巴斯德毕赤酵母表达系统研究进展

巴斯德毕赤酵母表达系统现在已经发展成为一种高效的外源蛋白基因优秀表达系统,该系统具有高表达、高稳定、高分泌、容易放大和成本低等优点,目前已有多种外源蛋白基因在该系统中实现高效表达,对巴斯德毕赤酵母表达系统的进一步研究将会促进其大规模的工业化应用。     

巴斯德毕赤酵母表达系统在外源基因表达中的研究进展

巴斯德毕赤酵母是目前应用最广泛的外源蛋白表达系统。分别从的菌株、载体、外源基因整合、表达产物糖基化和外源基因高效表达等方面综述了毕赤酵母表达系统的研究进展。     

毕赤酵母表达系统优化策略概述

毕赤酵母(Pichia pastor)表达系统是近年发展起来的一种高效表达外源蛋白的系统,利用该系统表达外源基因具有良好的应用前景。尽管毕赤酵母表达系统具有比较完备的基因表达调控机制和对真核基因表达产物的加工修饰能力,但由于基因本身及表达系统等诸多因素,仍然存在外源蛋白表达产量很低甚至不表达的情况。针对毕赤酵母表达系统这一因素,对表达载体的优化,毕赤酵母菌株优化及发酵条件优化进行了综述,以期为外源基因在毕赤酵母中的高效表达提供理论基础。     

改良毕赤酵母分泌表达外源蛋白能力的研究进展

巴斯德毕赤酵母(Pichia pastoris)由于能高效表达正确折叠加工的外源蛋白而成为目前最具应用前景的表达宿主.但随着对大量不同外源蛋白在毕赤酵母中分泌表达的研究发现,并不是所有蛋白均能高效分泌表达,这严重限制了毕赤酵母这一表达系统的推广应用.相关研究发现,外源蛋白在内质网中的聚集是限制酵母分泌表达外源蛋白的主要因素,因此近年来开始尝试通过基因操作改良毕赤酵母表达外源蛋白的能 力.本文综述了这一领域的研究进展.     

影响外源蛋白在巴斯德毕赤酵母中表达和分泌的研究进展

巴斯德毕赤酵母(Pichia pastoris)表达系统是基因工程研究中广泛使用的外源蛋白表达系统.但外源基因在该系统中表达时,由于受自身特性及环境等诸多因素的影响,在表达过程中出现表达量不够稳定或较低,甚至不表达的情况.本文对影响巴斯德毕赤酵母表达的各种可能因素进行了分析,并就如何提高外源基因在巴斯德毕赤酵母中表达量的问题进行了简要的综述.     

外源蛋白在巴斯德毕赤酵母中高效表达的策略

外源蛋白的表达最理想的真核表达系统就是巴斯德毕赤酵母(P.pastoris)表达系统。外源蛋白在巴斯德中表达过程中影响其表达的因素有很多,主要包括:外源基因自身的特性、宿主细胞、载体等几个方面。外源基因如果想要在在巴斯德毕赤酵母中高效表达,需要充分了解并且灵活运用这几个方面之间的联系。     

毕赤酵母外源蛋白分泌途径的研究进展

毕赤酵母作为一种重要的表达外源蛋白的宿主,提高其外源蛋白的分泌量非常有必要。近年来很多学者报道了与毕赤酵母外源蛋白分泌相关的基因、蛋白质,同时毕赤酵母基因组的公布加快了这方面的研究进展。文章根据外源蛋白分泌的途径,分步骤地总结了涉及的基因和蛋白,有利于分析控制蛋白分泌效率的具体步骤,为构建更加高效的毕赤酵母表达系统提供参考。     

巴斯德毕赤酵母表达外源蛋白的研究进展

毕赤酵母表达系统是近年来发展起来的一种高效表达外源基因的表达系统。综述了毕赤酵母表达系统的起源、生物学特性、融合蛋白的表达以及影响蛋白表达量的因素。     

提高外源基因在巴斯德毕赤酵母中表达量的研究进展

巴斯德毕赤酵母 (Pichiapastoris)表达系统是基因工程研究中广泛使用的真核表达系统 ,与现有的其它表达系统相比 ,巴斯德毕赤酵母在表达产物的糖基化修饰、折叠、加工、外分泌及表达量等方面有明显的优势。外源基因在该系统中表达时 ,由于受基因内部的结构、分泌信号、甲醇诱导的浓度及诱导时间、培养温度、启动子、表达环境的 pH值等诸多因素的影响 ,一些外源蛋白的表达也存在着表达不够稳定、表达量较低 ,甚至不表达的情况。对影响巴斯德毕赤酵母表达的各种可能因素进行了分析 ,结合具体实践经验 ,就如何提高外源基因在巴斯德毕赤酵母中表达量的问题进行了综述。     

非常规酵母基因工程表达系统

非常规酵母系指除了酿酒酵母与粟裂殖酵母之外的酵母曹。非常规酵母可利用其自主复制序列构建载体,但整合载体是进行外源基因导入的主要方式。非常规酵母的转化有一定的宿主范围,可采用与酿酒酵母相同的方法,最常用的仍为化学法。高效表达元件可利用酿酒酵母的强启动子,也可以根据非常规酵母菌的代谢特点寻找强启动子．本文综述了近年来应用非常规酵母基因表达系统表达外源基因的一些实例。     

Yeasts in foods and beverages: impact on product quality and safety

The role of yeasts in food and beverage production extends beyond the well-known bread, beer and wine fermentations. Molecular analytical technologies have led to a major revision of yeast taxonomy, and have facilitated the ecological study of yeasts in many other products. The mechanisms by which yeasts grow in these ecosystems and impact on product quality can now be studied at the level of gene expression. Their growth and metabolic activities are moderated by a network of strain and species interactions, including interactions with bacteria and other fungi. Some yeasts have been developed as agents for the biocontrol of food spoilage fungi, and others are being considered as novel probiotic organisms. The association of yeasts with opportunistic infections and other adverse responses in humans raises new issues in the field of food safety.     

Overexpression of membrane proteins from higher eukaryotes in yeasts

Heterologous expression and characterisation of the membrane proteins of higher eukaryotes is of paramount interest in fundamental and applied research. Due to the rather simple and well-established methods for their genetic modification and cultivation, yeast cells are attractive host systems for recombinant protein production. This review provides an overview on the remarkable progress, and discusses pitfalls, in applying various yeast host strains for high-level expression of eukaryotic membrane proteins. In contrast to the cell lines of higher eukaryotes, yeasts permit efficient library screening methods. Modified yeasts are used as high-throughput screening tools for heterologous membrane protein functions or as benchmark for analysing drug–target relationships, e.g., by using yeasts as sensors. Furthermore, yeasts are powerful hosts for revealing interactions stabilising and/or activating membrane proteins. We also discuss the stress responses of yeasts upon heterologous expression of membrane proteins. Through co-expression of chaperones and/or optimising yeast cultivation and expression strategies, yield-optimised hosts have been created for membrane protein crystallography or efficient whole-cell production of fine chemicals.     

Advances in the production of human therapeutic proteins in yeasts and filamentous fungi

Yeast and fungal protein expression systems are used for the production of many industrially relevant enzymes, and are widely used by the research community to produce proteins that cannot be actively expressed in Escherichia coli or require glycosylation for proper folding and biological activity. However, for the production of therapeutic glycoproteins intended for use in humans, yeasts have been less useful because of their inability to modify proteins with human glycosylation structures. Yeast glycosylation is of the high-mannose type, which confers a short in vivo half-life to the protein and may render it less efficacious or even immunogenic. Several ways of humanizing yeast-derived glycoproteins have been tried, including enzymatically modifying proteins in vitro and modulating host glycosylation pathways in vivo. Recent advances in the glycoengineering of yeasts and the expression of therapeutic glycoproteins in humanized yeasts have shown significant promise, and are challenging the current dominance of therapeutic protein production based on mammalian cell culture.     

Inositol and phosphatidylinositol mediated mediated glucose derepression, gene expression and invertase secretion in yeasts

Glucose Repression [1,2] Saccharomyces cerevisiae and other yeasts can growwell on different kinds of carbon sources. However,glucose and fructose are the best carbon sources for theirgrowth. When the medium contains glucose or fructose,the biosynthesis of enzyme catalyzing degradation of othercarbon sources will be greatly reduced or stopped. Thisphenomenon is called glucose repression. Although much progress has been made in this field,the exact mechanisms of glucose repression in yeastsa…     

毕赤酵母中海藻糖的积累

毕赤酵母是甲基营养型酵母属中较常见的酵母,可用甲醇作为唯一碳源,进行蛋白质的表达.在发酵过程中菌体内含有少量的海藻糖,在40℃高温下,海藻糖的含量与30℃下比较,可提高20%以上.该数据为毕赤酵母表达后再利用提供了一定的依据.     

Dectin-1 mediates in vitro phagocytosis of Candida albicans yeast cells by retinal microglia

We have investigated the expression of TLR2 and Dectin-1 in retinal microglia and their involvement in Candida albicans phagocytosis using a cytometric approach. The expression of both receptors has been demonstrated in CD11b(+) retinal cells. Phagocytosis of pHrodo-labelled C. albicans yeasts by microglial CD11b(+) cells of C57BL/6 mice was inhibited both by the Dectin-1 antagonist laminarin and anti-Dectin-1 antibodies, whereas phagocytosis of yeasts by retinal microglia of TLR2 KO mice was unaffected. These data indicate that phagocytosis of C. albicans yeasts by retinal microglia is mediated by Dectin-1, whereas TLR2 does not play a significant role in this process.     

An inverse correlation between stress resistance and stuck fermentations in wine yeasts. A molecular study.

During alcoholic fermentations yeast cells are subjected to several stress conditions and, therefore, yeasts have developed molecular mechanisms in order to resist this adverse situation. The mechanisms involved in stress response have been studied in Saccharomyces cerevisiae laboratory strains. However a better understanding of these mechanisms in wine yeasts could open the possibility to improve the fermentation process. In this work an analysis of the stress response in three wine yeasts has been carried out by studying the expression of several representative genes under several stress conditions which occur during fermentation. We propose a simplified method to study how these stress conditions affect the viability of yeast cells. Using this approach an inverse correlation between stress-resistance and stuck fermentations has been found. We also have preliminary data about the use of the HSP12 gene as a molecular marker for stress-resistance in wine yeasts.     

Applications of yeast in biotechnology: protein production and genetic analysis.

Improvements in yeast expression systems, coupled with the development of yeast surface display and refinements in two-hybrid methodology, are expanding the role of yeasts in the process of understanding and engineering eukaryotic proteins.