Immunohistochemical localization of albumin and in situ hybridization of albumin mRNA

Hepatocytes actively involved in albumin synthesis were identified by immunohistochemical method. In sections of perioidate-lysine-2 per cent (w/v) paraformaldehyde fixed normal rat liver, albumin was detected in all hepatocytes. At the ultrastructural level, albumin was localized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum and in Golgi complexes located near the nucleus in only a small subpopulation of hepatocytes, while all other hepatocytes contained albumin only in Golgi complexes located near the bile canaliculi. Stimulation of albumin synthesis by puromycin aminonucleoside-induced nephrosis resulted in an altered intracellular distribution of albumin at the light microscopic level. When examined at the ultrastructural level, albumin was localized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum as well as in Golgi complexes located near the nucleus in nearly all these hepatocytes. Hepatocytes with the potential to synthesize albumin were identified by in situ hybridization of albumin mRNA. In sections of 0.1 per cent (v/v) glutaraldehyde perfusion fixed normal rat liver, albumin mRNA was detected in the cytoplasm of only a few hepatocytes scattered throughout the lobule. Following stimulation of albumin synthesis by the induction of nephrosis, albumin mRNA was detected in the cytoplasm of the hepatocytes. The source of albumin in those hepatocytes which lacked albumin mRNA was identified in analbuminemic rats injected with rat albumin. At 6 h post injection, the light microscopic distribution of albumin in the liver of these animals was virtually indistinguishable from that in normal rat liver. At the ultrastructural level, injected albumin was localized in lysosomes and in Golgi complexes located near the bile canaliculi.     

Ultrastructural localization of fibronectin mRNA in chick embryo by in situ hybridization using 35S or biotin labeled cDNA probes

We have studied the expression of the fibronectin gene in 7 day-old chick embryo (stage 32) by in situ hybridization at the light and electron microscope levels, using a 397 base-pairs chicken cDNA, labeled by radioisotope or biotin-11dUTP. Cryostat sections of whole chick embryos displayed a selective label on the upper layer of the dermis, fibrous sclera and mesenchymal cells but not on cartilagenous sclera cells. These results show that the expression of the fibronectin gene varies in relation to the morphogenetic events. Hybridization at the ultrastructural level on thin sections of sclera embedded in Lowicryl K4M showed a selective labelling on various cell compartments. Biotin-11dUTP and radiolabeled probes were compared. The labeling was found precisely on the membrane of the rough endoplasmic reticulum and on the nuclear envelope. A few silver grains were located on the nucleus and in the perinucleolar region. This study shows that the postembedding in situ hybridization is a powerful procedure to study the expression of the extracellular protein genes and gives further information on the localization of mRNA.     

芜菁花叶病毒（TUMV）核酸cDNA的合成与克隆

从接种芜菁花叶病毒后发病芥菜(Brassica Juneaen)中提取病毒,然后提取其核酸(TuMV-RNA)。以纯化的TuMV-RNA为模板,以Oligo(dT)_(12-18)及小牛胸腺DNA水解物为引物,合成双链cDNA,双链cDNA长度约500—4300bp。将双链cDNA补齐后,钝端连接到pUC19质粒的Smal位点,转化E.coli DH,获得500多个白色克隆。菌落原位杂交及酶切分析表明,重组质粒中的插入片段大多数为芜菁花叶病毒RNA的互补DNA,长度为500—4000bp。     

植物染色体原位杂交技术的发展与现状

本文主要介绍植物染色体原位杂交技术的发展历史,评述适用于不同研究目的的各种主要原位杂交技术的基本原理和方法,并介绍该技术在植物细胞遗传学领域的应用和发展。 Abstract：In this paper,we briefly introduce the development of in situ hybridization of plant chromosome. The fundamental principle and method of many main kinds of in situ hybridization have been reviewed for different research purposes,and their application and development on plant cytogenetics also been recommended.     

高大乔木原位与离体叶片气体交换特征的比较——以三种环境下的青冈栎(Cyclobalanopsis glauca)为例

乔木由于个体高大,采用便携式仪器(如Li-6400)进行气体交换测定时的采样存在很多困难.研究了岩溶区、非岩溶区和盆栽等3种生境条件下的青冈栎植物叶片离体后的气体交换参数衰变特性并与活体状态进行比较,以确定叶片离体后仍能代表原位状态的最佳测定时间.叶片离开母体后,气孔短时内略微变大,然后逐渐关闭.不同条件下气孔的这种变化差异较大;蒸腾作用与气孔导度极显著线性相关,蒸腾作用受到气孔关闭的影响明显.离体叶片的蒸腾作用的大小与叶片的温度高低相一致.光合效率与气孔导度也呈显著相关,但相关程度较前者弱.不同温度条件下离体叶片的气体交换特征是不一样的,岩溶区高温加速了叶片的蒸腾速率,减少叶片组织自由含水量,导致水分胁迫的提前到来.温度越低离体叶片光合作用的衰减过程越慢.离体叶片的气体交换参数的在一定时间范围内的可靠性取决于叶片温度.在温度较低的时候(如20℃),离体叶片的可靠性20min以上,温度比较高(非岩溶区,温度约为32℃))的情况下,只有10min左右,而温度很高(岩溶区,叶温≥32℃)的情况下,这种可靠时间只有3～6min.     

Cellular localization of a pollen-specific mRNA by in situ hybridization and confocal laser scanning microscopy

Summary The application of confocal laser scanning microscopy together with in situ hybridization experiments in tobacco pollen enabled a detailed localization of a pollen-specific mRNA. The three-dimensional distribution of this specific mRNA over the whole pollen grain was reconstructed by means of optical sections of one specimen.     

Expression and cellular localization of the mRNA for the 25-kDa heat-shock protein in the mouse

The 25-kDa heat-shock protein (Hsp25) is a member of the small heat-shock protein family but its function remains largely unknown. In the present study we examined the expression and cellular localization of Hsp25 mRNA in mice under physiological, unstressed conditions using Northern blot and in situ hybridization analyses with specific oligonucleotide probes. At the organ level, high amounts of Hsp25 mRNA were detected in the oesophagus, skin,eye, stomach, lung and urinary bladder, with moderate amounts in the heart, skeletal muscle, aorta, adrenal gland, ovary, testis, uterus, large intestine, and thymus. At the cellular level, intense to moderate signals for Hsp25 mRNA were localized in the muscle cells of smooth, heart and skeletal types, in the epithelial cells of stratified squamous and transitional types and of the oviduct, in the steroid endocrine cells of the adrenal cortex and corpus luteum, as well as in the spermatocytes of the testis. In contrast, the signal was scarcely detectable in the nervous tissues, lymphatic tissues, the columnar epithelial cells of the digestive tract, or the parenchymal cells of the liver, pancreas and kidney. These results suggest some significant role for Hsp25 in distinct populations of mouse cells under physiological conditions.     

Cloning,expression, and localization of a new member of a Paracentrotus lividus cell surface multigene family

We have isolated and characterized a cDNA clone corresponding to a new member of bep (butanol, extracted, proteins) Paracentrotus lividus multigene family coding for cell surface proteins. The cDNA, called bep3, encodes a 370 amino acid protein and shares the same structural organization in the coding region with other members of the same gene family already characterized. Expression of this clone studied by Northern blot and by whole mount hybridization shows that the bep3 messenger is transcribed during oogenesis and utilized till the gastrula stage, whereas at the prism stage, unlike other members of the same gene family, new synthesis of messenger occurs. By whole mount hybridization spatial distribution of bep3 messenger in egg and embryos is established. This messenger appears located in the animal half of the unfertilized egg and moves to the cortical zone after fertilization; it is not present in the structures derived by the vegetal part of the embryo, such as the micromeres of the 16-cell stage, the primary mesenchyme cells of the blastula, and the primary intestine of the gastrula. At the prism stage instead, hybridization of bep3 messenger is restricted to the part of the embryo that will give origin to the oral region as successively confirmed by hybridization at the pluteus stage. The result of whole mount hybridization was confirmed by Northern blot hybridization of separated meso-macromere and micromere RNAs. A Southern blot experiment demonstrates that bep3 is codified by a single copy gene. Conservation of the bep multigene family in several Mediterranean and Japanese sea urchin species has also been analyzed. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Tentative chromosomal localization of the bovine major histocompatibility complex by in situ hybridization

Summary. A genetic region, most likely the major histocompatibility complex, was assigned to bands q13–23 of cattle chromosome 23 by in situ hybridization using a cloned DNA sequence of a class I gene of the pig major histocompatibility complex.     

Messenger RNA from diverse classes of alfalfa leghemoglobin genes show a similar pattern of spatial expression in symbiotic root nodules

The spatial expression of specific classes of leghemoglobin mRNA corresponding to divergent classes of alfalfa leghemoglobin (Lb) isomers was analyzed by in situ hybridization of oligonucleotide probes to root nodule cryosections. The aim of this study was to determine whether structural changes in the nodule may contribute to the shift in Lb protein isomer expression observed during root nodule development. The co-localization of the diverse Lb mRNAs suggests that this is unlikely to be the case.Abbreviations Lb leghemoglobin - SDS sodium dodecyl sulfate - SSC sodium chloride, sodium citrate solution     

Nucleologenesis: use of non-isotopic in situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry to compare the localization of rDNA and nucleolar proteins during mitosis

Using in situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry during interphase and mitosis, we have compared the distribution of ribosomal DNA (rDNA) to that of the nucleolar proteins fibrillarin and RNA polymerase I. During interphase, nucleolar proteins were localized at sites throughout the nucleolus while the bulk of rDNA was localized in a single restricted nucleolar area. During metaphase and anaphase, all six NORs were detected by in situ hybridization, Ag-staining, or by the immunolocalization of RNA polymerase I. During telophase, rDNA and RNA polymerase I were found in a distinct subset of the prenucleolar bodies (PNBs) which obviously must contain the nucleolar organizers. Other numerous PNBs are smaller in size and do not contain detectable amounts of rDNA or RNA polymerase I. Therefore, reconstruction of the nucleolus originates in telophase-specific domains which contain both rDNA and RNA polymerase I.     

MtZR1, a PRAF protein,is involved in the development of roots and symbiotic root nodules in Medicago truncatula

PRAF proteins are present in all plants, but their functions remain unclear. We investigated the role of one member of the PRAF family, MtZR1, on the development of roots and nitrogen‐fixing nodules in Medicago truncatula. We found that MtZR1 was expressed in all M. truncatula organs. Spatiotemporal analysis showed that MtZR1 expression in M. truncatula roots was mostly limited to the root meristem and the vascular bundles of mature nodules. MtZR1 expression in root nodules was down‐regulated in response to various abiotic stresses known to affect nitrogen fixation efficiency. The down‐regulation of MtZR1 expression by RNA interference in transgenic roots decreased root growth and impaired nodule development and function. MtZR1 overexpression resulted in longer roots and significant changes to nodule development. Our data thus indicate that MtZR1 is involved in the development of roots and nodules. To our knowledge, this work provides the first in vivo experimental evidence of a biological role for a typical PRAF protein in plants.