Tetrataxis: a loosely attached limpet-like foraminifer from the Upper Palaeozoic

Associations of Tetrataxis preserved in situ and attached to a varicty of biogenic substrates are described from the Carboniferous of northern and central England. Environmental changes considered unsuitable for foraminiferal activity initially caused the tetrataxids to cling to their substrates of attachment in a similar way that limpets do when disturbed. Before conditions conducive to foraminiferal activity returned, the development of encapsulating fabrics (of either organic. cement or sediment origin) effected their preservation in life position. Comparisons made with Recent foraminifera. together with an appreciation of distributional data and the development of hard and soft tissue morphologies. provides strong evidence to suggest that Tetrataxis was primarily a loosely adherent, but mobile, phytal form which grazed upon benthic algae and a variety of marine invertebrates in search of food and shelter. *** Tetrataxis, Carboniferous, foraminifera, mode of life.     

Deposition of tempestites in the eastern Rheic strait: evidence from the Upper Palaeozoic of Southern Tuscany (Italy)

Summary The siliciclastic lithologies of the Poggio al Carpino Formation are described from a newly defined type locality: The sediments have been deposited in a shallowmarine, inner shelf and lower shoreface environment, characterized by a high dispersity of energetic levels. Due to its low palaeolatitude position (<20°S) near the southern coast of the E-W-striking Rheic Strait between Gondwana and Palaeoeurope, the depositional environment has been influenced by seasonal tropical gales. The bulk of the coarse-grained lithologies represents amalgamated proximal lag-type tempestites, containing reworked material from laminated siltstone- and shaleinterlayers (deposited during quiesent periods), older tempestites and parts of the stratigraphic substratum. Offshore bottom currents bypassed the outer shelf region and triggered turbiditic and olistostromatic input into the slope and extensional basin.     

The rediscovery of Tetrataxis Hooker fil. (Lythraceae)

Tetrataxis, a monotypic endemic of Mauritius, has been known since the 1790s only by the type collection in the Paris Herbarium. Now a colony of seven individuals has been discovered in a valley south-east of the type area. The small trees grow in saturated soil in a low open wet forest. Vegetatively, they resemble the more common Syzygium or Eugenia. Characteristics of the pollen and seed, anatomy of stems and leaves, and an approximate chromosome number are reported for the first time. A lectotype is selected from material of the original collection. Tetrataxis displays a number of advanced characters. It appears to have no close affinity to any single member of the family.     

A new early Frasnian (Late Devonian) foraminifer from eastern Taurides (Turkey): Evolutionary and paleobiogeographic implications

A complete Devonian sequence is well exposed in the eastern Taurides, forming more than 1000 m-thick succession of carbonate and siliciclastic sediments. The carbonate succession, stratigraphically ranging from Middle Devonian to early Late Devonian and mostly comprising limestones, dolomitic limestones and reefal limestones, contains abundant and diverse assemblages of foraminifers, corals, stromatoporoids, calcareous algae, bivalves, brachiopods, ostracods, and conodonts. The limestone samples collected from a more closely sampled stratigraphic section have been investigated for their foraminiferal content. The micropalaeontological analyses carried out on these samples have revealed the presence of an early Frasnian foraminiferal assemblage including predominantly unilocular parathuramminid species and multilocular forms of the genera Nanicella, Paratikhinella and Semitextularia? and further indicated the presence of a new genus and a new species Halevikia deveciae n. gen. n. sp. which appears as an important phylogenetic and stratigraphic transitional taxon between the families Baituganellidae n. fam. and Tournayellinidae, the phylogenetic potentiality of which during the Late Devonian is currently probably underestimated.     

The Paleocene soritid foraminifer Mardinella daviesi (Henson, 1950) from southeastern Turkey

The larger foraminifer Mardinella represents the first cyclical Soritidae appearing in the geological record and is one of the most characteristic components within the Paleocene shallow-water platforms of the Arabian Plate and northeast India. We present new data collected from the Becirman Formation in the Gercü? district (Batman Province), southeastern Turkey, near the locality where the genus Mardinella Meriç and Çoruh, 1991 was introduced, including species Mardinella shirazensis (Rahaghi). According to our analysis, the reported species was originally recognized from the Paleocene of Iran as Taberina daviesi Henson, on the basis of the shell architecture of annular chambers with lateral partitions (beams), cross-wise oblique central pillars and marked dimorphism, thus, the combination Mardinella daviesi (Henson) is, by priority, to be adopted.     

A fossil feather from the Upper Cretaceous of Kras (Slovenia)

A fossil feather preserved as a carbonised trace is described from the Tomaj Limestone at Kri , in the Kras region of southwestern Slovenia. The Tomaj Limestone is a platy and laminated limestone with cherts, which occurs within a well-bedded rudist limestone of the Santonian–Campanian Lipica Formation. It was deposited in a lagoon environment and has yielded a diverse fossil assemblage. Whether this feather belonged to a bird or to a dinosaur is unclear, but it is an addition to the scanty record of Late Cretaceous feathers, from a palaeobiogeographically interesting area.     

Tectonostratigraphy of Middle and Upper Palaeozoic black shales from the Porto-Tomar-Ferreira do Alentejo shear zone (W Portugal): new perspectives on the Iberian Massif

Middle/late Devonian and early Carboniferous metasedimentary sequences in the northernmost region (Porto-Espinho-Tomar) of the Ossa-Morena Zone (Portuguese Iberian Variscan Massif) contain black shales of very low to low-grade metamorphism. These metasedimentary rocks form a discrete NNW-SSE structure within a major shear zone (Porto-Tomar-Ferreira do Alentejo) and remain subparallel to the observed regional major structures (folding, thrusts or overthrusts). These black shales are overhanged and then imbricated in an upper Proterozoic metamorphic substratum. A multi-disciplinary study of these metasedimentary rocks from the Espinho-Tomar region has tectonostratigraphy, palynology, organic petrology and clay mineralogy combined methods. This approach provides new insights into the tectonic evolution and geological framework of Palaeozoic basement of the Iberian Variscides. Palaeoenvironmental and tectonostratigraphic implications on the Iberian geodynamic framework are discussed.     

A filmy fern from the Upper Triassic of North Carolina (USA)

Modern cladistic analyses support earlier suggestions that the Hymenophyllaceae (the "filmy ferns") are basal filicaleans. However, the fossil record of the family is ambiguous. A new fossil fern, Hopetedia praetermissa gen. et sp. nov., from the Upper Triassic Pekin Formation of North Carolina (USA), is described and interpreted as the oldest unequivocal representative of the Hymenophyllaceae based primarily on general frond morphology, indirect evidence for a filmy (membranaceous) habit, and soral position and morphology. Particularly compelling as evidence for the hymenophyllaceous affinity of H. praetermissa is the funneliform structure of the indusium (involucre), which is similar to that found primarilly in the extant Trichomanes (sensu lato) clade. However, the receptacle in H. praetermissa is relatively short and, thus, more like most representatives of the Hymenophyllum (sensu lato) clade. The Triassic age of this fossil is consistent with the basal or near basal position of the Hymenophyllaceae in all recent phylogenetic analyses of the filicalean ferns. Hopetedia preatermissa is evaluated in relationship to several previous reports of fossil Hymenophyllaceae.     

Bioerosion versus colonisation on Bivalvia: A case study from the Upper Miocene of Cacela (southeast Portugal)

A study of the bioerosion structures and the skeletobionts associated with the most common bivalves (infauna and epifauna) from the classic Upper Tortonian site of Cacela, Algarve region, SE Portugal, revealed 24 different ichnotaxa and five systematic groups of encrusters (Foraminifera, Annelida, Bryozoa, Balanomorpha and Bivalvia).Despite a relatively high ichnodiversity, the percentage of bioerosion in the specimens analysed is quite low (10-12%). This is explained by rapid sedimentation with only short periods of exposure on the sea-floor.The dominant bioerosion structures were linked to the boring activity of nonpredatory organisms. Algal microborings are the most common, followed by annelid borings (Caulostrepsis-Maeandropolydora), sponge borings (Entobia) and ctenostome bryozoans (Pinaceocladichnus).Spatial distribution of bioerosion structures and encrusters allow the reconstruction of three successive stages. The first was restricted to the biosubstrate lifetime, with structures showing a preferred orientation and situated exclusively on the outside of the shells. The second comprises the period immediately after death, with structures that extend outwards and start with the colonization of the interior of the valves, losing their initial orientation. The third stage relates to later postmortem colonisation, with structures on both sides of the valves and without a preferential orientation.     

A new coral‐associated decapod assemblage from the Upper Miocene (Messinian) Upper Coralline Limestone of Malta (Central Mediterranean)

Abstract: A rich coral‐associated decapod assemblage is recorded from the ‘Depiru Beds’ of the upper part of the Upper Coralline Limestone (Messinian, Upper Miocene), from the island of Malta. Nineteen species within 17 genera have been discovered, where 14 genera are new for Malta. Four new species are described, namely Micippa annamariae sp. nov., Pilumnus scaber sp. nov., Panopeus muelleri sp. nov. and Herbstia melitense sp. nov. Herbstia melitense sp. nov. constitutes the first record of the genus from the fossil record in the Mediterranean region. This discovery more than doubles the number of known fossil decapod species from Malta. The fossil bivalve Jouannetia (J.) semicaudata Des Moulins, 1830 and the extant decapod Maja goltziana D’Oliveira, 1888, are also recorded for the first time from Malta. Other Neogene coral‐associated decapod assemblages are investigated and correlated with the new assemblage from Malta. The migration of taxa between the Mediterranean region and the Paratethys, particularly during the Lower Badenian (Langhian), is evidenced by the strong affinity of the Maltese decapod assemblage with that of the Middle Miocene Badenian assemblages from Hungary, Poland and Ukraine. Upper Miocene, Messinian assemblages from Spain, Algeria and Morocco are also similar to that from Malta.     

A new dicynodont (Anomodontia, Eotherapsida) from the Upper Permian of Tatarstan

A new dicynodont genus and species, Idelesaurus tataricus sp. nov. (Cryptodontidae), from the Semin Ovrag locality (Tatarstan, Tetyushinskii District; Upper Permian, Upper Tatarian Substage, Severodvinian Horizon) is described. The skull patterns of the East European and South African Cryptodontidae and Aulocephalodontidae are compared from the morphofunctional point of view.     

A new coral genus (Tabulata) from the Upper Devonian of the Subpolar Urals

A new tabulate genus, Sokolovia gen. nov., with the type species B. pershinae sp. nov., from the Upper Devonian (Lower Famennian Substage) of the western slope of the Subpolar Urals is described.     

Dicyclina sampoi n. sp., a larger foraminifer from the Cenomanian of Zagros Range (SW Iran)

Dicyclina sampoi, a new larger foraminifer from the Middle to Upper Cenomanian of Zagros Range (SW Iran), is described. Although the general chamber structures ofD. sampoi and of the European Dicyclinas(D. schlumbergeri Munier-Chalmas,D. simplex Cherchi & Schroeder) are largely identical, some differences indicate a polyphyletic origin of this genus.     

A new Upper Carboniferous stem‐orthopteran (Insecta) from Ningxia (China)

Abstract During the Upper Carboniferous, orthopteran insects (grasshoppers, katydids, and crickets) were represented by numerous species distantly related to crown‐orthopterans, such as lobeattid and cnemidolestodean insects. The panorthopterans, including total‐orthopterans and their closest relatives, are represented by comparatively rarer species in localities of this period. Here we describe Heterologus duyiwuer sp. nov., an infrequent panorthopteran from the Late Carboniferous locality of Xiaheyan Village (Zhongwei City, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China). The only available specimen is composed of an isolated forewing exhibiting a combination of character states previously unknown, in particular the lack of posterior radius (RP) / anterior Media (MA) connection, late branchings of the media (M) and anterior cubitus (CuA), and a branched posterior branch of the posterior cubitus (CuPb). Based on its unusual branching pattern, the composite stem resulting from the fusion of CuA and CuPaα (second anterior branch of CuP) is assumed to be composed of a branched CuA and a simple CuPaα.     

A new fossil Aphanius species from the Upper Miocene of Armenia (Eastern Paratethys)

A new fossil fish species, Aphanius yerevanicus (Cyprinodontiformes, Cyprinodontidae), is described based on a well-preserved, articulated skeleton from the early Upper Miocene of Yerevan, Armenia (Eastern Paratethys). The fish-bearing sediments contain a fossil assemblage indicative of a euryhaline environment. The new species differs from previously described fossil Aphanius species by the possession of caudal ribs articulating with the first haemal spine, a remarkably low number of abdominal vertebrae, and the morphology of the tricuspid jaw teeth. Co-occurrence of A. yerevanicus with Prolebias mutilus Bogachev, 1936 at Yerevan suggests that sympatric occurrence of several members of the Cyprinodontiformes continued successfully throughout the Miocene in euryhaline environments where competition between these forms and other fishes was low because of the unstable salinity.     

Katian (Upper Ordovician) conodonts from Wales

Middle and upper Katian conodonts were previously known in the British Isles from relatively small collections obtained from a few localities. The present study is mainly based on 17 samples containing more than 17 000 conodont elements from an approximately 14‐m‐thick succession of the Sholeshook Limestone Formation in a road cut near Whitland, South Wales, that yielded a diverse fauna of more than 40 taxa. It is dominated by representatives of Amorphognathus, Aphelognathus/Plectodina and Eocarniodus along with several coniform taxa. Representatives of Decoriconus, Istorinus and Sagittodontina are reported from the Ordovician of UK for the first time. The fauna is a typical representative of the British Province of the Atlantic Realm and includes a mixture of taxa of North American, Baltoscandic and Mediterranean affinities along with pandemic species. Based on the presence of many elements of Amorphognathus ordovicicus and some morphologically advanced specimens of Amorphognathus superbus, the Sholeshook Limestone Formation is referred to the lower A. ordovicicus Zone. Most of the unit is also coeval with Zone 2 of the Cautleyan Stage in the British regional stage classification, and stage slice Ka3 of the middle Katian Stage in the global stratigraphical classification, an age assignment consistent with data from trilobites, graptolites and chitinozoans. The unusually large collection of M elements of Amorphognathus provides insight into the complex morphological variation in this element of some Katian species of this genus. The Sholeshook conodont fauna is similar to those of the Crûg and Birdshill limestones, but differs in several respects from the slightly older ones from the Caradocian type area in the Welsh Borderland. Although having some species in common, the Sholeshook conodont fauna clearly differs from coeval Baltoscandic faunas and is even more different in composition compared with equivalent North American Midcontinent faunas.     

A new anobasicrinid (Crinoidea, Cladida) from the Upper Carboniferous of the Moscow Region

A new anobasicrinid genus and species, Parasciadiocrinus lancetospinosus gen. et sp. nov. (Crinoidea, Cladida), is described from the Upper Carboniferous of the Moscow Region. The new genus and Sciadiocrinus Moore et Plummer, 1940 together form a separate branch of anobasicrinids, which is similar to pirasocrinids through parallel evolution. The differences between these two groups are discussed in detail.     

A new species of Vasseuromys (Gliridae,Mammalia) from the Upper Oligocene of the Ebro Basin (Spain)

In this paper, a new species of Vasseuromys, V. bergasensis sp. nov., from the locality of Bergasa (Ebro Basin, Spain), is described. Bergasa contains a fauna belonging to the Late Oligocene (zone MP30), composed—among other species—of Issiodoromys pseudanaema and Rhodanomys transiens. The main diagnostic features of V. bergasensis sp. nov. are the presence of a long centrolophid (fused or not to the mesoconid) in the lower molars, a large reduction in the number and length of extra ridges in the upper and lower molars, the absence of extra ridges between metalophid and centrolophid and between centrolophid and mesolophid, and the absence of the metatrope in more than half the specimens of the upper teeth M1 and M2. V. bergasensis sp. nov. is similar in size to V. elegans and smaller than the other members of the genus. The age and simple dental pattern of the new species of Vasseuromys allow us to hypothesize about relationships within the genus.