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1.
César Román-Valencia Raquel I. Ruiz-C Donald C. Taphorn Carlos A. García-Alzate 《ZooKeys》2014,(454):109-125
Hemibrycon
sanjuanensis, new species, is described from the upper San Juan River drainage, Pacific versant, Colombia. It is distinguished from Hemibrycon
boquiae, Hemibrycon
brevispini, Hemibrycon
cairoense, Hemibrycon
colombianus, Hemibrycon
mikrostiktos, Hemibrycon
metae, Hemibrycon
palomae, Hemibrycon
rafaelense and Hemibrycon
tridens by the presence of a circular or oblong humeral spot that is located two scales posterior to the opercle (vs. 3–4 scales in Hemibrycon
palomae, Hemibrycon
rafaelense, Hemibrycon
brevispini and Hemibrycon
cairoense, and 0–1 scales, in Hemibrycon
metae and Hemibrycon
boquiae). It further differs from Hemibrycon
colombianus in having a round or oblong humeral spot (vs. rectangular). It differs from Hemibrycon
beni, Hemibrycon
dariensis, Hemibrycon
divisorensis, Hemibrycon
helleri, Hemibrycon
huambonicus, Hemibrycon
inambari, Hemibrycon
jabonero, Hemibrycon
jelskii, Hemibrycon
mikrostiktos, Hemibrycon
polyodon, Hemibrycon
quindos, Hemibrycon
raqueliae, Hemibrycon
santamartae, Hemibrycon
surinamensis, Hemibrycon
taeniurus, Hemibrycon
tridens, and Hemibrycon
yacopiae in having melanophores on the posterior margins of the scales along the sides of body (vs. lacking melanophores on margins of scales along entire length of the sides of body). The new species differs from all congeners mentioned above in having, among other features, six teeth in the outer premaxillary row arranged in a straight line (vs. five or fewer teeth not arranged in straight line except Hemibrycon
cairoense with two to six teeth in the outer premaxillary row). 相似文献
2.
Graziela Murta Barbosa Andrea Vieira Colombo Paulo Henrique Rodrigues Maria Regina Lorenzetti Simionato 《PloS one》2015,10(9)
It is well known that strain and virulence diversity exist within the population structure of Porphyromonas gingivalis. In the present study we investigate intra- and inter-species variability in biofilm formation of Porphyromonas gingivalis and partners Prevotella intermedia and Prevotella nigrescens. All strains tested showed similar hydrophobicity, except for P. gingivalis W83 which has roughly half of the hydrophobicity of P. gingivalis ATCC33277. An intraspecies variability in coaggregation of P. gingivalis with P. intermedia was also found. The association P. gingivalis W83/P. intermedia 17 produced the thickest biofilm and strain 17 was prevalent. In a two-compartment system P. gingivalis W83 stimulates an increase in biomass of strain 17 and the latter did not stimulate the growth of P. gingivalis W83. In addition, P. gingivalis W83 also stimulates the growth of P. intermedia ATCC25611 although strain W83 was prevalent in the association with P. intermedia ATCC25611. P. gingivalis ATCC33277 was prevalent in both associations with P. intermedia and both strains of P. intermedia stimulate the growth of P. gingivalis ATCC33277. FISH images also showed variability in biofilm structure. Thus, the outcome of the association P. gingivalis/P. intermedia seems to be strain-dependent, and both soluble factors and physical contact are relevant. The association P. gingivalis-P. nigrescens ATCC33563 produced larger biomass than each monotypic biofilm, and P. gingivalis was favored in consortia, while no differences were found in the two-compartment system. Therefore, in consortia P. gingivalis-P. nigrescens physical contact seems to favor P. gingivalis growth. The intraspecies variability found in our study suggests strain-dependence in ability of microorganisms to recognize molecules in other bacteria which may further elucidate the dysbiosis event during periodontitis development giving additional explanation for periodontal bacteria, such as P. gingivalis and P. intermedia, among others, to persist and establish chronic infections in the host. 相似文献
3.
Paula C. Rodríguez-Flores Jorge Gutiérrez-Rodríguez Ernesto F. Aguirre-Ruiz Mario García-París 《ZooKeys》2016,(561):63-103
The tiger beetle assemblage of the wetlands of La Mancha (central Spain) comprises nine species: Calomera
littoralis
littoralis, Cephalota
maura
maura, Cephalota
circumdata
imperialis, Cephalota
dulcinea, Cicindela
campestris
campestris, Cicindela
maroccana, Cylindera
paludosa, Lophyra
flexuosa
flexuosa, and Myriochila
melancholica
melancholica. This assemblage represents the largest concentration of tiger beetles in a single 1º latitude / longitude square in Europe. General patterns of spatial and temporal segregation among species are discussed based on observations of 1462 specimens registered during an observation period of one year, from April to August. The different species of Cicindelini appear to be distributed over space and time, with little overlapping among them. Three sets of species replace each other phenologically as the season goes on. Most of the species occupy drying or dried salt lakes and salt marshes, with sparse vegetation cover. Spatial segregation is marked in terms of substrate and vegetation use. Calomera
littoralis and Myriochila
melancholica have been observed mainly on wet soils; Cephalota
circumdata on dry open saline flats; Cephalota
dulcinea and Cylindera
paludosa in granulated substrates with typical halophytic vegetation; Cephalota
maura is often present in man-modified areas. Cephalota
circumdata and Cephalota
dulcinea are included as species of special interest in the list of protected species in Castilla–La Mancha. Conservation problems for the Cicindelini assemblage arise from agricultural activities and inadequate use of sport vehicles. Attempts at restoring the original habitat, supressing old semi-industrial structures, may affect the spatial heterogeneity of the lakes, and have an effect on Cicindelinae diversity. 相似文献
4.
The conifers Abies veitchii, A. mariesii, Picea jezoensis var. hondoensis, Tsuga diversifolia dominate in subalpine forests in central Japan. We expected that species differences in shade tolerance and in aboveground and belowground architecture are important for their coexistence. We examined net production and carbon allocation of understory saplings. Although the four species allocated similar amounts of biomass to roots at a given trunk height, the root-zone area of T. diversifolia was greater than that of the three other species. T. diversifolia often dominates shallow soil sites, such as ridge and rocky slopes, and, therefore, a wide spread of lateral roots would be an adaptation to such edaphic conditions. Crown width and leaf and branch mass were greatest for T. diversifolia and A. mariesii, followed in order by A. veitchii and P. jezoensis var. hondoensis. Although leaf mass of P. jezoensis var. hondoensis was lowest among the four species, species differences were not found in the net production per sapling because net production per leaf mass was greatest for P. jezoensis var. hondoensis. The leaf lifespan was longer in the order A. mariesii, T. diversifolia, P. jezoensis var. hondoensis and A. veitchii. The minimum rate of net production per leaf mass required to maintain the current sapling leaf mass (MRNPLM) was lowest in A. mariesii and T. diversifolia, and increased in the order of A. veitchii and P. jezoensis var. hondoensis. A. mariesii and T. diversifolia may survive in shade conditions by a lower MRNPLM than the two other species. Therefore, species differences in aboveground and belowground architecture and MRNPLM reflected their shade tolerance and regeneration strategies, which contribute to their coexistence. 相似文献
5.
Yan Hu Brian L. Ellis Ying Y. Yiu Melanie M. Miller Joseph F. Urban Linda Z. Shi Raffi V. Aroian 《PloS one》2013,8(7)
Soil-transmitted helminths are parasitic nematodes that inhabit the human intestine. These parasites, which include two hookworm species,
Ancylostoma
duodenale
and Necator americanus, the whipworm
Trichuris
trichiura
, and the large roundworm
Ascaris
lumbricoides
, infect upwards of two billion people and are a major cause of disease burden in children and pregnant women. The challenge with treating these diseases is that poverty, safety, and inefficient public health policy have marginalized drug development and distribution to control infection in humans. Anthelmintics (anti-worm drugs) have historically been developed and tested for treatment of non-human parasitic nematodes that infect livestock and companion animals. Here we systematically compare the in vitro efficacy of all major anthelmintic classes currently used in human therapy (benzimidazoles, nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonists, macrocyclic lactones, nitazoxanide) against species closely related to human parasitic nematodes-Ancylostoma ceylanicum,
Trichuris
muris
, and
Ascaris
suum
--- as well as a rodent parasitic nematode used in veterinary drug discovery,
Heligmosomoides
bakeri
, and the free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Extensive in vitro data is complemented with single-dose in vivo data in three rodent models of parasitic diseases. We find that the effects of the drugs in vitro and in vivo can vary greatly among these nematode species, e.g., the efficacy of albendazole is strong on A. ceylanicum but weak on
H
. bakeri
. Nonetheless, certain commonalities of the in vitro effects of the drugs can be seen, e.g., nitazoxanide consistently shows an all-or-nothing response. Our in vitro data suggest that further optimization of the clinical efficacy of some of these anthelmintics could be achieved by altering the treatment routine and/or dosing. Most importantly, our in vitro and in vivo data indicate that the hookworm A. ceylanicum is a particularly sensitive and useful model for anthelmintic studies and should be incorporated early on in drug screens for broad-spectrum human soil-transmitted helminth therapies. 相似文献
6.
Han-Jong Rim Woon-Mok Sohn Tai-Soon Yong Keeseon S. Eom Jong-Yil Chai Duk-Young Min Soon-Hyung Lee Eui-Hyug Hoang Bounlay Phommasack Sithat Insisengmay 《The Korean journal of parasitology》2008,46(4):253-260
Freshwater fish from Vientiane Municipality and Savannakhet Province, Lao PDR were examined by the muscle compression and artificial digestion methods to know the infection status with trematode metacercariae. In the fish from Savannakhet, 2 species of metacercariae, Opisthorchis viverrini and Haplorchis taichui, were detected. O. viverrini metacercariae were found in 6 species of fish, Puntius brevis, Hampala dispar, Esomus metallicus, Mystacoleucus marginatus, Puntioplites falcifer, and Cyclocheilichthys armatus. H. taichui metacercariae were detected in 3 species of fish, P. brevis, P. falcifer, and M. marginatus. In the fish from Vientiane, 4 species of metacercariae, O. viverrini, H. taichui, Haplorchis yokogawai, and Centrocestus formosanus, were detected. Among them, O. viverrini metacercariae were found in 7 species of fish, Onychostoma elongatum, C. armatus, H. dispar, P. brevis, Cyclocheilichthys repasson, Osteochilus hasseltii, and Hypsibarbus lagleri. The metacercariae of H. taichui were detected in 6 species of fish, C. repasson, O. elongatum, C. armatus, H. dispar, Labiobarbus leptocheila, and Cirrhinus molitorella. The metacercariae of H. yokogawai were found in 9 species of fish, C. repasson, O. elongatum, C. armatus, H. dispar, Labiobarbus leptocheila, O. hasseltii. C. molitorella, Hypsibarbus wetmorei, and H. lagleri. The metacercariae of C. formosanus were detected in 4 species of fish, C. repasson, P. brevis, O. hasseltii, and C. molitorella. From these results, it is confirmed that fishborne trematode metacercariae, i.e. O. viverrini, H. taichui, H. yokogawai and C. formosanus, are prevalent in various species of freshwater fish from Savannakhet Province and Vientiane Municipality, Lao PDR. 相似文献
7.
8.
Reginald P. Webster Chantelle A. Alderson Vincent L. Webster CoryC. Hughes Jon D. Sweeney 《ZooKeys》2016,(552):109-122
Sixteen species of Cerambycidae are newly recorded for New Brunswick, Canada; Arhopalus
obsoletus (Randall), Atimia
confusa
confusa (Say), Callidium
frigidum Casey, Phymatodes
amoenus (Say), Phymatodes
testaceus (Linnaeus), Neoclytus
mucronatus
mucronatus (Fabricius), Xylotrechus
aceris Fisher, Xylotrechus
sagittatus
sagittatus (Germar), Tylonotus
bimaculatus Haldeman, Lepturges
angulatus (LeConte), Lepturges
symmetricus (Haldeman), Urgleptes
querci (Fitch), Oplosia
nubila (LeConte), Eupogonius
subarmatus (LeConte), Monochamus
carolinensis (Olivier), and Pogonocherus
parvulus LeConte. Urgleptes
signatus (LeConte) and Urgleptes
querci are newly recorded from Nova Scotia. All but two specimens were collected in 12-funnel Lindgren traps. Xylotrechus
aceris, Tylonotus
bimaculatus, Lepturges
angulatus, Lepturges
symmetricus, Urgleptes
signatus (NS), and Pogonocherus
parvulus were detected exclusively in traps deployed in the forest canopy, and most individuals of Oplosia
nubila and Monochamus
carolinensis were captured in canopy traps. Arhopalus
obsoletus, Atimia
confusa
confusa, Callidium
frigidum, Phymatodes
testaceus, and Xylotrechus
sagittatus
sagittatus were captured almost exclusively in traps near (1 m above) the forest floor. These results highlight the importance of sampling both the understory and upper canopy when using traps for surveying diversity of Cerambycidae. 相似文献
9.
Monocots are one of the most diverse, successful and economically important clades of angiosperms. We attempt to analyse the complete plastid genome sequences of two lilies and their lengths were 152,793bp in
Lilium
longiflorum
(Liliaceae) and 155,510bp in
Alstroemeria
aurea
(Alstroemeriaceae). Phylogenetic analyses were performed for 28 taxa including major lineages of monocots using the sequences of 79 plastid genes for clarifying the phylogenetic relationship of the order Liliales. The sister relationship of Liliales and Asparagales-commelinids was improved with high resolution. Comparative analyses of inter-familial and inter-specific sequence variation were also carried out among three families of Liliaceae, Smilacaceae, and Alstroemeriaceae, and between two Lilium species of
L
. longflorum
and
L
. superbum
. Gene content and order were conserved in the order Liliales except infA loss in
Smilax
and
Alstroemeria
. IR boundaries were similar in IRa, however, IRb showed different extension patterns as JLB of Smilax and JSB in
Alstroemeria
. Ka/Ks ratio was high in matK among the pair-wise comparison of three families and the most variable genes were psaJ, ycf1, rpl32, rpl22, matK, and ccsA among the three families and rps15, rpoA, matK, and ndhF between Lilium. 相似文献
10.
A grapevine leafminer found recently in table grape orchards and vineyards in the Paarl region (Western Cape, South Africa) is described as Holocacista
capensis
sp. n. It has also been found on native Rhoicissus
digitata and bred on that species in the laboratory. It is closely related to Holocacista
salutans (Meyrick, 1921), comb. n. (from Antispila), described from Durban in KwaZulu-Natal, but widespread in southern Africa and a native leafminer of various Vitaceae: Rhoicissus
tomentosa, Rhoicissus
digitata, Rhoicissus
tridentata and Cissus
cornifolia. Holocacista
capensis has been found on Vitis
vinifera both in Gauteng and Western Cape, the earliest record being from 1950 in Pretoria. The initial host shift from native Vitaceae to Vitis must have occurred much earlier. The species is sometimes present in high densities, but hitherto no sizeable damage to the crops has been noted. The genus Holocacista Walsingham & Durrant, 1909, previously known from the single European grapevine leafminer Holocacista
rivillei (Stainton, 1855), is expanded and redescribed and for the first time reported from Africa, East and South-East Asia and Australia. It comprises seven named species and at least 15 unnamed species. The following species are also recombined with Holocacista: transferred from Antispilina: South-African Holocacista
varii (Mey, 2011), comb. n., feeding on Pelargonium, transferred from Antispila: the Indian species Holocacista
micrarcha (Meyrick, 1926), comb. n. and Holocacista
pariodelta (Meyrick, 1929), comb. n., both feeding on Lannea
coromandelica, and Holocacista
selastis (Meyrick, 1926), comb. n. on Psychotria
dalzelii. We also remove the following from Antispila: Heliozela
anna (Fletcher, 1920), comb. n. and Heliozela
argyrozona (Meyrick, 1918), comb. n., whereas the following Indian Vitaceae feeding species are confirmed to belong in Antispila s. str.: Antispila
argostoma Meyrick, 1916 and Antispila
aristarcha Meyrick, 1916. Holocacista
salutans and Holocacista
varii are redescribed and diagnosed against Holocacista
capensis and other South African Heliozelidae. DNA barcodes are provided for 13 species of Holocacista. 相似文献
11.
Patricia Briones-Fourzán 《ZooKeys》2014,(457):289-311
Coexistence of closely related species may be promoted by niche differentiation or result from interspecific trade-offs in life history and ecological traits that influence relative fitness differences and contribute to competitive inequalities. Although insufficient to prove coexistence, trait comparisons provide a first step to identify functional differences between co-occurring congeneric species in relation to mechanisms of coexistence. Here, a comparative review on life history and ecological traits is presented for two pairs of co-occurring species of spiny lobsters in the genus Panulirus: Panulirus
gracilis and Panulirus
inflatus from the Eastern Central Pacific region, and Panulirus
argus and Panulirus
guttatus from the Caribbean region. Panulirus
gracilis and Panulirus
inflatus have similar larval, postlarval, and adult sizes and a similar diet, but differ in degree of habitat specialization, fecundity, and growth rate. However, little is known on behavioral traits of these two species that may influence their competitive abilities and susceptibility to predators. The more abundant information on Panulirus
argus and Panulirus
guttatus shows that these two species differ more broadly in degree of habitat specialization, larval, postlarval and adult sizes, diet, fecundity, growth rate, degree of sociality, defense mechanisms, susceptibility to predators, and chemical ecology, suggesting a greater degree of niche differentiation between Panulirus
argus and Panulirus
guttatus than between Panulirus
gracilis and Panulirus
inflatus. Whether the substantial niche differentiation and apparent interspecific trade-offs between Panulirus
argus and Panulirus
guttatus relative to Panulirus
gracilis and Panulirus
inflatus reflect an earlier divergence of the former pair of species in the evolution of the genus constitutes an intriguing hypothesis. However, whether or not post-divergence evolution of each species pair occurred in sympatry remains uncertain. 相似文献
12.
Juan J. Morrone 《ZooKeys》2013,(273):15-71
The phylogenetic relationships of the genera of Listroderini LeConte, 1876 are analyzed based on 58 morphological characters. The genera are grouped in four clades, which are given subtribal status: Macrostyphlina new subtribe (Adioristidius, Amathynetoides, Andesianellus, Macrostyphlus, Nacodius and Puranius), Palaechthina Brinck, 1948 (Anorthorhinus, Gunodes, Haversiella, Inaccodes, Listronotus, Neopachytychius, Palaechthus, Palaechtodes, Steriphus and Tristanodes), Falklandiina new subtribe (Falklandiellus, Falklandiopsis, Falklandius, Gromilus, Lanteriella, Liparogetus, Nestrius and Telurus), and Listroderina (Acroriellus, Acrorius, Acrostomus, Antarctobius, Germainiellus, Hyperoides, Lamiarhinus, Listroderes, Methypora, Philippius, Rupanius and Trachodema). The subtribes are characterized and keys to identify them and their genera are provided. Listroderini have four main biogeographical patterns: Andean (Macrostyphlina), Andean-New Zealand (Falklandiina), Andean-Neotropical-Australian (Listroderina) and Andean-Neotropical-Australian-New Zealand-Nearctic-Tristan da Cunha-Gough islands (Palaechthina). Geographical paralogy, particularly evident in the Subantarctic subregion of the Andean region, suggests that Listroderini are an ancient Gondwanic group, in which several extinction events might have obscured relationships among the areas. 相似文献
13.
Jairo Alfonso Mendoza-Roldan Andrea Zatelli Maria Stefania Latrofa Roberta Iatta Marcos Antonio Bezerra-Santos Giada Annoscia Floriana Gernone Jan Votýpka David Modrý Lucie Tich Petr Volf Domenico Otranto 《PLoS neglected tropical diseases》2022,16(8)
The trypanosomatid protist Leishmania tarentolae is a saurian-associated parasite vectored by the Sergentomyia minuta sand fly. This study aimed to confirm the circulation of L. infantum and L. tarentolae in sand flies, reptiles and dogs and to isolate new strains of these protists. Reptilian and sheltered dog blood samples were collected, and sand flies were captured. Samples were tested for Leishmania spp. using duplex real-time PCR (dqPCR) and real-time PCR (qPCR); the origin of blood meal was identified in engorged sand flies by conventional PCR. The reptilian blood and intestinal content of sand fly females were cultured. Dog sera were tested by IFAT using both Leishmania species. Four Tarentola mauritanica geckoes were molecularly positive for L. infantum or L. tarentolae, with no co-infections; moreover, amastigote-like forms of L. infantum were observed in the bone marrow. 24/294 sand flies scored positive for Leishmania spp. by dqPCR, 21 S. minuta and two Phlebotomus perniciosus were positive for L. tarentolae, while only a single Ph. perniciosus was positive for L. infantum. Blood meal analysis confirmed reptile and dog in S. minuta, dog and human in Ph. perniciosus and dog in Phlebotomus neglectus. Two axenic strains of L. tarentolae were obtained. Twelve of 19 dogs scored positive for L. infantum and L. tarentolae by IFAT and three of them also for L. infantum by dqPCR, and six by qPCR. These data confirm the sympatric circulation of L. infantum and L. tarentolae in geckoes, sand flies, and dogs, and suggest that geckoes may be infected with L. infantum. 相似文献
14.
We describe Lonchophylla
inexpectata
sp. n. from the Caatinga of Brazil. This new species can be distinguished from all known species of Lonchophylla that occur in Brazil by dental traits, cranial size, and fur colour. Specimens of Lonchophylla
inexpectata have been misidentified as Lonchophylla
mordax; but Lonchophylla
inexpectata is a pale-venter species, similar in external appearance to Lonchophylla
dekeyseri. We have found Lonchophylla
inexpectata in the Caatinga of North-eastern Brazil; Lonchophylla
mordax along the eastern border of the Caatinga and in the Atlantic Forest–Caatinga ecotone in North-eastern Brazil; and Lonchophylla
dekeyseri in the Cerrado of Mid-western Brazil, in the Brazilian Cerrado–Caatinga ecotone, and as far west as the Cerrado of Bolivia. 相似文献
15.
Third instar larvae of members of the Ceratitis FAR complex, including Ceratitis
fasciventris (Bezzi), Ceratitis
anonae Graham, and Ceratitis
rosa Karsch are described and compared with those of Ceratitis
capitata (Wiedemann). Diagnostic characters, such as presence vs. absence of a secondary tooth on the mandibles, previously used to separate Ceratitis
capitata from Ceratitis
rosa, are shown to vary in each species. Significant variation in diagnostic morphological characters among populations of Ceratitis
rosa from east and south Africa is documented; however, the differences are not simply congruent with the R1 and R2 designations based on other studies. Quantitative measures of numerous morphological characters are consistently smaller in the larvae of Ceratitis
fasciventris and distinguish them from other species of the FAR complex. Larvae of Ceratitis
capitata can be distinguished from those of the FAR complex by characters such as absence of accessory plates of the oral ridges, the shape of the anterior spiracle, and the pattern of dorsal spinules. Previous studies indicated that absence of accessory lobes separate the genus Ceratitis from Bactrocera, but this is shown to be incorrect, as accessory lobes are in fact present in several species of Ceratitis. 相似文献
16.
The Madagascar periwinkle (
Catharanthus
roseus
in the family Apocynaceae) is an important medicinal plant and is the source of several widely marketed chemotherapeutic drugs. It is also commonly grown for its ornamental values and, due to ease of infection and distinctiveness of symptoms, is often used as the host for studies on phytoplasmas, an important group of uncultivated plant pathogens. To gain insights into the characteristics of apocynaceous plastid genomes (plastomes), we used a reference-assisted approach to assemble the complete plastome of
C
. roseus
, which could be applied to other
C
. roseus
-related studies. The
C
. roseus
plastome is the second completely sequenced plastome in the asterid order Gentianales. We performed comparative analyses with two other representative sequences in the same order, including the complete plastome of
Coffea
arabica
(from the basal Gentianales family Rubiaceae) and the nearly complete plastome of
Asclepias
syriaca
(Apocynaceae). The results demonstrated considerable variations in gene content and plastome organization within Apocynaceae, including the presence/absence of three essential genes (i.e., accD, clpP, and ycf1) and large size changes in non-coding regions (e.g., rps2-rpoC2 and IRb-ndhF). To find plastome markers of potential utility for
Catharanthus
breeding and phylogenetic analyses, we identified 41
C
. roseus
-specific simple sequence repeats. Furthermore, five intergenic regions with high divergence between
C
. roseus
and three other euasterids I taxa were identified as candidate markers. To resolve the euasterids I interordinal relationships, 82 plastome genes were used for phylogenetic inference. With the addition of representatives from Apocynaceae and sampling of most other asterid orders, a sister relationship between Gentianales and Solanales is supported. 相似文献
17.
Júnia Oliveira Barbosa Rodnei Dennis Rossoni Simone Furgeri Godinho Vilela Janaína Araújo de Alvarenga Marisol dos Santos Velloso Márcia Cristina de Azevedo Prata Antonio Olavo Cardoso Jorge Juliana Campos Junqueira 《PloS one》2016,11(3)
Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans are found together in the oral biofilms on dental surfaces, but little is known about the ecological interactions between these species. Here, we studied the effects of S. mutans UA159 on the growth and pathogencity of C. albicans. Initially, the effects of S. mutans on the biofilm formation and morphogenesis of C. albicans were tested in vitro. Next, we investigate the influence of S. mutans on pathogenicity of C. albicans using in vivo host models, in which the experimental candidiasis was induced in G. mellonella larvae and analyzed by survival curves, C. albicans count in hemolymph, and quantification of hyphae in the host tissues. In all the tests, we evaluated the direct effects of S. mutans cells, as well as the indirect effects of the subproducts secreted by this microorganism using a bacterial culture filtrate. The in vitro analysis showed that S. mutans cells favored biofilm formation by C. albicans. However, a reduction in biofilm viable cells and inhibition of hyphal growth was observed when C. albicans was in contact with the S. mutans culture filtrate. In the in vivo study, injection of S. mutans cells or S. mutans culture filtrate into G. mellonella larvae infected with C. albicans increased the survival of these animals. Furthermore, a reduction in hyphal formation was observed in larval tissues when C. albicans was associated with S. mutans culture filtrate. These findings suggest that S. mutans can secrete subproducts capable to inhibit the biofilm formation, morphogenesis and pathogenicity of C. albicans, attenuating the experimental candidiasis in G. mellonella model. 相似文献
18.
《Journal of Fermentation and Bioengineering》1989,67(3):163-168
Koji is one of the raw materials used for mirin-making, and it is traditionally prepared with Aspergillus oryzae. To improve productivity and to be available for a variety of mirin, various koji were prepared with A. niger, A. awamori, A. usamii mut. shiro-usamii, and Rhizopus oligosporus and examined for possible to use in mirin-making. The degrees of digestion of the starch and protein in various koji were at its highest with either koji prepared with A. oryzae at pH 7.0 or with A. usamii mut. shiro-usamii at pH 3.0. The degree of digestion of the protein in koji made with A. usamii mut. shiro-usamii was decreased in koji digestion at higher temperature (at over 50°C) compared to that in koji made with A. oryzae. We examined the ratio of koji to steamed glutinous rice to identify the optimum value for mirin production. The optimum ratios for digestion of starch in the mash with koji of A. oryzae and A. usamii mut. shiro-usamii were 0.10 and 0.15, respectively. These values were in agreement with the 0.10–0.25 established by experience. Therefore, of the five strains tested, A. usamii mut. shiro-usamii, among the tested molds was the most suitable strain for preparing koji in mirin-making without decreasing productivity, while lending new qualities to the mirin. The koji prepared with A. oryzae had a good smell but the koji prepared with A. usamii mut. shiro-usamii had a little mold smell. Then if this little mold smell could be improved, this koji can be used in mirin-making. The koji prepared with A. niger contained the most citric acid of all strains but the digestivities of starch and protein in the koji was less than those of koji prepared with A. oryzae and A. usamii mut. shiro-usamii. The digestivities of starch and protein in koji prepared with A. awamori were the lowest values. In 35% alcohol, its productivities in mirin-making seemed to be low. Because of the highest content of lactic acid, the koji prepared with R. oligosporus seemed to be suitable for mirin-making. Then if its productivity could be improved, this koji can be used in mirin-making. 相似文献
19.
Methodological improvements now allow routine analyses of highly degraded DNA samples as found in museum specimens. Using these methods could be useful in studying such groups as rodents of the genus Gerbillus for which i) the taxonomy is still highly debated, ii) collection of fresh specimens may prove difficult. Here we address precise taxonomic questions using a small portion of the cytochrome b gene obtained from 45 dry skin/skull museum samples (from 1913 to 1974) originating from two African and three Asian countries. The specimens were labelled Gerbillus
gerbillus, Gerbillus
andersoni, Gerbillus
nanus, Gerbillus
amoenus, Gerbillus
perpallidus and Gerbillus
pyramidum, and molecular results mostly confirmed these assignations. The close relationship between Gerbillus
nanus (Asian origin) and Gerbillus
amoenus (African origin) confirmed that they represent vicariant sibling species which differentiated in allopatry on either side of the Red Sea. In the closely related Gerbillus
perpallidus and Gerbillus
pyramidum, specimens considered as belonging to one Gerbillus
pyramidum subspecies (Gerbillus
pyramidum
floweri) appeared closer to Gerbillus
perpallidus suggesting that they (Gerbillus
pyramidum
floweri and Gerbillus
perpallidus) may represent a unique species, distributed on both sides of the Nile River, for which the correct name should be Gerbillus
floweri. Furthermore, the three other Gerbillus
pyramidum subspecies grouped together with no apparent genetic structure suggesting that they may not yet represent genetically differentiated lineages. This study confirms the importance of using these methods on museum samples, which can open new perspectives in this particular group as well as in other groups of interest. 相似文献
20.
The elongatus-kriegi complex is one of the most diverse clades of the Liolaemus (sensu stricto) subgenus of lizards. There are currently 29 species recognized in this group distributed between Chile and Argentina. Based on molecular evidence, there seem to be five main clades nested within this complex: the elongatus, leopardinus, kriegi, petrophilus and punmahuida clades. Liolaemus
buergeri and Liolaemus
kriegi, both of the kriegi clade, were believed to inhabit the surroundings of the Laja Lagoon, in the Biobío Region of Chile. Moreover, this Chilean population of Liolaemus
kriegi was recently recognized as an undescribed taxon called “Liolaemus sp. A” based on molecular phylogenetics. In this work, we studied these two populations of the Laja Lagoon and provided the morphological diagnosis to describe them as two new species: Liolaemus
scorialis
sp. n. and Liolaemus
zabalai
sp. n., previously considered Liolaemus
buergeri and “Liolaemus
kriegi/Liolaemus sp. A” respectively. Additionally, we identified another population of Liolaemus
scorialis in the vicinity of La Mula Lagoon in the Araucanía Region of Chile. Liolaemus
scorialis differs from almost all of the species of the elongatus-kriegi complex by its considerably smaller size. Nevertheless, without molecular data we cannot assign it to any particular subclade. Liolaemus
zabalai belongs to the kriegi clade based on published molecular phylogenies. Finally, we provide some natural history data on both species and we document for the first time the presence of Liolaemus
neuquensis in Chile from a museum specimen from La Mula Lagoon. 相似文献