骆驼刺根瘤菌的超微结构研究

用透射电子显微镜研究骆驼刺根瘤中的根瘤菌。结果表明。在成熟的骆驼刺根瘤中,根瘤菌的大小、数量、形态、分布位置及精细结构随寄主细胞的发育程度不同而异。早期侵染细胞中,根瘤菌小,数量少,一般呈球形或椭球形,位于细胞壁附近及靠近核区的地方,没有聚磷酸盐颗粒和聚羟基丁酸。成熟侵染细胞中,根瘤菌个体较大,数量较多．多呈棒状,少数为球形或椭球形。有很多根瘤菌还呈现明显的“T”形、“Y”形或“V”形,菌体占满了整个细胞,这时的根瘤菌大多数含有聚羟基丁酸和聚磷酸盐颗粒。而在衰老的侵染细胞中,根瘤菌细胞质收缩,电子密度增高．形状变得很不规则,有的根瘤菌解体,呈现膜泡状结构,菌体中含有数量不等的聚羟基丁酸和聚磷酸盐颗粒。球状根瘤菌从侵染初期到侵染细胞裂解的整个阶段中都仔在。并且观察到的处于分裂状态的根瘤菌都是球状菌,因此可以推测骆驼刺根瘤中是以球状根瘤菌来进行增殖的。     

侵染细胞质膜附近小泡的来源及其作用

箭舌豌豆根瘤幼龄侵染细胞的壁和质膜比较光滑,成熟侵染细胞与此不同,不仅细胞壁厚薄均,有较多的胞间连丝,而且质膜常常内陷形成各种突起,然后离质膜形成小泡。这些位于质膜附近的小泡体积较小,多呈圆形,既可单独存在,也可多个聚在一起。在向细胞中央移动中,有的小泡靠近细胞质膜,甚至与细菌周期融合,有的小泡不民附近的小液泡融合变为较大液泡,并常用降解程度不同的细菌位于其中,在衰老侵染细胞中,细胞壁附近有小泡,     

白车轴草和紫花苜蓿根瘤的显微及超微结构

通过对白车轴草(Trifolium repens Linn.)和紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa Linn.)根瘤的显微及超微结构进行观察,发现其根瘤显微结构都由4部分组成,由外向内依次为：保护层、皮层、鞘细胞层和中心组织(侵染组织)。在中心组织的侵染细胞中,分布有大量的线粒体、高尔基体、核糖体及内质网,白车轴草根瘤侵染细胞中的细菌圆形或椭圆形,有明显的周膜、细菌细胞壁和质膜,在细菌发育过程中,周膜活动旺盛,有时相邻细菌的周膜发生融合,在周膜附近常分布有大量的内质网、高尔基体以及高尔基体小泡,似与周膜融合有关。紫花苜蓿细菌椭圆形、长棒形,甚至有的细菌呈分枝状。二者细菌细胞质中分布着大量的核糖体和纤维状的核物质。在白车轴草中还有染色很深的多聚磷酸盐颗粒。     

红豆草根瘤侵染细胞核在细胞凋亡中的超微结构变化

用透射电镜观察红豆草根瘤侵染细胞核在细胞凋亡过程中的超微结构,以探讨红豆草根瘤侵染细胞核在发育过程中的超微结构变化及其与细胞凋亡的关系.结果表明,红豆草根瘤侵染细胞核的超微结构随细胞发育程度不同而不同.在幼龄侵染细胞中,细胞核体积较大,近似圆形.在即将成熟和成熟的侵染细胞中,细胞核膜有内陷现象,其核仁常具有核仁泡和核仁联合体.在早期凋亡的侵染细胞中,细胞核体积减小,形状变得不规则,核膜出现大量内陷,在其表面形成许多大的突起和深的沟槽,有时还有内质网、线粒体、小液泡和细菌等位于核膜的内陷处,而且核仁也开始裂解.在后期凋亡的侵染细胞中,除细菌解体外,还出现核仁消失,核膜破裂,核质外流,并在细胞质中形成一些电子密度很高,无一定形状的团块状物质.     

甜菊愈伤组织细胞中的液泡膜内突和液泡内囊泡

对生长在分化培养基上的甜菊愈伤组织分生区细胞的液泡膜内突和液泡内囊泡,进行了超微结构和酸性磷酸酶细胞化学研究。在不同液泡化时期的细胞中,都存在不同大小和形态的液泡膜内突,它们有的缺乏明显的内含物;有的含有许多小泡或复杂膜系;有的含有一个较大的具许多小泡或复杂膜系的膜束缚囊泡。在液泡内还存在一些游离的液泡内囊泡,它们通常具有两层紧贴的界膜或为多层同心膜,推测它们来自液泡膜内突。ＡｃＰａｓｅ定位结果显     

小麦类根瘤中胞间细菌的运动及其对细胞壁的影响

用电子显微镜和光学显微镜观察了小麦类根瘤,以探讨小麦类根瘤中胞间细菌的运动及其对细胞壁的影响.结果表明:(1)小麦类根瘤由薄壁细胞、分生细胞和侵染细胞组成,它们中有许多胞间隙,其中一些还含有大量细菌;它们的胞间层常常彼此分离,形成间隙,间隙中有时也有细菌存在;(2)小麦类根瘤中没有侵入线,细菌运动主要在胞间进行;具有细菌的胞间隙和胞间层大小不等、形状各异,其细胞壁还常常出现不同程度的变化,变化的大小一般与它们中的细菌有关,且随细菌数量的增加而增加.     

豌豆根瘤细菌周膜在发育中的变化

细菌周膜随发育不同而异。侵入线中的细菌没有细菌周膜,刚从侵入线释放到寄主细胞质中的细菌虽有这一特殊结构,但一般较小,表面光滑。然后随着发育而不断变大,有的表面甚至出现凹凸不平。在这些细菌周膜附近,常有一些高尔基体和内质网,有的还有一些纤维状物质和泡状结构位于它所包围的电子透明区域中。当细菌周膜继续向外扩展时,常与相邻细菌周膜相互嵌合,进而彼此融合。这种融合是一种不对称性融合,只出现在即将或已成熟的被侵染的细胞中。细菌周膜融合可能与共生体系的固氮和物质交换有关。     

箭舌豌豆根瘤细胞液泡中一种特殊内含物的研究

用透射电镜观察了箭舌豌豆根瘤侵染细胞。结果表明,有一些小泡出现在细胞质膜和侵入线附近,它们不断向中央液泡运动,并在运动中相互靠近形成小泡团。当其到达中央液泡时,附近的液泡膜产生内吞,形成突起。最后,这些突起脱离液泡膜,在中央液泡中形成一种由管状结构和小泡组成、表面具有一层被膜的特殊内含物。本文还讨论了此种内含物的起源及其与根瘤抗旱和细菌周膜扩增的关系。     

沙冬青根瘤菌的电子显微镜研究

用透射电镜研究沙冬青根瘤中的根瘤菌。这种根瘤菌的精细结构不仅与生态环境有关,而且还随寄主细胞发育程度不同而异。在早期侵染细胞中,根瘤菌很少,一般呈圆形或椭圆形,电子密度很高,位于细胞壁附近。在成熟侵染细胞中,根瘤菌很多,布满了整个细胞,形态出现多样化。在衰老侵染细胞中,根瘤菌形状不规则,细胞质收缩,电子密度增高,内部结构模糊不清,有的甚至变成一团膜泡状结构     

生长在酸性水中的中型裸藻新变种

中型裸藻嗜酸变种(新变种)(图1)细胞变形,圆柱形或圆柱状长纺锤形,长53一63微米,宽约10微米,前部略窄,顶端略呈斜截形,后端形状多变:渐尖形、圆形或呈乳头状尾突;表质柔软,线纹难见到;色素体10个左右,圆盘形,直径约8微米,无蛋白核;副淀粉粒小,椭圆形或近球形,散布在原生质中;鞭毛的长度约为身长的2/3-1倍;眼点椭圆形;核椭圆形,中位.       

红豆草根瘤侵染细胞的超微结构变化

红豆草(Onobrychis viciaefolia Scop.)是一种抗旱、耐寒、耐热和耐瘠薄的优良豆科牧草,不仅是很好的饲料和绿肥,而且还能大量结瘤固氮,提高土地肥力。因此,它在我国甘肃和其他北方干旱和半干旱贫瘠地区广为种植。虽然不少学者曾对它的引种条件、生产性能、营养成分和形态解剖作过许多研究,但对其共生固氮,特别是与共生固氮息息相关的根瘤在发育中的变化却至今尚无系统报道。因此,为了更好开发利用这一资源,     

Ultrastructural detection of an unusual intranuclear bacterium in Pentastiridius leporinus (Hemiptera: Cixiidae)

Pentastiridius leporinus is an important vector of sugar beet pathogens in eastern France. An electron microscope survey on the insect-associated microflora revealed the occurrence of intranuclear prokaryotic cells in every internal organ analysed. These bacteria, which could also be found in the cytoplasm surrounding the nucleus, had a homogeneous coccoid (ca. 0.45 microm) or rod (0.45-1 microm) shape. The presence of three membrane layers was observed, the outermost forming a kind of vacuole containing generally a single microorganism. No cytopathological abnormalities were detected in the infected cells. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a hemipteran species infected by intranuclear bacteria. The possible identity of this microorganism is discussed.     

Forms and Fates of Rhizobial Bacteria Present in the Infected Host Cells of Nodules

There were two forms of rhizobial bacteria present in infected host cells of nodules. One was bacteroids which were enclosed in peribacteroid membrane originated from the infected host cells. The other was rhizobia as vegetative cells. The infected host cells were occupied by most of the bacteroids and a certain number of the vegetative cells respectively. With the nodule senescence, there were two kinds of fate of the bacteria: The bacteroids degenerated togather with the infected host cells at the same time and further disintegrated completely, so it is not possible that the disintegrated bacteroids could be returned into soil to revive: the vegetative cells did not disintegrate and die when the infected host cells senesced, eventually could be turned back into soil. The vegetative cells may play an important role, on the one hand, in cycle between legume and soil, on the other hand, maintain rhizobia in natural balance of population ecosystem.     

根瘤菌在宿主细胞内的存在形式及其命运

根瘤菌在根瘤宿主细胞内有两种形式：一种为拟菌体、被宿主细胞来源的财膜包裹;另一种为自由生活的营养细胞。前者色大多数,后者只有少数。随着根瘤的衰老,其命运是：拟菌体及其宿主细胞同时衰老以致最终解体,拟菌体不能再入土壤复生;以自由生活的营养细胞形式存在的细菌,不随其宿主细胞的解体而亡,可回复到土壤,一方面在豆科植物和土壤之间循环,一方面维持根瘤菌在土壤中天然的群体生态平衡。     

The different shapes of cocci

The shape of bacteria is determined by their cell wall and can be very diverse. Even among genera with the suffix 'cocci', which are the focus of this review, different shapes exist. While staphylococci or Neisseria cells, for example, are truly round-shaped, streptococci, lactococci or enterococci have an ovoid shape. Interestingly, there seems to be a correlation between the shape of an organism and its set of penicillin-binding proteins--the enzymes that assemble the peptidoglycan, the main constituent of the cell wall. While only one peptidoglycan biosynthesis machinery seems to exist in staphylococci, two of these machineries are proposed to function in ovoid-shaped bacteria, reinforcing the intrinsic differences regarding the morphogenesis of different classes of cocci. The present review aims to integrate older ultra-structural data with recent localization studies, in order to clarify the relation between the mechanisms of cell wall synthesis and the determination of cell shape in various cocci.     

Structural Analysis of Nodule-Like Tissue on Rice Roots Collected from Wenzhou District of Zhejiang Province

Structural analysis of nodule-like tissues on rice roots collected from Wenzhou District of Zhejiang Province were conducted by using LM, SEM and TEM, and compared with that of nodules on leguminous plants. The observation showed the followings: During the stage of young rice shoots the bacteria were distributed in either dispersed or aggregated form in a few of the host cells of the nodule-like tissue, but the host cells showed their defence reaction to the bacteria, resulting in cytoplasmic agglutination and fibrillation, from which the fine structure of cytoplasm became undistinguishable, indicating the death of infected cells; during the booting or earing stage of rice, the surfaces of the nodule-like tissues were dark-brown with phellem matrial. In the exo-cortex there were no vascular tissue. In the endo-cortex the parenchyma cells were expanded and no bacteria were observed. In some of the nodule-like tissues the exo-and endo-cortical cells were basically lignified. It was clearly shown that there were gear wheel-like structures especially existing in the endo-cortical cells. Under the observations by LM, SEM, these structures were identified as coral-like balls of fibre-like material. In fact, they are spores of a kind of fungi with hyphae. Therefore, the nodule-like tissues on rice roots collected from Wenzhou District of Zhejiang Province are completely different from the genuine nodules on leguminous roots. In fact, they are calluses infected by bacteria and fungi.     

浙江温州水稻根瘤状组织的结构分析

用光镜、扫描电镜和透射电镜观察的方法,对浙江温州水稻根上的瘤状组织进行了结构分析,并与豆科植物根瘤的结构进行了比较。壮苗期水稻的瘤状组织内皮层少数薄壁细胞内有细菌存在,但细胞有防御反应,细胞质凝聚和纤维化,分不清细胞质的精细结构,说明细胞已经死亡;孕穗抽穗期水稻根瘤状组织,表皮黑褐色,木栓化。外皮层内无维管组织,内皮层薄壁细胞膨大,但没有含菌细胞。有的瘤状组织内外皮层细胞基本上木质化。在内皮层薄壁细胞内有齿轮状的特殊结构。光镜和扫描电镜观察到的丝状物和珊瑚状花纹的球体,实为某种真菌的菌丝和孢子。因此,浙江温州的水稻根瘤状组织的结构与豆科根瘤完全不同,实为混有细菌和真菌的愈伤组织     

Bacterial leaf symbiosis in Dioscorea sansibarensis: morphology and ultrastructure of the acuminate leaf glands*

Abstract The symbiosis between a bacterium and the West African rain forest yam Dioscorea sansibarensis is described for the first time at the ultrastructural level. The bacteria are harboured in glands which run the entire length of the pronounced ‘drip-tip’ leaf acumenae of the host plant. Each acumen, which may be up to 12 cm long in very large mature leaves, contains from two to six bacterial glands. The glands are kidney-shaped in cross section and contain numerous multicellular simple trichomes which arise from the epidermis of the gland floor and project into the lumen of the gland. The bacteria are Gram-negative and variously rod, ovoid, and coccoid in shape. The bacterial cells contain mesosomes, polyhydroxybutyrate granules and large electron-dense bodies. Bacteria-free plants grow more slowly and produce one yellowish-green leaf per node in contrast to the vigorous growth habit of infected plants, with two deep green leaves per node. Infected plants exposed to a variety of atmospheres containing acetylene, both in the light and in the dark, failed to reduce acetylene to ethylene, indicating that nitrogen fixation is not a function of this symbiosis.