中国中年男性红细胞压积参考值与海拔高度的关系

红细胞压积是血液流变学的一个重要指标,目前,国内外缺乏血液流变学指标参考值的统一标准,严重影响了临床和科研成果的准确性和可比性,为制定中国中年男性红细胞压积参考值的统一标准提供科学依据,很多人测定了本地区的中年男性红细胞压积参考值,对中年男性红细胞压...     

高原低氧环境下红细胞增多和血液粘度间关系的研究

目的：观察高原低氧环境下人体红细胞增多和血液粘度间的关系。方法：对进入高原不同时间人群进行血液流变学（红细胞压积、血液粘度、红细胞变形性和聚集性以及供氧指数等）检测和分析。结果：（1）红细胞压积和红细胞变形性随进住高原时间的延长而显著升高;（2）血液粘度在进住高原的早期明显升高,后期恢复正常;（3）红细胞的聚焦性在进住高原的早期显著升高,后期则下降;（4）组织供氧指数在进住高原的早期明显降低。而后期恢复正常,结论：在高原低氧环境下,人体血液粘度不随红细胞压积增高按比例升高。红细胞变形性增强和红细胞聚集性下降,可能抑制了红细胞压积增高所引起的血液粘度的过度升高,从而有助于维持组织的正常供氧。     

黑木耳对高脂血症家兔血液流变学的影响（英文）

通过检测家兔红细胞全血粘度、血浆粘度和血细胞压积等血液流变学参数研究黑木耳对高脂血症家兔血液流变学的影响,进而为其药用功能方面提供食用安全性的新量化依据。40只家兔随机分为5组,分别为控制组、高胆固醇模型组、黑木耳低剂量组、黑木耳中剂量组和高剂量组。高胆固醇模型组建模后,每4周检测一次血液流变学参数,持续检测20周。通过不同取血次数之间数据比较和组间数据比较,结果表明在饲喂黑木耳后家兔红细胞的全血粘度、血浆粘度和血细胞压积这些血液流变学参数都显著减低了(P0.05),并且发现中剂量组为成年雄新西兰鼠的最佳剂量。食用黑木耳预防高血脂症有一定的剂量依赖,黑木耳中剂量组能较好地改善高脂血症。     

临产孕妇血液流变性研究

研究临产孕妇血液流变性的11项指标的改变,并与健康育龄妇女进行对照.结果表明临产孕妇体外血栓形成的长度、血栓湿重、血栓干重、血浆比粘度、红细胞电泳时间及血沉方程K 值等均明显高于对照组(P<0.01).全血比粘度与红细胞压积低于对照组(P<0.05),全血还原粘度、红细胞内粘度和 TK 值在两组间无显著差异.认为在妊娠后期孕妇血液呈高凝状态.其主要原因是红细胞聚集性增高及血浆粘度增高,与红细胞变形能力及红细胞压积关系不明显.文中还探讨了各因素的相互影响。     

杜仲绿原酸对高脂小鼠血液流变学作用研究

旨以研究杜仲绿原酸对高脂高胆固醇诱导的高血脂模型小鼠血液流变学的影响,以昆明小鼠为实验动物,随机分成5组:阴性对照组,模型对照组和低剂量(25 mg/kg BW)、中剂量(50 mg/kg BW)、高剂量(100 mg/kg BW)杜仲绿原酸组,每组10只.后4组饲以高脂饲粮,同时小鼠灌胃杜仲绿原酸4周,实验结束,分别测定各组小鼠血液流变学参数、血清和肝脏的抗氧化酶活性和脂质过氧化产物MDA含量及其总抗氧化能力和羟自由基清除率.高脂血症小鼠的全血粘度、血浆粘度、红细胞压积、血沉、纤维蛋白原、红细胞刚性指数和聚集指数显著降低(P＜0.05),红细胞变形指数显著提高(P＜0.05),小鼠血清和肝脏SOD、GSH-Px水平、总抗氧化能力和羟自由基清除能力均显著升高(P＜0.05),MDA水平显著降低(P＜0.05).在高脂膳食条件下,杜仲绿原酸能有效提高血液的抗氧化防御功能(包括抗氧化力、抗氧化酶活性)、改变血液流变学参数等,降低血液粘度、红细胞刚性和聚集,增强变形能力,使细胞膜的流动性增高,其中以中剂量效果相对较好.     

大功率微波急性辐照对血液流变特性的影响

用２．４５ＧＨｚ的连续微波对大白兔在体血液和人离体血液进行急性大剂量辐照,对辐照前和辐照后的血液粘度,粘弹性,血小板聚集性,红细胞脆性进行了实验研究,实验结果表明：微波辐照后兔血的粘度和粘弹性值降低,人血的粘度在低切变率下降低,在较高的切变率下升高;兔血小板聚集功能降低,二相聚集的解聚率增大;红细胞的脆性增大。     

大功率微波急性辐照对血液流变特性的影响

用２．４５ＧＨｚ的连续微波对大白兔在体血液和人离体血液进行急性大剂量辐照,对辐照前和辐照后的血液粘度,粘弹性,血小板聚集性,红细胞脆性进行了实验研究,实验结果表明：微波辐照后兔血的粘度和粘弹性值降低,人血的粘度在低切变率下降低,在较高的切变率下升高;兔血小板聚集功能降低,二相聚集的解聚率增大;红细胞的脆性增大。     

棕色田鼠血液生理生化指标的测定

报道了棕色田鼠指名亚种的正常血象值及几项血液生化值。结果表明,各项备注学和血液生化学参数值在成年个体间无性别差异（附红细胞数、血红蛋白浓度、红细胞压积外,但此三项指标尚未达到极显著差异水平）。与其它仓鼠科动物的血液生理生化参数值相比较,棕色田鼠除红细胞数、血红蛋白浓度及中性粒细胞略低外,其它各项参数虽有差异,但均无统计学意义。     

60Co辐射对网织红细胞微观流变学特性的影响

采用60Co大剂量全身均匀急性辐射的方法,造成一种辐射贫血的动物模型.以便在几天内连续研究60Co辐射对新生的网织红细胞及红细胞流变学特性的影响.采用一种在低粘切变流场中能将红细胞变形指数DI分解为取向指数(DI)or和小变形指数(DI)d的新型激光衍射法,对网织红细胞及红细胞的变形指数、取向指数、综合变形指数(IDI)等血液流变学特性参数进行测量,发现在60Co大剂量辐射后,新生的网织红细胞及红细胞流变学特性存在明显异常.将这种60Co辐射造成的贫血模型与文宗曜等提出的用抗体诱导的大量同步化的球形红细胞贫血模型相比较,后者更具有明显的优点.同时为研究辐射对血液流变特性的影响及正确地挑选红细胞衰老模型提供了理论与实验的基础.     

微孔过滤法测定红细胞变形性的统一理论模型

在红细胞悬浮液过滤前后压积不变的合理假设下,并考虑到微孔滤膜堵塞现象,建立了微孔过滤法测定红细胞变形性的统一理论模型－流导模型。该模型利用滤膜相对流导Ｃ与悬浮液滤过体积Ｖ之间的线性关系表达实验结果。利用这一模型,从微孔过滤实验得到了分别反映平均变形性和堵塞信息的两个微观参数;红细胞平均相对过孔阻力β和导致滤膜堵塞的红细胞比例ε。流导模型对各种不同的过滤方法给予统一的描述,对现有的过滤方法或可能出现     

He-Ne激光照射对血液及其组分荧光光谱影响的实验研究

为研究弱激光照射对人血液携氧能力的影响及机制,我们用荧光仪分别测量了He-Ne激光照射前后正常血液及其组分（血浆、红细胞）的荧光光谱,研究了激光照射导致的光谱变化,并分析了光谱变化与血液携氧能力改变的关系。实验结果显示：全血液标本在490nm及614nm附近有荧光峰值;血浆的荧光则主要分布在420－500nm之间;红细胞在500nm及614nm附近有荧光。He-Ne激光照射后,全血液及红细胞在614nm处的荧光谱都有较明显的变化,且较相似。由此可得出结论,He-Ne激光照射可影响血液的携氧能力。     

Biorheological Action of Ascaris lumbricoides Larvae on Human Erythrocytes

Previous studies have shown that A. lumbricoides extracts capture sialic acid (SA) from human red blood cells (RBC). The aim of this work was to study hemorheological alterations in vitro caused by parasite larvae. The biorheological action of three larva concentrates of first and second larval stage on group O erythrocytes was analyzed by incubating the erythrocyte packed together with an equal volume of larvae (treated RBC) and PBS (control RBC). Distribution and parameters of aggregation (digital image analysis), aggregation kinetics (erythroaggregameter), and viscoelasticity (erythrodeformeter) were measured. The digital image analysis showed that all the larvae diminished the isolated cells percentage and increased the size of the formed aggregates. The aggregate formation velocity was lower in the treated than in the control. The deformability index (ID) values of treated RBC did not present variations with respect to those of the control, but a decrease in the erythrocyte elastic modulus (μ_m) and membrane surface viscosity (η_m) values was observed, indicating that the larvae not only induced a diminution in the membrane surface viscosity of RBC but also altered the dynamic viscoelasticity of the membrane. Experiments carried out in vitro support the conclusion that the contact between larvae and RBC produces hemorheological alterations.     

Effect of N‐ethylmaleimide,chymotrypsin, and H2O2 on the viscoelasticity of human erythrocytes: Experimental measurement and theoretical analysis

The physiological functions of erythrocytes depend critically on their morphology, deformability, and aggregation capability in response to external physical and chemical stimuli. The dynamic deformability can be described in terms of their viscoelasticity. We applied jumping optical tweezers to trap and stretch individual red blood cells (RBCs) to characterize its viscoelasticity in terms of the Young's modulus and viscosity by analyzing the experimental data of dynamic deformation using a 2‐parameter Kelvin solid model. The effects of three chemical agents (N ‐ethylmaleimide, Chymotrypsin, and Hydrogen peroxide) on RBC's mechanical properties were studied by comparing the Young's modulus and viscosity of RBCs with and without these chemical treatments. Although the effects of each of these chemicals on the molecular structures of RBC may not be exclusive, based on the dominant effect of each chemical, we attempted to dissect the main contributions of different constituents of the RBC membrane to its viscosity and elasticity. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

A new red blood cell filtration device with improved time resolution and its application to the impaired RBC deformability in the diabetic ob/ob mouse

A new filtration device and blood handling technique for the assessment of RBC deformability in small blood samples is described and used to study RBC deformability in adult obese-hyperglycemic ob/ob-mice and normoglycemic controls. The new filtration device was designed to improve the time resolution during RBC incubation. Test and control RBC suspensions were directly filtered from two identical incubation chambers under a constant pressure of 1200 Pa. Nuclepore filters (3 microns) were mounted on top of several standard test tubes into which the filtrate was subsequently collected and weighed. Because the RBCs were resuspended to a very low (0.01%) hematocrit, the average number of RBCs passing each pore was less than 10. Therefore, any detectable difference must reflect the physical properties of RBCs, e.g. shape or viscoelasticity, whereas the role of white blood cells is negligible. When ob/ob-mouse RBCs were studied with the new technique they showed impaired filtrability as compared with control RBCs, both when incubated without glucose and with glucose present at the same concentration as that recorded in the RBC donating mouse.     

Development of viscoelasticity in heated hemoglobin solutions.

Several previous studies have shown that exposure of RBC to temperatures in the range 47 to 48.8 degrees C causes an irreversible alteration of RBC rheological properties; membrane elasticity and viscosity are both increased and greater pressure is required for RBC entry into pipettes. While it has been tacitly assumed that these rheologic alterations are membrane specific, no data on heat-treated hemoglobin (Hb) solutions appear to exist. The present study was thus designed to evaluate the effects of heat-treatment (48.8 +/- 0.1 degrees C, 3 to 20 min) on the viscoelasticity of Hb solutions (30 to 45 g/100 ml) prepared from normal human RBC. Measurements of the viscous component (VC) and elastic component (EC) were made at 25 degrees C using Couette (GDM) and capillary (OCR-D) rheometers; shear rates ranged from 1 to 200 s-1. All unheated Hb solutions were Newtonian and did not exhibit elasticity. However, after 3 min of heating, an elastic component was measurable. Both VC and EC increased with heating time in a power law fashion. VC continued to exhibit Newtonian behavior, whereas the magnitude of EC was an inverse function of shear rate and directly related to Hb concentration and treatment time. A relaxation function applied to our data suggests a first order reaction. These results indicate that both cytoplasmic and membrane viscoelasticity should be considered in order to fully comprehend the rheologic behavior of heat-treated RBC.     

Trial of the RBC aggregometer head for estimating blood flow in veins in vivo

The whole blood RBC aggregometer head reported previously for measuring the degree of RBC aggregation in whole blood was tested for its usefulness as a flowmeter of blood vessels in situ. Modifications to its construction were made so that it became readily attachable and detachable without damage to the vessels. In ex vivo experiments employing a transparent vinyl tube and freshly drawn heparinized human whole blood, the RBC aggregometer head was applicable for evaluating semiquantitative flow changes within a limited flow range based on the degree of RBC aggregation. A linear relationship was observed between the logarithm of blood flow in a low shear range (below approximately 180/s) and changes in the light transmission of the flowing blood. The RBC aggregometer head with or without an electromagnetic flowmeter (EMF) was applied to the jugular vein and femoral vein in cats. A stop-flow change of whole blood in the jugular vein was detected by the RBC aggregometer head as a dramatic change in light transmission (LT). The aggregometer head recorded a similar LT change consistently, whereas the EMF was found to be rather discrepant, indicating the occurrence of anomalous flow. It is concluded that the RBC aggregometer head can be used as an semiquantitative flowmeter for relative changes in blood flow in veins in situ.     

缺氧对右心室最大心肌血流量的影响

为了探讨缺氧对冠状血管贮备力的影响,我们观察了缺氧时大鼠血流动力学及右心室最大心肌血流量的变化。结果表明,急性缺氧引起ＰａＯ２、心输出量及氧运送量降低,但右心室心肌血流量增加,右心室最大与安静血流量比值降低。慢性缺氧时ＰａＯ２降低,血球比积和右心室重量指数增加,氧运送量和右心室血流量正常,但最大血流量降低,小动脉增厚、外膜胶元增加。以上结果提示,慢性缺氧对冠状血管贮备减少可能是小动脉壁增厚、外膜胶元增加和血液粘滞性增加及右心室肥大的结果。     

Kinetics of erythrocyte swelling and membrane hole formation in hypotonic media.

Red blood cell (RBC) swelling and membrane hole formation in hypotonic external media were studied by measuring the time-dependent capacitance, C, and the conductance, G, in the beginning of the beta-dispersion range. At high and moderate osmolarities of the external solution the capacitance reaches a steady-state whereas at low osmolarities it reveals a biphasic kinetics. Examination of RBC suspensions exposed to different concentrations of HgCl(2) demonstrates that water transport through mercury-sensitive water channel controls RBC swelling. Unlike the capacitance, an increase in the conductance to a stationary level is observed after a certain delay. A comparison of G(t) curves recorded for the suspensions of the intact cells and those treated with cytochalasin B or glutaraldehyde demonstrates the significant effect of the membrane viscoelasticity on the pore formation. It is shown that the stretched membrane of completely swollen RBC retains its integrity for a certain time, termed as the membrane lifetime, t(memb). Therefore, the resistivity of RBCs to a certain osmotic shock may be quantified by the distribution function of RBC(t(memb)).     

Surface area‐to‐volume ratio,not cellular viscoelasticity,is the major determinant of red blood cell traversal through small channels

The remarkable deformability of red blood cells (RBCs) depends on the viscoelasticity of the plasma membrane and cell contents and the surface area to volume (SA:V) ratio; however, it remains unclear which of these factors is the key determinant for passage through small capillaries. We used a microfluidic device to examine the traversal of normal, stiffened, swollen, parasitised and immature RBCs. We show that dramatic stiffening of RBCs had no measurable effect on their ability to traverse small channels. By contrast, a moderate decrease in the SA:V ratio had a marked effect on the equivalent cylinder diameter that is traversable by RBCs of similar cellular viscoelasticity. We developed a finite element model that provides a coherent rationale for the experimental observations, based on the nonlinear mechanical behaviour of the RBC membrane skeleton. We conclude that the SA:V ratio should be given more prominence in studies of RBC pathologies.     

Increased glucose metabolism by enzyme-loaded erythrocytes in vitro and in vivo normalization of hyperglycemia in diabetic mice.

The main metabolic properties of human red blood cells (RBC) overloaded with glucose catabolizing enzymes such as hexokinase and glucose oxidase were evaluated. Human erythrocytes loaded with human hexokinase metabolized 3.1 +/- 0.2 mumol/h/ml RBC of glucose, an amount double that consumed by normal and unloaded cells (1.46 +/- 0.16 mumol/h/ml RBC), while glucose oxidase-loaded erythrocytes consumed up to 5.5 +/- 0.5 mumol/h/ml RBC of glucose but with a time-dependent increase in methemoglobin formation due to the H2O2 produced in the glucose oxidase reaction. This methemoglobin production was greatly reduced while glucose consumption was increased (8.1 +/- 0.4 mumol/h/ml RBC) by coentrapment of hexokinase and glucose oxidase. Similar results were obtained in mouse red blood cells, although the role of hexokinase was less pronounced due to a higher basal level of this enzyme. When administered to diabetic mice the hexokinase/glucose oxidase-overloaded erythrocytes had a circulating half-life of 5 days and were able to regulate blood glucose at near physiological levels. A single intraperitoneal administration of 500 microliters of enzyme-loaded cells maintained a near-normal blood glucose concentration for 7 +/- 1 days, while repeated administrations at 10-day intervals were effective in the regulation of blood glucose levels for several weeks. These results suggest that enzyme-loaded erythrocytes can behave as circulating bioreactors and can provide a new way to reduce abnormally elevated blood glucose.