretzoiarctos gen. nov., the Oldest Member of the Giant Panda Clade

The phylogenetic position of the giant panda, Ailuropoda melanoleuca (Carnivora: Ursidae: Ailuropodinae), has been one of the most hotly debated topics by mammalian biologists and paleontologists during the last century. Based on molecular data, it is currently recognized as a true ursid, sister-taxon of the remaining extant bears, from which it would have diverged by the Early Miocene. However, from a paleobiogeographic and chronological perspective, the origin of the giant panda lineage has remained elusive due to the scarcity of the available Miocene fossil record. Until recently, the genus Ailurarctos from the Late Miocene of China (ca. 8–7 mya) was recognized as the oldest undoubted member of the Ailuropodinae, suggesting that the panda lineage might have originated from an Ursavus ancestor. The role of the purported ailuropodine Agriarctos, from the Miocene of Europe, in the origins of this clade has been generally dismissed due to the paucity of the available material. Here, we describe a new ailuropodine genus, Kretzoiarctos gen. nov., based on remains from two Middle Miocene (ca. 12–11 Ma) Spanish localities. A cladistic analysis of fossil and extant members of the Ursoidea confirms the inclusion of the new genus into the Ailuropodinae. Moreover, Kretzoiarctos precedes in time the previously-known, Late Miocene members of the giant panda clade from Eurasia (Agriarctos and Ailurarctos). The former can be therefore considered the oldest recorded member of the giant panda lineage, which has significant implications for understanding the origins of this clade from a paleobiogeographic viewpoint.     

大熊猫、小熊猫和黑熊血红蛋白的组份分离、结晶及氨基酸组成分析

 聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳和羧甲基纤维素柱层析都表明大熊猫(Ailuropodmelanoleuca)、小熊猫(Ailurus fulgens)和黑熊(Selenarctos thibetanus)的血红蛋白各有两个组份。在近似的条件下得到了它们的晶体。三种动物血红蛋白的氨基酸组成相似,而且N-末端氨基酸都是Val。有待进一步测定全部氨基酸顺序,以揭示它们之间的异同和亲缘关系。     

Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor Stimulates the Proliferation of Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Giant Panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca)

It has been widely known that the giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) is one of the most endangered species in the world. An optimized platform for maintaining the proliferation of giant panda mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) is very necessary for current giant panda protection strategies. Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), a member of the FGF family, is widely considered as a growth factor and differentiation inducer within the stem cell research field. However, the role of bFGF on promoting the proliferation of MSCs derived from giant panda bone marrow (BM) has not been reported. In this study, we aimed to investigate the role of bFGF on the proliferation of BM-MSCs derived from giant panda. MSCs were cultured for cell proliferation analysis at 24, 48 and 72 hrs following the addition of bFGF. With increasing concentrations of bFGF, cell numbers gradually increased. This was further demonstrated by performing 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2-H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) cell proliferation assay, 5-Bromo-2-deoxyUridine (BrdU) labeling and cell cycle testing. Furthermore, the percentage of MSCs that were OCT4 positive increased slightly following treatment with 5 ng/ml bFGF. Moreover, we demonstrated that the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling pathway may play an important role in the proliferation of panda MSCs stimulated by bFGF. In conclusion, this study suggests that giant panda BM-MSCs have a high proliferative capacity with the addition of 5 ng/ml bFGF in vitro.     

岷山地区大熊猫生境评价与保护对策研究

综合运用大熊猫生物学与行为生态学研究成果、遥感数据分析与地理信息系统技术 ,在系统研究岷山地区大熊猫生境分布、生境质量与空间格局的基础上 ,明确岷山地区保护大熊猫的关键区域 ,分析岷山地区大熊猫保护与自然保护区建设的对策 ,以期为岷山地区大熊猫保护及其与岷山地区资源开发与发展的协调提供依据。遥感数据分析结果表明 ,岷山地区以森林为主 ,各类森林面积 1 91 790 3.4 4 hm2 ,占 5 5 .4 2 % ,将与大熊猫生境密切相关的森林植被分为常绿阔叶林、落叶阔叶林、针阔混交林、亚高山针叶林等 ,其中亚高山针叶林面积 5 380 4 9.6 4 hm2 ,占全部森林的占 2 8.0 5 % ,落叶阔叶林面积 4 6 1 35 5 .6 7hm2 ,占2 4 .0 6 % ,针阔混交林面积 4 0 30 36 .2 6 hm2 ,占 2 1 .0 1 %。结果表明岷山地区有大熊猫潜在生境 1 32 3789.1 5 hm2 ,由于森林资源利用、交通、农业活动影响、居民薪柴砍伐 ,以及生境破碎化与生境隔离等导致的生境丧失 5 5 341 3.4 5 hm2 ,目前尚存的大熊猫适宜生境 770 375 .7hm2 ,由于交通等隔离而成为至少 5个相互分隔的生境单元 ,大熊猫种群交流受到严重阻碍。为了有效地保护岷山大熊猫 ,首先应充分注意到各种人类活动 ,尤其交通的建设对大熊猫生境的影响 ;其次要扩大自然保护区范围 ,     

Endophytic fungi and silica content of different bamboo species in giant panda diet

The giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca), one of the most threatened mammalian species in the world, has adapted to herbivorous diet consisting mainly of bamboo (Poaceae: Bambusoidea). The most acute threats to the survival of the giant panda are habitat loss and fragmentation. However, changes in habitat may influence also the quality of giant panda diet through the bamboo species composition as well as their symbiotic leaf endophytes and plant chemical properties. Here we explore species composition and frequency of endophytic fungi and silica content in different bamboo species in the range of giant panda habitat in relation to panda food preference. Silica content of the bamboos varied from 3.7 g/kg to 45.7 g/kg and did not correlate with panda preference and altitudinal gradient. Systemic and vertically in seeds transmitted fungal endophytes or bacterial endophytes were not detected in bamboo leaves. Nearly half of the identified endophytic fungi belonged to genus Arthrinium. Pandas preferred bamboo species naturally occurring in higher altitudes. Furthermore, the total amount of endophytes tended to be lower in samples collected from bamboos in higher altitudes. This draws attention to the importance of more detailed studies on the endophytic fungi-bamboo-panda trophic interactions and the effect of land use and climate change on conservation programs of giant panda.     

大熊猫研究文献计量分析

大熊猫(Ailuropoda melanoleuca)是我国特有的珍稀物种,因其重要的生态学地位、独有的文化价值和独特的演化历史,长期以来一直受到中外科研工作者的广泛关注,并发表了大量的科研论文和著作。然而,对这些海量科研成果的系统分析和总结,尤其是采用可视化手段进行分析和梳理的研究,却未见报道。基于Web of Science和中国知网(CNKI)两个文献数据库,以大熊猫为主题,从年度分布、研究主体(作者、机构、国家)和研究内容3个方面对1929年以来的1221条英文文献和1955年以来的1670条中文文献进行了计量分析,并利用可视化软件CiteSpace分析了研究主体间的合作网络以及关键词的共现关系,以期回顾国内外在自然科学领域针对大熊猫的研究历程,揭示该领域的研究现状和发展趋势。     

野生大熊猫生态学研究进展与前瞻

在现代食肉目动物中,大熊猫无疑是最为引人注目的物种之一,既在科学上具有重要的研究价值,同时亦是世界自然保护的象征。自20 世纪80 年代初期我国政府与世界自然基金会合作开展野生大熊猫生态学研究
以来,迄今已积累了大量有关该物种及其栖息地的生态学知识,近年来3S 技术及分子生物学技术的推广应用将野生大熊猫生态学研究提升到了一个崭新的高度。本文在综合大量历史文献的基础上,从栖息地生态学、觅食
生态学、繁殖生态学、行为生态学、分子生态学、种群生态学和群落生态学等不同方面就野生大熊猫生态学的研究现状进行了梳理,力图归纳已有研究发现,阐明研究结果的科学价值及在保护生物学上的意义。同时,结
合研究与保护管理工作的需要,对未来研究方向进行了前瞻。     

大熊猫源细菌耐药性研究进展

耐药菌和耐药基因已成为一种新型环境污染物,引发世界公共卫生问题。细菌耐药性尤其是多重耐药菌在人医临床、畜禽养殖以及环境传播等多个方面得到越来越多的关注,而关于大熊猫等野生动物的耐药性研究相对较少。大熊猫(Ailuropoda melanoleuca)是世界公认的珍稀野生动物,其种群数量易受到各种疾病的威胁,尤其是肠道细菌性疾病。随着抗菌药物在疾病预防和控制中的普遍使用,由此带来的耐药性危害日益明显。本文总结了关于大熊猫源细菌耐药的国内外研究报道,对其耐药表型、耐药基因型、耐药机制及水平传播机制等方面内容进行了综述,旨在为大熊猫源细菌耐药性的研究和防控提供依据,为临床科学用药提供理论参考,从而助力大熊猫迁地保护。     

Profile of microRNA in Giant Panda Blood: A Resource for Immune-Related and Novel microRNAs

The giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) is one of the world’s most beloved endangered mammals. Although the draft genome of this species had been assembled, little was known about the composition of its microRNAs (miRNAs) or their functional profiles. Recent studies demonstrated that changes in the expression of miRNAs are associated with immunity. In this study, miRNAs were extracted from the blood of four healthy giant pandas and sequenced by Illumina next generation sequencing technology. As determined by miRNA screening, a total of 276 conserved miRNAs and 51 novel putative miRNAs candidates were detected. After differential expression analysis, we noticed that the expressions of 7 miRNAs were significantly up-regulated in young giant pandas compared with that of adults. Moreover, 2 miRNAs were up-regulated in female giant pandas and 1 in the male individuals. Target gene prediction suggested that the miRNAs of giant panda might be relevant to the expressions of 4,602 downstream genes. Subseuqently, the predicted target genes were conducted to KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) pathway analysis and we found that these genes were mainly involved in host immunity, including the Ras signaling pathway, the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, and the MAPK signaling pathway. In conclusion, our results provide the first miRNA profiles of giant panda blood, and the predicted functional analyses may open an avenue for further study of giant panda immunity.     

大熊猫与黑熊显带染色体的比较研究

以体外培养的大熊猫（Ａｉｌｕｒｏｐｏｄａｍｅｌａｎｏｌｅｕｃａ）与黑熊（Ｓｅｌｅｎａｒｃｔｏｓｔｈｉｂｅｔａｎｕｓ）外周血淋巴细胞为实验材料,应用ＢｒｄＵ复制带显示技术,研究了大熊猫和黑熊染色体晚复制带带型。通过对大熊猫与黑熊显带染色体带型的比较,发现黑熊部分具端着丝粒的染色体与大熊猫部分具中,亚中,或亚端着丝粒的染色体的整个短臂或整个长臂有明显的带型相似性,在黑熊具中,亚中着丝粒染色体中,仅３３