Electron density modulation in magnetic islands in the TUMAN-3M tokamak

MHD oscillations with m/n = 4/1 and 3/1 that arise at the periphery of the TUMAN-3M tokamak in the initial stage of a discharge are investigated. It is found that these oscillations lead to a significant modulation of the electron density n _e , which is attributable to the accumulation of plasma within a magnetic island. Numerical simulations of the modulation structure made it possible to determine the radius of the resonant surface and the radial width of the island and to evaluate the characteristic density gradient in the island. The gradient was found to be ten times larger than that of the unperturbed profile of n _e (r) near the resonant surface. This points to reduced plasma transport within the magnetic island.     

Interplay between intrinsic plasma rotation and magnetic island evolution in disruptive discharges

The behavior of the intrinsic toroidal rotation of the plasma column during the growth and eventual saturation of m/n = 2/1 magnetic islands, triggered by programmed density rise, has been carefully investigated in disruptive discharges in TCABR. The results show that, as the island starts to grow and rotate at a speed larger than that of the plasma column, the angular frequency of the intrinsic toroidal rotation increases and that of the island decreases, following the expectation of synchronization. As the island saturates at a large size, just before a major disruption, the angular speed of the intrinsic rotation decreases quite rapidly, even though the island keeps still rotating at a reduced speed. This decrease of the toroidal rotation is quite reproducible and can be considered as an indicative of disruption.     

Alfvén eigenmode evolution computed with the VENUS and KINX codes for the ITER baseline scenario

A new application of the VENUS code is described, which computes alpha particle orbits in the perturbed electromagnetic fields and its resonant interaction with the toroidal Alfvén eigenmodes (TAEs) for the ITER device. The ITER baseline scenario with Q = 10 and the plasma toroidal current of 15 МА is considered as the most important and relevant for the International Tokamak Physics Activity group on energetic particles (ITPA-EP). For this scenario, typical unstable ТАЕ-modes with the toroidal index n = 20 have been predicted that are localized in the plasma core near the surface with safety factor q = 1. The spatial structure of ballooning and antiballooning modes has been computed with the ideal MHD code KINX. The linear growth rates and the saturation levels taking into account the damping effects and the different mode frequencies have been calculated with the VENUS code for both ballooning and antiballooning TAE-modes.     

Chromosomes of Ichneumonidae (Hymenoptera): New results and conclusions

New data were obtained on the karyotypes of 12 parasitic wasp species of the family Ichneumonidae: Scambus detritus (2n = 28), S. vesicarius (2n = 28), Pimpla contemplator (2n = 36), Theronia atalantae (2n = 24), Stenomacrus sp. 2 (n = 18, 2n = 36), Phygadeuon sp. 3 (2n = 32), Ichneumon memorator (2n = 24), I. vorax (2n = 22), Lymantrichneumon disparis (2n = 26), Orthopelma mediator (n = 15, 2n = 30), Lissonota buccator (2n = 22), and Trichionotus flexorius (2n = 16). Chromosomes of Anomaloninae were studied for the first time. The data on the karyotype structure of the subfamily Orthopelmatinae were revised. Various aspects of chromosome variability in Ichneumonidae are discussed.     

Anomalous pinch in the T-11M tokamak in an enhanced-collisionality regime

The formation of a peaked bell-shaped profile of the electron density n _e (r) in the T-11M tokamak (B _t=1 T, R/a = 0.7/0.2 m, I _p = 100 kA, t _shot ≤ 300 ms, Li and C limiters) was observed in Li experiments carried out in the near-plateau collisionality regime (the collisionality parameter at one-half of the minor radius was v* ≥ 0.5) under the conditions of low hydrogen recycling and intense hydrogen influx from the plasma edge. It is well known that peaked n _e (r) profiles are observed in collisionless regimes at v* values as low as 10^?1–10^?2 or in impurity-contaminated discharges, in which this effect can be attributed to the impurity accumulation on the plasma column axis. Moreover, a bell-shaped n _e (r) profile in discharges with low n _e can result from the ionization of hydrogen atoms at the column axis, where they arrive from the plasma edge due to cascade charge-exchange. In quasi-steady lithium discharges in T-11M, however, peaked n _e (r) profiles were observed at a relatively high central electron density n _e (0) and relatively high collision frequency, such that the influence of impurities on the n _e (r) profile could be ignored (Z _eff = 1.1±0.1). To explain this effect, one has to assume that the pinching of hydrogen ions in T-11M is anomalous. The lower estimate of the observed pinch velocity is 4 ± 1 m/s, which is three to five times higher than the velocity of the neoclassical (Ware) pinch, characteristic of these conditions. The work is devoted to the experimental study of this effect.     

New data on chromosomes of parasitic wasps of the subfamily Ichneumoninae (Hymenoptera,Ichneumonidae)

The new data on chromosomes of parasitic wasps of the subfamily Ichneumoninae: Centeterus major (2n = 22), Diadromus troglodytes (2n = 22), D. varicolor (2n = 22), Tycherus infimus (2n = 22), Cratichneumon rufifrons (2n = 26), Eristicus clarigator (2n =.26), and Ctenichneumon funereus (2n = 16) were obtained. Some aspects of the chromosomal variability of Ichneumoninae are discussed.     

Genetic diversity of the house mouse <Emphasis Type="Italic">Mus musculus</Emphasis> and geographic distribution of its subspecies-specific RAPD markers on the territory of Russia

Genetic diversity and geographic distribution of taxon-specific RAPD markers was examined in ten local populations of the house mouse Mus musculus (n = 42). The house mice were generally characterized by moderate genetic variation: polymorphism P ₉₉ = 60%, P ₉₅ = 32.57%; heterozygosity H = 0.12; the observed allele number n _a = 1.6; the effective allele number n _e = 1.18; the within-population differentiation ?_s = 0.388; and Shannon index I = 0.19. The degree of genetic isolation of individual local populations was greatly variable. The genetic subdivision index G _st varied from 0.162 to 0.770 at the gene flow of Nm = 2.58?0.149, while the among-population distances D _N varied from 0.026 to 0.178. The largest part of the genetic diversity was found among the populations (H _T = 0.125), while the within-population diversity was twice lower (H _S = 0.06). The samples examined were well discriminated relative to the sets of RAPD markers. The character distribution pattern provided conditional subdivision of the mice into the “western” and the “eastern” groups with the putative boarder along the Baikal Lake. The first group was characterized by the prevalence of the markers typical of M. m. musculus and M. m. domesticus. The second group was characterized by the prevalence of the markers typical of M. m. musculus, M. m. gansuensis, M. m. castaneus, M. m. domesticus, and M. m. wagneri. The genotype of the nominative subspecies M. m. musculus was background for all populations. In the populations examined some of earlier described subspecies-specific molecular markers were found at different frequencies, pointing to the involvement of several subspecies of M. musculus in the process of hybridization.     

Use of foreign genetic variability to improve the quality of wheat grain

Foreign genetic variability, which is represented by different wild-growing relatives of wheat such as Ae. umbellulata (UU, 2n = 14), Ae. cylindrica (CCDD, 2n = 28), Ae. tauschii (DD, 2n = 14), Ae. ventricosa (DDUnUn, 2n = 28), Ae. variabilis (UUSS, 2n = 28), and T. palmovae (AADD, 2n = 28) is used in interspecies crossings with the wheat cultivar T. aestivum for the purpose of transferring exotic Gli/Glu alleles into the genome of the crop. As a result, a series of new exotic Gli/Glu alleles is introgressed into the genome of wheat cultivar. An essential negative as well as positive influence of the wild exotic alleles on the baking quality indicators of the flour and the consistency of the wheat endosperm is discovered in the course of the study. The new genetic material with the improved grain quality indicators is recommended for use in wheat selection.     

Physical Parameters of a Reactor-Stellarator with Small Ripples of the Helical Magnetic Field

The paper describes the calculation data on the physical parameters of a reactor-stellarator, where the nonuniformities of the helical field are smaller than the toroidal magnetic field nonuniformities: ε_h < ε_t. Unlike the previous studies, where the ion-component transport coefficients had the collision frequency dependence proportional to ν^1/2, this being equivalent to the ε_h > ε_t case, in the present calculations, these coefficients were assumed to be in proportion to the first power of the collision frequency, D_i ∝ ν for ν_eff < 2ω_E, and to D_i ∝ ν^?1 for the inverse inequality. Here, ω_E is the rotation frequency of plasma in the radial electric field. As before, the plasma electrons corresponded to the mode of D_e ∝ ν^?1. As initial parameters for numerical calculations, a reactor with R = 8 m, r_p = 2 m, and B₀ = 5 Т was taken. A numerical code was used to solve the set of equations that describes the plasma space?time behavior in the reactor-stellarator under the conditions of equal diffusion fluxes. The start of reactor operation in the mode of thermonuclear burning was provided by heating sources with a power of several tens of megawatts. Steady-state operating conditions of a self-sustained thermonuclear reaction were attained by maintaining the plasma density through DT fuel pellet injection into the plasma.     

Mutational analysis of hemophilia B in Russia: Molecular-genetic study

Hemophilia B is a hereditary X-linked coagulation disorder. This pathology is caused by various defects in the factor IX gene, which is, being about 34 kb long and consisting of eight exons, localized in the Xq27 locus of the X-chromosome long arm. Mutations were revealed in 56 unrelated patients with hemophilia B in this study by using direct sequencing of factor IX gene functionally important fragments. Forty-six mutations were found with prevailing missense mutations (n = 30). The rest of the mutations were nonsense (n = 4) and splicing (n = 4) mutations, large deletions (n = 3), microdeletions (n = 2), microinsertions (n = 2), and promoter mutations (n = 1). Eleven of 46 mutations were previously unknown for human populations.     

Association analysis of alcohol metabolizing enzymes <Emphasis Type="Italic">ADH1B,ADH7, CYP2E1</Emphasis> gene polymorphism with risk for coronary atherosclerosis

The allele and genotype distribution of two alcohol dehydrogenase genes ADH1B (exon 3 polymorphism A/G (47His)), ADH7 (intron 5 polymorphism G/C) and cytochrome P450 2E1 gene (CYP2E1; 5′-flanking region G/C and intron 6 T/A polymorphisms) were examined in Russian (Tomsk, n = 125) healthy population and in coronary atherosclerosis patients (CA, n = 92). The genotype frequencies followed the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and the alleles were in linkage equilibrium or gametic equilibrium in the control sample. Only two CYP2E1 gene polymorphisms were in linkage disequilibrium. The frequencies of the derived alleles at ADH1B ^* G (+MslI) allele, CYP2E1 ^* C2 (+PstI) allele and CYP2E1 ^* C (-DraI) allele were 8.48 ± 1.86, 1.20 ± 0.69, and 10.00 ± 1.90%, respectively. The ADH7 gene polymorphism showed a high level of heterozygosity; the frequency of the ADH7 ^* C (-StyI) allele was 44.58 ± 3.21%. A significantly higher frequency of CYP2E1 PstI C2 allele has been revealed in the CA group (P = 0.043; OR = 4.23; 95% CI 1.03–20.01). The tendency to significant effect of A1A2 genotype in ADH1B MslI polymorphism was observed for systolic blood pressure in the control group (P = 0.068). The statistically significant two-way interaction effects of ADH7 StyI and CYP2E1 DraI on diastolic blood pressure (P = 0.029) and on the serum high density lipoprotein level (P = 0.042) were also revealed. Association of A1A2 genotype in ADH1B MslI polymorphism with reduced amount in a serum of a very low density lipoprotein level (P = 0.045) have also been shown. This may result from multifunctional activity of alcohol metabolizing enzymes and their involvement in many metabolic and free radical reactions in the body.     

Neoclassical offset toroidal velocity and auxiliary ion heating in tokamaks

In conditions of ideal axisymmetry, for a magnetized plasma in a generic bounded domain, necessarily toroidal, the uniform absorption of external energy (e.g., RF or any isotropic auxiliary heating) cannot give rise to net forces or torques. Experimental evidence on contemporary tokamaks shows that the near central absorption of RF heating power (ICH and ECH) and current drive in presence of MHD activity drives a bulk plasma rotation in the co-I _p direction, opposite to the initial one. Also the appearance of classical or neoclassical tearing modes provides a nonlinear magnetic braking that tends to clamp the rotation profile at the q-rational surfaces. The physical origin of the torque associated with P _RF absorption could be due the effects of asymmetry in the equilibrium configuration or in power deposition, but here we point out also an effect of the response of the so-called neoclassical offset velocity to the power dependent heat flow increment. The neoclassical toroidal viscosity due to internal magnetic kink or tearing modes tends to relax the plasma rotation to this asymptotic speed, which in absence of auxiliary heating is of the order of the ion diamagnetic velocity. It can be shown by kinetic and fluid calculations, that the absorption of auxiliary power by ions modifies this offset proportionally to the injected power thereby forcing the plasma rotation in a direction opposite to the initial, to large values. The problem is discussed in the frame of the theoretical models of neoclassical toroidal viscosity.     

Rising the Persian Gulf Black-Lip Pearl Oyster to the Species Level: Fragmented Habitat and Chaotic Genetic Patchiness in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pinctada persica</Emphasis>

Marine organisms with long pelagic larval stages are expected to exhibit low genetic differentiation due to their potential to disperse over large distances. Growing body of evidence, however, suggests that marine populations can differentiate over small spatial scales. Here we focused on black-lip pearl oysters from the Persian Gulf that are thought to belong to the Pinctada margaritifera complex given their morphological affinities. This species complex includes seven lineages that show a wide distribution ranging from the Persian Gulf (Pinctada margaritifera persica) and Indian Ocean (P. m. zanzibarensis) to the French Polynesia (P. m. cumingii) and Hawai’i (P. m. galtsoffi). Despite the long pelagic larval phase of P. m. persica, this lineage is absent from continental locations and can only be found on a few islands of the Persian Gulf. Mitochondrial COI-based analyses indicated that P. m. persica belongs to a clearly divergent ESU and groups with specimens from Mauritius (P. m. zanzibarensis). Microsatellite data, used here to assess the spatial scale of realized dispersal of Persian Gulf black-lip pearl oysters, revealed significant genetic structure among islands distant of only a few dozen kilometres. The scantiness of suitable habitats most likely restricted the distribution of this lineage originating the observed chaotic genetic patchiness. The hatchery-based enhancement performed in one of the sampled islands may also have affected population genetic structure. The long-term accumulation of genetic differences likely resulted from the allopatric divergence between P. m. persica and the neighbouring Indian Ocean black-lip pearl oysters.     

High-Resolution Respirometry in Diagnostics of Mitochondrial Diseases Caused by Mitochondrial Complex I Deficiency

Mitochondrial complex I deficiency (CID) is one of the most common defects in the OXPHOS system; it represents more than 30% cases of mitochondrial diseases. The group is characterized by clinical and genetic heterogeneity and comprises several nosological forms. The most prevalent phenotypes of CID are Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and Leigh syndrome. In this study we have analyzed skin fibroblasts from 11 patients with mutations in mtDNA, which cause LHON or Leigh-like phenotypes (m.11778 G>A (n = 3), m.3460 A>G (n = 2), m.3635 G>A (n = 1), m.3308 T>G (n = 2), m.3472 T>C (n = 1)), and 2 patients with earlier unknown substitutions m.3945 C>A and m.14441 T>C. High-resolution respirometry (HRR) was performed for complex analysis of the mitochondrial respiratory function in intact and permeabilized fibroblasts of patients and healthy controls. Flux control ratios in intact cells R/E, (R-L)/E were raised compared to the control. Rates of R, E, L normalized on the citrate synthase (CS) activity were statistically different (p < 0.05) between patients and controls. In permeabilized fibroblasts we have found statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) in ratios СII/E, Rot/E, R/CII, CI/CII between groups. These data highlight dysfunctions of the OXPHOS system, particularly CI. Increased CS activity and decreased CI/CII ratio suggest a compensatory metabolic response to the respiratory chain dysfunction. Our results show applicability of HRR in revealing biochemical abnormalities of mitochondrial complex I in fibroblasts of patients with LHON and Leigh-like syndrome. We also suggest HRR to be a useful method for inspection of new mutations causing mitochondrial complex I deficiency.     

On the minimum electron transport coefficients in tokamaks in the range of low collision frequencies

There are two close empirical scalings, namely, the T-11 and neo-Alcator ones, that provide correct estimates for the energy confinement time in tokamaks in ohmic heating regimes in the linear part of the dependence τ _E (\(\bar n_e \)) in the range of low values of \(\bar n_e \) and 〈ν _e ^* 〉 ≤ 1. The similar character of electron energy confinement in this range, which expands with increasing magnetic field B ₀, has stimulated the search for dimensionless parameters and simple physical models that would explain the experimentally observed dependences χ _e ～ 1/n _e and τ _Ee ～ \(\bar n_e \). In 1987, T. Okhawa showed that the experimental data were satisfactorily described by the formula χ_e⊥ = (c ²/ω _pe ² )ν _e /qR, in deriving of which the random spatial leap along the radius r on the electron trajectory was assumed to be the same as that in the coefficient of the poloidal field diffusion, while the repetition rate of these leaps was assumed to be ν _e /qR. In 2004, J. Callen took into account the decrease in the fraction of transient electrons with increasing toroidal ratio ? = r/R and corrected the coefficient c ²/ω _pe ² in Okhawa equation by the factor σ _‖ ^Sp /σ _‖ ^neo . If one takes into account this correction and assumes that the frequency of the stochastic process is equal to the reciprocal of the half-period of rotation of a trapped electron along its banana trajectory, then the resulting expression for χ_e⊥ will coincide with the T-11 scaling: χ _e ^an ∞ ?^1.75(T _e /A _i )^0.5/(n _e qR) at A i = 1. If the same stochastic process also involves ions, it may result in the opening of the orbit of a trapped ion at the distance ～(c/ω _pe )(m _i /m _e )^1/4. In this case, the calculated coefficient of electron and ion diffusion D is close to D ^an ≈ χ _e ^an /2.     

Differentiation of the pollen size in five representatives of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Taraxacum</Emphasis> sect. <Emphasis Type="Italic">Palustria</Emphasis>

Measurements of the pollen size in 5 species of Taraxacum sect. Palustria at three levels of ploidy: 2n = 3x = 24 (T. paucilobum), 2n = 4x = 32 (T. vindobonense, T. trilobifolium), 2n = 5x = 40 (T. mendax) and one taxon of unknown number of chromosomes 2n = ? (T. portentosum) are presented in this paper. Obtained results indicate a lack of distinct positive correlation between the pollen size and ploidy in the studied group of plants. Distinct relationship was, however, found between ploidy and the range of pollen size and shape variability. Most variable were the pollen grains of triploid T. paucilobum and the least — those in pentaploid T. mendax. Ranges of pollen variability in tetraploid T. trilobifolium and T. vindobonense and in T. portentosum of unknown number of chromosomes showed intermediate values.     

Model of Solar Wind in the Heliosphere at Low and High Latitudes

The spatial distributions of the magnetic field, plasma density, and current at distances of (20–400)R_S from the Sun (where R_S is the solar radius) are investigated within a stationary axisymmetric MHD model of the solar wind (SW) at all latitudes in the inertial frame of reference with the origin at the center of the Sun. The model takes into account differential (with respect to the heliolatitude) rotation of the Sun and full corotation of plasma inside a boundary sphere of radius 20RS, which breaks down beyond this sphere. Self-consistent distributions of the plasma density, current, and magnetic field in the SW are obtained by numerically solving a set of time-independent MHD equations in spherical coordinates. It is demonstrated that the calculated results do not contradict observational data and describe a gradual transition from the fast SW at high heliolatitudes to the slow SW at low heliolatitudes, as well as the steepening of the profiles of the main SW characteristics with increasing distance from the Sun. The obtained dependences extend understanding of the SW structure at low and high latitudes and agree with the well-known Parker model in the limit of a small Ampère force.     

Effect of perturbations on magnetic fields as a possible problem for implementing toroidal magnetic configurations with a zero rotational transform

Approved reliable methods and a unified quasi-resonant approach are used to reproduce the results characterizing the effect of dangerous perturbations on three particular types of toroidal magnetic configurations with a zero rotational transform (ι/2π = 0). An analysis is made of the perturbations whose geometry and amplitudes correspond to imperfections and defects in the assembly of the actual magnetic systems of conventional stellarators. The effect of perturbations on magnetic configurations with ι/2π = 0 is of the same quasi-resonant nature as that for systems with ι/2π ≠ 0 and a zero magnetic shear. However, in contrast to shearless configurations with a nonzero rotational transform, the most dangerous perturbations are those with n = 0 and m = 1, 2, 3, … (where m is the poloidal mode number and n is the toroidal mode number) and the effect of harmonics with the smallest poloidal and toroidal numbers is more destructive and nonlocal even for the amplitudes corresponding to imperfections and defects in the assembly of conventional stellarators. Such an extremely high sensitivity of magnetic systems with ι/2π = 0 to the perturbations under consideration may be a serious obstacle for their practical implementation.     

Modulation of alfa-adrenoceptor activity by beta-adrenoceptor agonists and antagonists in rat brain cortex membranes

The influence of β-adrenoceptor activation and inhibition by isoprenaline and propranolol on the specific binding of nonselective α₁- and α₂-adrenoceptor antagonists [³H]prazosin and [³H]RX821002 in rat cerebral cortex subcellular membrane fractions was studied. It was established that for the α₁- and α₂-adrenoceptors the ligand–receptor interaction corresponds to the model of one affinity pool of receptors and binding of two ligand molecules by one dimer receptor. The parameters of [³H]prazosin binding to α₁-adrenoceptors were: K _d = 1.85 ± 0.16 nM, B _max = 31.14 ± 0.35 fmol/mg protein, n = 2. The parameters of [³H]RX821002 binding to α₂-adrenoceptors were: K _d = 1.57 ± 0.27 nM, B _max = 7.2 ± 1.6 fmol/mg protein, n = 2. When β-adrenoceptors were activated by isoprenaline, the binding of radiolabelled ligands with α₁- and α₂-adrenoceptors occurred according to the same model. The affinity to [³H]prazosin and the concentration of active α₁-adrenoceptors increased by 27% (K _d = 1.36 ± 0.03 nM) and 84% (B _max = 57.37 ± 0.28 fmol/mg protein), respectively. The affinity of α₂-adrenoceptors to [³H]RX821002 decreased by 56% (K _d = 3.55 ± 0.02 nM), and the concentration of active receptors increased by 69% (B _max = 12.24 ± 0.06 fmol/mg protein). Propranolol alters the binding character of both ligands. For [³H]prazosin and [³H]RX821002, two pools of receptors were detected with the following parameters: K _d1 = 1.13 ± 0.09, K _d2 = 6.07 ± 1.06 nM, B _m1 = 11.36 ± 1.77, Bm2 = 51.09 ± 0.41 fmol/mg protein, n = 2 and K _d1 = 0.61 ± 0.02, K _d2 = 3.41 ± 0.13 nM, B _m1 = 1.88 ± 0.028, B _m2 = 9.27 ± 0.08 fmol/mg protein, n = 2, respectively. The concentration of active receptors (B _max) increased twofold for both ligands. It was suggested that α₁- and α₂-adrenoceptors in rat cerebral cortex subcellular membrane fractions exist as dimers. A modulating influence of isoprenaline and propranolol on the specific binding of the antagonists to α₁- and α₂- adrenoceptors was revealed, which was manifested in the activating effect on the [³H]prazosin binding parameters, in the inhibitory effect on the [³H]RX821002 binding parameters, and in a change of the general character of binding for both ligands.     

Karyotypic study of five Lutjanid species using conventional and Ag-NORs banding techniques

The first cytogenetic comparisons of five snapper species from Thailand were presented here. Renal cell samples were taken from blacktail snapper (Lutjanus fulvus), five lined snapper (L. quinquelineatus), dory snapper (L. fulviflamma), brownstripe red snapper (L. vitta), and mangrove red snapper (L. argentimaculatus). The mitotic chromosome preparation was prepared directly from kidney cells. Conventional staining and Ag-NOR banding techniques were applied to stain the chromosomes. The results exhibited that all five snapper species have the diploid chromosome numbers of 2n = 48 and the fundamental numbers (NF) of 48. The presences of large, medium, and small telocentric chromosomes were 22-24-2, 24-20-4, 36-10-2, 28-16-4 and 36-10-2, respectively. The Ag- NORs banding technique provides the pair of nucleolar organizer regions (NORs) at subcentromeric region of the long arm of the respective telocentric chromosome pairs 9, 1, 3, 4 and 9. Their karyotype formulas is as follows: L. fulvus (2n = 48): L ₂₂ ^t + M ₂₄ ^t + S ₂ ^t , L. quinquelineatus (2n = 48): L ₂₄ ^t + M ₂₀ ^t + S ₄ ^t , L. fulviflamma (2n = 48): Lt36 + Mt10 + St2, L. vitta (2n = 48): L ₂₈ ^t + M ₁₆ ^t + S ₄ ^t , and L. argentimaculatus (2n = 48): L ₃₆ ^t + M ₁₀ ^t + S ₂ ^t .