罗非鱼对盐碱池塘围隔浮游生物群落的影响

本文报道了单养尼罗罗非鱼 (Orecohromisniloticus)对施肥处理下盐碱池塘围隔生态系统浮游生物群落的影响。结果表明 ,罗非鱼的放养使浮游植物丰度、叶绿素a含量和初级生产力增大 ,浮游植物小型化 ,生物量以小型硅藻和绿藻占优势 ,裸藻占有相当比重 ;浮游动物生物量也增大 ,桡足类占优势 ,枝角类小型化 ,原生动物密度增大。施肥特别是施有机肥能显著地提高浮游植物生物量 ,使透明度降低 ,但施无机肥对初级生产力和浮游动物生物量影响不大。施有机肥围隔浮游植物和浮游动物密度、浮游动物生物量和浮游生物多样性指数高于其他有鱼围隔 ,罗非鱼的生长最好。文后讨论了罗非鱼滤食和施肥对浮游生物群落结构的影响 ,并与鲢鱼的实验结果 (赵文 ,1999)进行了比较     

罗非鱼对盐碱池塘围隔浮生物群落的影响

本文报道了单养尼罗罗非鱼（Ｏｒｅｃｏｈｒｏｍｉｓ ｎｉｌｏｔｉｃｕｓ）对施肥处理下盐碱池塘围隔生态系统浮游生物群落的影响。结果表明,罗非鱼的放养使浮游植物丰度、叶绿素ａ含量和初级生产力增大,浮游植物小型化,生物量以小型硅藻和绿藻占优势,裸藻占有相当比重;浮游动物生物量也增大,桡足类占优势,枝角类小型化,原生动物密度增大。施肥特别是施有机肥能显著提高浮游植物生物量,使透明度降低,但施无机肥对初级生产     

不同放养和管理模式下三角帆蚌养殖水体中的浮游生物和初级生产力

通过围隔实验研究了3种放养(单养三角帆蚌,蚌与鲢、鳙混养,蚌与银鲫混养)和2种管理(施肥、投饵兼施肥)模式下养殖水体的浮游生物和初级生产力.结果表明:围隔内浮游植物主要为＜20 μm粒级的种类,其中蓝藻、绿藻和裸藻占优势,硅藻、隐藻、黄藻和甲藻的数量和质量较低;实验期间,围隔内浮游植物数量和质量平均值分别为0.35×109～1.26×109 ind·L-1和32～86 mg·L-1,其中三角帆蚌与鲢、鳙混养的围隔内浮游植物数量和质量较高,蓝藻和硅藻数量和质量明显高于其它围隔;围隔内浮游动物数量以原生动物最多,其质量则以轮虫占优势,枝角类和桡足类等大型浮游动物的数量较少;单养蚌的围隔内浮游动物质量最高;与混养围隔相比,单养蚌的围隔内轮虫质量在浮游动物中的比例较低,桡足类的比例相对较高;蚌与鲢、鳙混养围隔内浮游动物数量最多,原生动物数量在浮游动物中的比例分别高于单养蚌和蚌、银鲫混养的围隔,而轮虫的比例低于后者;实验期间,围隔内初级生产力平均值为4.11～5.45 g O2·m-2·d-1,水呼吸为2.39～4.12 g O2·m-2·d-1,初级生产力与水呼吸的比值为1.25～1.99;单养蚌的围隔内初级生产力最高,蚌、银鲫混养的围隔内初级生产力最低.结果表明:三角帆蚌养殖水体内浮游植物和浮游动物均表现出小型化的趋势;较高的浮游植物数量和质量,特别是较高的硅藻数量和质量,可能是三角帆蚌与鲢、鳙混养围隔内二龄蚌生长较好的原因之一;浮游植物种类组成较初级生产力对蚌生长的影响更大.     

北部湾北部海域夏季微型浮游动物对浮游植物的摄食压力

2011年8月份于北部湾北部海域5个观测站位获得的分层水样,分析了表层叶绿素a含量和表层微型浮游动物丰度以及类群组成;同时于现场采用稀释培养法研究了该海域浮游植物生长率(μ)和微型浮游动物的摄食率(g)。分析和测定结果表明:调查海区的微型浮游动物丰度400—1167个/L,类群组成以无壳纤毛虫为主;浮游植物的生长率为-1.50—1.13 d-1,微型浮游动物摄食率为0.33—1.08 d-1;推算微型浮游动物对浮游植物现存量以及初级生产力的摄食压力分别为28.1%—66.0%和-7.4%—438.4%。相对于中国其他海区,8月份北部湾北部海域微型浮游动物摄食速率处于中等水平。调查期间,广西沿海高生产力海区,浮游植物生长率大于微型浮游动物动物的摄食率,浮游植物生物量处于积累期;涠洲岛以南海域,浮游植物生产力较低,微型浮游动物摄食作用是控制浮游植物生长的重要因素。     

基于围隔实验研究鳙在亚热带贫-中营养水库的下行效应

为了解鳙在低营养水体中的下行效应,于秋冬季节在流溪河水库开展了原位围隔实验。该实验在水库原水中进行,并根据鳙的生物量(0 g·m^–3和3 g·m^–3)设置了对照组和有鱼组。研究结果显示:总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、氮磷质量比(TN:TP)和叶绿素(Chl a)在加入鳙后均未发生显著变化。所有围隔中浮游动物群落均是以小个体种类为主,缺少大型枝角类。鳙的存在促进了轮虫和剑水蚤丰度的增加,但降低了枝角类和哲水蚤的丰度,并导致枝角类、桡足类及浮游动物的生物量显著下降。有鱼围隔中甲壳类的平均体长(352—396μm)显著低于对照组(547—592μm)。添加鳙使浮游植物优势门类绿藻与大型浮游植物(最大轴直径≥30μm)的生物量显著升高,但对优势门类硅藻、金藻和甲藻、小型浮游植物(最大轴直径<30μm)以及浮游植物的生物量无显著影响。这些结果显示,鳙对浮游动物群落产生了强烈的下行效应,对浮游植物群落则未产生明显的级联效应。我们的结果表明,在缺少大型牧食性枝角类的低营养水体中,鳙在低温季节对水质的影响可能相对有限。     

东海赤潮高发区春季叶绿素a和初级生产力的分布特征

2002年4-5月对东海海域进行了综合调查,分析了海区叶绿素a和初级生产力的分布特性．结果表明,大面站表层平均叶绿素a浓度为1．086mg·m-3．分级叶绿素a结果显示．春季东海浮游植物以微型和微微型(<20μm)占优势,其对海区叶绿素a的贡献为64％,超微型浮游植物(<5μm)占浮游植物生物量的27％．营养盐分布和浮游动物的摄食压力影响了叶绿素a及其粒级结构的分布．平均初级生产力为10．091mg·m-3·h-1。赤潮跟踪的R-03、RL-01、RG-01站的平均初级生产力为399．984mg·m-3·h-1．光和营养盐成为叶绿素和初级生产力平面分布的主要限制因子．表层叶绿素a和初级生产力均在调查海区的123·E纵断面冲淡区产生高值区．DC-11站浮游植物生物量异常高,表层叶绿素a达到9．082mg·m-3,初级生产力为128．79mg·m-3·h-1．但并未出现水色异常．     

盐碱池塘围隔生态系统的悬浮物结构及有机碳库储量

1 998年 4～ 7月对高青盐碱池塘单养鲢和罗非鱼围隔生态系统颗粒悬浮物构成和各有机碳库储量及动态进行了研究。结果表明 ,浮游生物的干重 (PZ)占总颗粒悬浮物干物质 (TS)的 4.2 6%～ 2 5 .97% ,平均 1 2 %。各围隔浮游植物干重(DWP)平均值变化范围为 0 .1 6～ 0 .70 mg/L,有鱼围隔均比无鱼围隔的大。浮游动物干重 (DWZ)平均值变化范围为0 .3 2～ 2 .81 mg/L,养鲢围隔中最小 ,小于无鱼对照围隔 ,养罗非鱼围隔明显高于养鲢围隔。颗粒悬浮物的灰分含量平均值为 42 .3 8%。溶解有机碳 (DOC)、颗粒有机碳 (POC)库储量平均值分别为 5 .40± 1 .61 mg C/L和 1 .96± 0 .96mg/L。各处理围隔间颗粒有机物的 C/N比的平均值比较接近 ,总平均值为 6.97± 0 .2 4。 TOC、DOC和 POC比例为 1∶ 0 .73∶0 .2 7。浮游生物碳和腐质颗粒碳占 POC的比例的平均值分别为 3 4.65 %和 65 .3 5 %。腐质颗粒碳、浮游动物碳与浮游植物碳的比例为 9.2 9∶ 3 .71∶ 1。浮游生物碳中浮游动物碳占 78.8% ,浮游植物碳占 2 1 .2 %。浮游动物碳比浮游植物碳高 ,这可能是内陆盐水的通性。盐碱池塘围隔生态系统颗粒有机碳 (POC,mg C/L)与浮游植物叶绿素 a(Chla,μg/L)和悬浮颗粒有机物 (SO,mg/L)之间存在显著的正相关关系 ,其回归方程分别为     

放养鲢鱼(Hypophthalmichys molitrix C et V)对水库围隔浮游生物群落的影响

本文研究在水库围隔实验生态系统中鲢鱼对浮游生物群落的影响。结果表明,放养鲢鱼后,浮游动物生物量、浮游植物生物量、叶绿素a和浮游植物毛产量分别下降了58.7％、63.6％、52.5％和65.0％;透明度、浮游植物群落多样性指数分别提高了18.2％、32.5％;铜绿微囊藻数量减少了90.6％“水华”得到明显抑制。但小型绿藻(<20μm)数量未出现显著变化,因而其在藻类生物量中所占比例反而提高了82.3％。围隔内可被鲢鱼滤食的大型藻类(硅藻、甲藻、隐藻和绿藻(>20μm))占藻类生物量的85.8％,因此鲢鱼的存在能明显限制浮游植物的生物量。此外,放养鲢鱼还显著降低了水体中的COD,TP,DO和pH值,这表明鲢鱼对水质有净化作用。     

春季季风转换期间孟加拉湾的初级生产力

2010年中国科学院东北印度洋科学考察期间,对孟加拉湾水域初级生产力展开了研究.孟加拉湾表层水体的水温较高,盐度变化范围较大,且上层水体营养盐含量较低,在真光层底部营养盐浓度突然增加.表层叶绿素a浓度较低(＜0.1 mg/m3),叶绿素a最大值常出现在75 m水深处,上层水体浮游植物的生长受氮限制明显.表层潜在初级生产力低于0.2mgcm-3h-1,且初级生产速率在50-75 m出现最大值.水柱中初级生产力变化范围为199-367 mgCm-2d-1,高值出现在88°-89°(E)附近.浮游植物固碳的主要贡献者是微微型浮游生物(＜3 μm),其次是小型浮游生物(＞20 μm)和微型浮游生物(3-20 μm),但表层与75 m水深处固碳浮游植物的结构有一定差异.将孟加拉湾与阿拉伯海初级生产力进行对比,孟加拉湾水体初级生产力显著低于阿拉伯海,且初级生产力的影响因素有着显著的差异.     

三门湾浮游动物的季节变动及微型浮游动物摄食影响

2002年8月、11月、2003年2月和5月,在三门湾进行了4个航次生物、化学和水文等专业综合调查。根据采集的浮游动物样品的分析鉴定及海上现场实验结果,对浮游动物的群落组成、生物量、丰度、多样性指数的分布和季节变动及其浮游动物对浮游植物的摄食影响进行研究。结果表明,三门湾浮游动物有67属,89种,16类浮游幼体,主要可划分为4个生态类群：以近岸低盐类群为主,其优势种为中华哲水蚤Calanus sinicus、真刺唇角水蚤Labidocera etwhaeta、捷氏歪水蚤Tortanus derjugini、太平洋纺锤水蚤Acartiapacifica、中华假磷虾Pseudeuphausia sinica和百陶箭虫Sagitta bedoti等。半咸水河口类群、暖水性外海类群和广布种相对较少。浮游动物生物量和丰度的平面分布趋势除了夏季有所差异外,其它季节基本一致。2月份和5月份,浮游动物生物量和丰度,从湾顶向湾口呈逐渐增加趋势;8月份,湾口区生物量最高,而丰度高值区出现在湾顶部;11月份,生物量和丰度的平面分布相对均匀。浮游动物种类多样性指数有明显的季节变化,其动态变化与浮游动物种数和丰度的变化一致。微型浮游动物对浮游植物存在摄食压力,且有季节变化,摄食率的变化在0．18．0．68d^-1,微型浮游动物的摄食率低于相同季节的浮游植物生长率。微型浮游动物对浮游植物摄食压力的变化范围为16．1％-49．1％d^-1,对初级生产力摄食压力的变化在58．3％-83．6％d^-1。11月份,微型浮游动物对浮游植物和初级生产力的摄食压力均出现最高值。     

Effects of silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) and nutrients on the plankton community of a deep,tropical reservoir: an enclosure experiment

1. An in situ enclosure experiment was conducted in a deep reservoir of southern China to examine (i) the effects of a low biomass (4 g wet weight m^?3) of silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) and nutrients on the plankton community and (ii) the response of Daphnia to eutrophication. 2. In the absence of fish, Daphnia galeata dominated the zooplankton community, whereas calanoids were dominant in the fish treatments, followed by D. galeata. Silver carp stocking significantly reduced total zooplankton biomass, and that of D. galeata and Leptodorarichardi, but markedly increased the biomass of smaller cladocerans, copepod nauplii and rotifers. In contrast, nutrient enrichment had no significant effect on the plankton community except for cyclopoids. 3. Chlorophyta, Cryptophyta and Bacillariophyta were dominant phytoplankton groups during the experiment. Chlorophyta with high growth rates (mainly Chlorella vulgaris in the fish enclosures and Ankyra sp. in the fishless enclosures) eventually dominated the phytoplankton community. Total phytoplankton biomass and the biomass of edible phytoplankton [greatest axial linear dimension (GALD) < 30 μm], Chlorophyta, Cryptophyta, Bacillariophyta and Cyanobacteria showed positive responses to fish stocking, while inedible phytoplankton (GALD ≥ 30 μm) was significantly reduced in the fish enclosures. However, there was no significant effect on the plankton community from the interaction of fish and nutrients. 4. Overall, the impact of fish on the plankton community was much greater than that of nutrients. High total phosphorus concentrations in the control treatment and relatively low temperatures may reduce the importance of nutrient enrichment. These results suggest it is not appropriate to use a low biomass of silver carp to control phytoplankton biomass in warmer, eutrophic fresh waters containing large herbivorous cladocerans.     

Effects of a filter-feeding fish [silver carp, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (Val.)] on phyto- and zooplankton in a mesotrophic reservoir: results from an enclosure experiment

SUMMARY 1. Silver carp, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (Val.), feeds on both phyto- and zooplankton and has been used in lake biomanipulation studies to suppress algal biomass. Because reports on the effects of silver carp on lake food webs have been contradictory, we conducted an enclosure experiment to test how a moderate biomass of the fish (10 g wet weight m⁻³) affects phytoplankton and crustacean zooplankton in a mesotrophic temperate reservoir.
2. Phytoplankton biomass <30 μm and particulate organic carbon (POC) <30 μm were significantly higher in enclosures with silver carp than in enclosures without fish, whereas Secchi depth was lower. Total copepod biomass declined strongly in both treatments during the experiment, but it was significantly higher in fish-free enclosures. Daphnid biomass was also consistently higher in enclosures without fish, although this effect was not significant. However, the presence of fish led to a fast and significant decrease in the size at maturity of Daphnia galeata Sars. Thus, the moderate biomass of silver carp had a stronger negative effect on cladoceran zooplankton than on phytoplankton.
3. Based on these results and those of previous studies, we conclude that silver carp should be used for biomanipulation only if the primary aim is to reduce nuisance blooms of large phytoplankton species (e.g. cyanobacteria) that cannot be effectively controlled by large herbivorous zooplankton. Therefore, stocking of silver carp appears to be most appropriate in tropical lakes that are highly productive and naturally lack large cladoceran zooplankton.     

鲤鱼种和鲢鳙对池塘浮游生物的影响

本文根据１９９０年－９月对９个鱼池的研究,报道鲤鱼种和鲢鳙对浮游生物的影响,结果表明：鲤鱼种使浮游植物和浮游动物生物量增加,浮游植物大型化,浮游动物小型化,并使浮游植物多样性增加,浮游动物多样性下降;鲢鳙密度增加,浮生物小型明显,微型藻类和超微在在浮植物中所占比重显著增加,小型浮游动物（原生动物和轮虫）在浮游动物中比重也明显增;鲢鳙密度对浮游生物多样性和浮游生物量的影响具有阶段性,当鲢鳙密度低时,     

Effects of different fish species and biomass on plankton interactions in a shallow lake

Thirty-six enclosures, surface area 4 m², were placed in Little Mere, a shallow fertile lake in Cheshire, U.K. The effects of different fish species (common carp, common bream, tench and roach) of zooplanktivorous size, and their biomass (0, 200 and 700 kg ha^–1) on water chemistry, zooplankton and phytoplankton communities were investigated. Fish biomass had a strong effect on mean zooplankton size and abundance. When fish biomass rose, larger zooplankters were replaced by more numerous smaller zooplankters. Consequently phytoplankton abundance rose in the presence of higher densities of zooplanktivorous fish, as zooplankton grazing was reduced. Fish species were also significant in determining zooplankton community size structure. In enclosures with bream there were significantly greater densities of small zooplankters than in enclosures stocked with either carp, tench and, in part, roach. When carp or roach were present, the phytoplankton had a greater abundance of Cyanophyta than when bream or tench were present. Whilst top-down effects of fish predation controlled the size partitioning of the zooplankton community, this, in turn apparently controlled the bottom-up regeneration of nutrients for the phytoplankton community. At the zooplankton–phytoplankton interface, both top-down and bottom-up processes were entwined in a reciprocal feedback mechanism with the extent and direction of that relationship altered by changes in fish species. This has consequences for the way that top-down and bottom-up processes are generalised.     

Experimental study of the impacts of silver carp on plankton communities of eutrophic Villerest reservoir (France)

We examined the impact of five silver carp biomass levels (0, 8, 16, 20, and 32 g m⁻³) on plankton communities and water quality of Villerest eutrophic reservoir (France). We realized the experiments using outdoor mesocosms. The presence of silver carp led to changes in zooplankton and phytoplankton assemblages. High fish biomass strongly reduced cladoceran abundance (through predation). Silver carp inefficiently grazed down particles < 20 μm. More importantly, however, the suppression of herbivorous cladocerans resulted in the increase of small size algae which were relieved from grazing and benefit from high nutrient concentrations. In contrast, in mesocosms without fish, the dominance of cladocerans (mainly Daphnia) controlled small size algae and probably also larger size algae (colonial chlorophytes, cyanobacteria). Thus, the Secchi disc transparency increased markedly. Through cascade effects, the modification of grazers communities led to changes in the utilization patterns of the added nutrients by phytoplankton communities. In high fish biomass treatments, nutrients were more efficiently accumulated into particulate fractions compared with no-fish and low-fish biomass treatments that were characterized by higher dissolved nutrients concentrations. Zooplankton was an essential source of food for silver carp. The productivity of zooplankton sustained a moderate silver carp biomass (up to 16 g m⁻³). In the presence of the highest fish biomass, the productivity of zooplankton was not large enough and silver carps fed on additional phytoplankton. Although mesocosms with high fish biomass were characterized by a slight cyanobacteria development compared with other fish mesocosms, silver carp was not effective in reducing cyanobacteria dominance. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Changes in the plankton community following introduction of filter-feeding planktivorous fish

1. We conducted enclosure experiments in a shallow eutrophic lake, in which a biomass gradient of the filter-feeding planktivore, silver carp, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix Valenciennes, was created, and subsequent community changes in both zooplankton and phytoplankton were examined.
2. During a summer experiment, a bloom of Anabaena flos-aquae developed (≈ 8000 cells mL⁻¹) solely in an enclosure without silver carp. Concurrent with, or slightly preceding the Anabaena bloom, the number of rotifer species and their abundance increased from seven to twelve species (1700–14 400 organisms L⁻¹) after the bloom in this fish-free enclosure. Protozoans and bacteria were generally insensitive to the gradient of silver carp biomass.
3. During an autumn experiment, on the other hand, large herbivorous crustaceans were more efficient than silver carp in suppressing the algae, partly because the lower water temperature (≈ 24 °C) inhibited active feeding of this warm-water fish and also formation of algal colonies. Heterotrophic nanoflagellate and bacterial densities were also influenced negatively by the crustaceans.
4. Correspondence analysis (CA) was applied to the weekly community data of zooplankton and phytoplankton. A major effect detected in the zooplankton community was the presence/absence of silver carp rather than the biomass of silver carp, whereas that in the phytoplankton community was the fish biomass before the Anabaena bloom, but shifted to the presence/absence of the fish after the bloom.     

Effects of water-column mixing on bacteria,phytoplankton, and rotifers under different levels of herbivory in a shallow eutrophic lake

Water-column mixing is known to have a decisive impact on plankton communities. The underlying mechanisms depend on the size and depth of the water body, nutrient status and the plankton community structure, and they are well understood for shallow polymictic and deep stratified lakes. Two consecutive mixing events of similar intensity under different levels of herbivory were performed in enclosures in a shallow, but periodically stratified, eutrophic lake, in order to investigate the effects of water-column mixing on bacteria abundance, phytoplankton abundance and diversity, and rotifer abundance and fecundity. When herbivory by filter-feeding zooplankton was low, water-column mixing that provoked a substantial nutrient input into the euphotic zone led to a strong net increase of bacteria and phytoplankton biomass. Phytoplankton diversity was lower in the mixed enclosures than in the undisturbed ones because of the greater contribution of a few fast-growing species. After the second mixing event, at a high biomass of filter-feeding crustaceans, the increase of phytoplankton biomass was lower than after the first mixing, and diversity remained unchanged because enhanced growth of small fast-growing phytoplankton was prevented by zooplankton grazing. Bacterial abundance did not increase after the second mixing, when cladoceran biomass was high. Changes in rotifer fecundity indicated a transmission of the phytoplankton response to the next trophic level. Our results suggest that water-column mixing in shallow eutrophic lakes with periodic stratification has a strong effect on the plankton community via enhanced nutrient availability rather than resuspension or reduced light availability. This fuels the basis of the classic and microbial food chain via enhanced phytoplankton and bacterial growth, but the effects on biomass may be damped by high levels of herbivory. Received: 3 May 1999 / Accepted: 13 April 2000     

Impact of moderate silver carp biomass gradient on zooplankton communities in a eutrophic reservoir. Consequences for the use of silver carp in biomanipulation.

We examined the impacts of moderate gradient silver carp biomass (five levels from 0 to 36 g.m-3, i.e. about 0-792 kg.ha-1) on zooplankton communities of the eutrophic Villerest reservoir (France). During our mesocosm experiment changes in zooplankton assemblages were dependent on silver carp biomass. In the fishless and low fish biomass treatments, zooplankton abundance increased through time, owing to a peak in cladoceran density, but decreased (mainly cladocerans) at highest fish biomass. Copepods and rotifers were less affected at the highest fish biomass and dominated zooplankton communities. We highlighted that the presence of high silver carp biomass could lead to changes in phytoplankton assemblage via the impact on herbivorous zooplankton. Since silver carp efficiently graze on particles > 20 microns, the suppression of herbivorous cladocerans could result in an increase in small size algae (< 20 microns) abundance since these species would be released from grazers as well as competitors (large algae grazed by silver carp) and nutrients levels would be enhanced by fish internal loading. Our results showed that the use of low silver carp biomass (< 200 kg.ha-1) would allow us to minimize these negative effects.