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1.
树体储水在树木水分传输中具有重要的作用, 不仅为蒸腾提供水分来源, 还具有缓冲作用, 可防止木质部导管水势过低以至于水分传输的失败。树体储水动态及其利用的研究对于认识树木对水分胁迫的响应机制具有重要意义。该研究构建了包含树体储水释放-补充作用的树干水分传输模型, 可模拟计算林分小时尺度的冠层蒸腾、边材液流、树体储水与木质部导管水流交换过程, 并以六盘山北侧的华北落叶松(Larix principis-rupprechtii)人工林为例, 在林分水平分析树体储水利用及其 与土壤水分和潜在蒸散之间的关系。检验结果表明, 该模型能够精确地模拟出林分边材液流的日变化特征, 模拟与观测的小时液流速率决定系数R2为0.91 (n = 2 352)。模拟结果表明, 在典型晴朗天气下, 在日出时树体储水利用启动, 至9:00左右达到峰值(0.14 mm?h–1), 午间降至0, 下午降为负值直至午夜, 即进入树体补水阶段; 树体储水日使用量(DJz)为0.04–0.58 mm?d–1, 与日蒸腾量(DTr)成正相关(R2 = 0.91), 对蒸腾的贡献为25.6%。分析结果表明, 当潜在蒸散(ETp)低于4.9 mm?d–1时, ETp是华北落叶松树体储水利用的主要驱动因子, DJz与ETp成正相关(R2 = 0.68); 当ETp高于4.9 mm?d–1时, DJz随着ETp的增加呈现降低趋势; DJz与土壤水势没有显著相关关系(p > 0.05), 但最大树体储水日使用量(DJzmax)与土壤水分含量成正相关(R2 = 0.79), 说明土壤水分是树体储水利用的限制因子。 相似文献
2.
采用根区渗灌控水技术,将土壤水势长期控制在0~-20kPa(W1)、-20~-40kPa(W2)、-40~-60kPa(W3)、-60~-80kPa(W4)、-80~-160kPa(W5)范围内,系统地研究了不同土壤水势条件下水曲柳幼苗的蒸腾过程、吸水过程、根叶水势日动态过程及SPAC体系的水流阻力.结果表明,在亚饱和土壤水分状态下(W1),细根水势最高,水分由土壤进入细根的阻力最小,根系吸水速率最高,从而支持了日间强烈的蒸腾作用.在田间持水量土壤水分状态下(W2),细根吸水阻力成倍增加,吸水速率和蒸腾速率显著下降,但尚未改变蒸腾作用日动态过程的单峰模式.当土壤水分在田间持水量状态以下(W3~W5)时,随着土壤水势递降,细根吸水阻力急剧增加至几倍乃至几十倍,根系吸水速率过低,吸水与蒸腾矛盾加剧,叶水势降至很低,气孔关闭,蒸腾作用受到严重抑制,呈现明显的午休低谷.在实验范围内(0~-160kPa),土壤水分对水曲柳幼苗是非等效的,当土壤水分在田间持水量状态以下(<-40kPa)时,水曲柳全光苗发生显著的水分胁迫. 相似文献
3.
An external heat pulse method for measurement of sap flow through fruit pedicels, leaf petioles and other small-diameter stems 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
MICHAEL J. CLEARWATER ZHIWEI LUO MARIAROSARIA MAZZEO & BARTOLOMEO DICHIO 《Plant, cell & environment》2009,32(12):1652-1663
The external heat ratio method is described for measurement of low rates of sap flow in both directions through stems and other plant organs, including fruit pedicels, with diameters up to 5 mm and flows less than 2 g h−1 . Calibration was empirical, with heat pulse velocity ( v h ) compared to gravimetric measurements of sap flow. In the four stem types tested ( Actinidia sp. fruit pedicels, Schefflera arboricola petioles, Pittosporum crassifolium stems and Fagus sylvatica stems), v h was linearly correlated with sap velocity ( v s ) up to a v s of approximately 0.007 cm s−1 , equivalent to a flow of 1.8 g h−1 through a 3-mm-diameter stem. Minimum detectable v s was approximately 0.0001 cm s−1 , equivalent to 0.025 g h−1 through a 3-mm-diameter stem. Sensitivity increased with bark removal. Girdling had no effect on short-term measurements of in vivo sap flow, suggesting that phloem flows were too low to be separated from xylem flows. Fluctuating ambient temperatures increased variability in outdoor sap flow measurements. However, a consistent diurnal time-course of fruit pedicel sap flow was obtained, with flows towards 75-day-old kiwifruit lagging behind evaporative demand and peaking at 0.3 g h−1 in the late afternoon. 相似文献
4.
Effect of high external NaCl concentration on ion transport within the shoot of Lupinus albus. II. Ions in phloem sap 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
RANA MUNNS M. LORRAINE TONNET CAROL SHENNAN P. ANNE GARDNER 《Plant, cell & environment》1988,11(4):291-300
Abstract. Phloem sap was collected from petioles of growing and fully expanded leaves of lupins exposed to 0–150 mol m−3 [NaCl]ext , for various periods of time. Sap bled from growing leaves only after the turgor of the shoot was raised by applying pneumatic pressure to the root. Increased pressure was also needed to obtain sap from fully expanded leaves of plants at high [NaCl]ext . Exposure to NaCl caused a rapid rise in the Na+ concentration in phloem sap to high levels. The Na+ concentration reached 20 mol m−3 within a day of exposure and reached a plateau of about 60 mol m−3 in plants at 50–150 mol m−3 [NaCl]ext , after a week. There was a slower, smaller increase in the Cl− concentration. K+ concentrations in phloem sap were not affected by [NaCl]ext . Cl− concentrations in phloem sap collected from growing leaves were similar to those from old leaves while Na+ concentrations were somewhat increased, suggesting that there was no reduction in the salt content of the phloem sap while it flowed within the shoot to the apex. Calculations of ion fluxes in xylem and phloem sap indicated that Na+ and Cl− fluxes in the phloem from leaves of plants at high NaCl could be equal to those in the xylem. This prediction was borne out by observations that Na+ and Cl− concentrations in recently expanded leaves remained constant. 相似文献
5.
In this paper we begin our study of factors controlling Na+ and K+ uptake in the halophyte Spergularia marina (L.) Griseb., with emphasis on plants growing at moderate salinity (0.2x sea water). The involvement of transpiration was considered first because of its potential to account for much or all of the transport of ions, and particularly of Na+ , to the shoot under these growth conditions. Transpiration was constant with time through most of the light period, quickly dropping to 6% of the day time rate at night. 22 Na+ uptake, on the other hand, showed much less day/night variation, and relative transport to the shoot was constant. After establishing that transpiration was linearly related to leaf weight, possible transpiration effects were further considered as correlations between leaf weight and transport to the shoot. Under constant, day-time conditions, with linear effects of time and plant size removed, total transport of 22 Na+ to the shoot (per plant) was not correlated to leaf weight. A similar result was found when transport was expressed per gram of root, and when partitioning of total label to the shoot was considered. Finally, the correlation was considered between leaf weight and a Na+ /K+ enrichment factor defined as the Na+ /K+ ratio in the leaves divided by that in the roots. This correlation was also insignificant. The results indicate that analysis of control of Na+ and K+ uptake and transport in this experimental system need not consider effects of transpiration. 相似文献
6.
对植物水分利用效率的研究,可以揭示植物的内在耗水机制,为区域森林生态系统经营与维护提供依据.本研究以侧柏幼树为研究对象,通过室内控制试验设置不同的土壤水分梯度,分别用气体交换法和稳定同位素法对其不同土壤含水量条件下的瞬时水分利用效率(WUEgs)和短期水分利用效率(WUEcp)进行研究.结果表明:受气孔导度(gs)的影响,叶片净光合速率(Pn)和蒸腾速率(Tr)随土壤含水量的增加呈现相同的变化趋势,均在土壤含水量为70%~80%田间持水量(FC)时达到最大值;叶片WUEgs则在土壤含水量最低(35%~45% FC)时达到最大值(7.26 mmol·m-2·s-1).叶片可溶性糖、枝条韧皮部渗出液的δ13C都在土壤含水量最低(35%~45% FC)条件下达到最大值,且叶片可溶性糖的δ13C明显高于枝条韧皮部渗出液的δ13C,未产生明显分馏;而叶片WUEcp也在土壤含水量最低(35%~45% FC)时达到最大值(7.26 mmol·m-2·s-1).相同条件下,叶片WUEgs和WUEcp存在一定差异(平均相差0.52 mmol·m-2·s-1),WUEgs时空变异性较大,而WUEcp更具有代表性.侧柏幼树通过降低生理生态活动和提高水分利用效率来适应干旱的土壤条件. 相似文献
7.
Abstract. This paper describes studies on trees of Pisonia grandis , bushes of Argusia argentea , and the perennial herb Melanthera biflora , growing on One Tree Island, a coral cay of the Great Barrier Reef with 'soil' of coarse coral rubble. Water potential (Ψb , measured on small shoots with a pressure chamber), sap flow, stomatal conductance, vapour pressure deficit and photon flux density were monitored over day/night cycles. Sap flow and Ψb responded to changes in light and humidity. From these experiments good linear correlations were found between sap flow in a shoot and Ψb of similar adjacent shoots. The linearity suggests that the resistance to sap flow is constant as Ψb varies. The correlation, however, does not indicate a causal relationship between Ψb of an individual shoot on the plant and its sap flow. Ψb was only slightly different in shaded shoots from those in sunshine, although sap flow would be expected to differ between them. Enclosing shoots and so reducing their transpiration and sap flow to very low rates resulted in only small changes in Ψb of the enclosed shoots; Tb of such enclosed shoots should closely approximate that of the xylem at the point of shoot attachment. From these results it is suggested that the resistance to water flow in shoot and leaf xylem is small compared to the resistance further down the plant, in the root or at the root/soil interface. Shoot xylem water potential would be similar for all parts of the plant, and in such plants the water potential of shoots in the shade would be determined by the overall water use of the plant. 相似文献
8.
In vivo nitrate reductase (NR, EC 1.6.6.1.) activity was measured in leaves, branches and trunk of field-grown Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn. All of the assayed tissues enzymatically reduced nitrate with a decreasing activity [μmol NO2 − (g dry weight)−1 h−1 ] in the order: leaves > branch bark > inner branch tissues > trunk xylem. The NR activity of the various tissues of excised branches was inhibited by tungstate added to the transpiration stream. Part of the nitrate added to the feeding solution (0.2, 0.5 or 1 m M KNO3 ) of excised branches disappeared during its transport via the transpiration stream in the perennial tissues. This disappearance was enzymatic since it was decreased by tungstate.
No evidence was obtained for the presence of nitrate in natural xylem sap nor for a significant correlation between nitrate content of soil and leaf NR activity. These results indicate that in the field-grown black alder, the nitrate not reduced in the roots could be reduced in the perennial tissues of aerial parts. Since the leaf NR activity does not reflect the actual in situ nitrate reduction, the existence of a constitutive NR activity in Alnus leaves is suggested. 相似文献
No evidence was obtained for the presence of nitrate in natural xylem sap nor for a significant correlation between nitrate content of soil and leaf NR activity. These results indicate that in the field-grown black alder, the nitrate not reduced in the roots could be reduced in the perennial tissues of aerial parts. Since the leaf NR activity does not reflect the actual in situ nitrate reduction, the existence of a constitutive NR activity in Alnus leaves is suggested. 相似文献
9.
Interaction of enriched CO2 and water stress on the physiology of and biomass production in sweet potato grown in open-top chambers 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0
N. C. BHATTACHARYA D. R. HILEMAN P. P. GHOSH R. L. MUSSER S. BHATTACHARYA P. K. BISWAS 《Plant, cell & environment》1990,13(9):933-940
Abstract. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of water stress in sweet potato ( Ipomoea batatas L. [Lam] 'Georgia Jet') on biomass production and plant-water relationships in an enriched CO2 atmosphere. Plants were grown in pots containing sandy loam soil (Typic Paleudult) at two concentrations of elevated CO2 and two water regimes in open-top field chambers. During the first 12 d of water stress, leaf xylem potentials were higher in plants grown in a CO2 concentration of 438 and 666 μmol mol−1 than in plants grown at 364 μmol mol−1 . The 364 μmol mol−1 CO2 grown plants had to be rewatered 2 d earlier than the high CO2 -grown plants in response to water stress. For plants grown under water stress, the yield of storage roots and root: shoot ratio were greater at high CO2 than at 364 μmol mol−1 ; the increase, however, was not linear with increasing CO2 concentrations. In well-watered plants, biomass production and storage root yield increased at elevated CO2 , and these were greater as compared to water-stressed plants grown at the same CO2 concentration. 相似文献
10.
Abstract. An empirical model of stomatal response to environmental factors was developed from measurements of stomatal conductance ( g s ) made in a leaf chamber under controlled conditions. Results presented in a companion paper (Warrit, Landsberg & Thorpe, 1980) indicated that the model could be written in terms of only two factors, photon flux density ( Q p ) and leaf to air vapour pressure gradient ( D ). The response of Q p was hyperbolic and that to D linear; combining these the equation of the model is where g r is a reference conductance, α is the slope of the response to D and β indicates the sensitivity of g s response to Q p . Values of α were 0.20 and 0.30 kPa−1 in June and August; the corresponding values of β were 59 and 79 μmol m−2 s−1 .
The model was tested against mean values of gs obtained with a porometer in the field, using environmental measurements as inputs. Correspondence between measured and calculated values was good. Transpiration rates were calculated from the Penman-Monteith equation, with stomatal resistance values calculated from the model, and compared with gravimetric measurements of tree water use. It was shown that transpiration could be calculated with acceptable accuracy. The effects of variations in stomatal resistance on transpiration rates under a range of conditions were explored using the model and the Penman- Monteith equation. 相似文献
The model was tested against mean values of g
11.
Developmental changes in the diurnal water budget of the grape berry exposed to water deficits 总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8
The diurnal water budget of developing grape (Vitis vinifera L.) berries was evaluated before and after the onset of fruit ripening (veraison). The diameter of individual berries of potted ‘Zinfandel’ and ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ grapevines was measured continuously with electronic displacement transducers over 24 h periods under controlled environmental conditions, and leaf water status was determined by the pressure chamber technique. For well-watered vines, daytime contraction was much less during ripening (after veraison) than before ripening. Daytime contraction was reduced by restricting berry or shoot transpiration, with the larger effect being shoot transpiration pre-veraison and berry transpiration post-veraison. The contributions of the pedicel xylem and phloem as well as berry transpiration to the net diurnal water budget of the fruit were estimated by eliminating phloem or phloem and xylem pathways. Berry transpiration was significant and comprised the bulk of water outflow for the berry both before and after veraison. A nearly exclusive role for the xylem in water transport into the berry was evident during pre-veraison development, but the phloem was clearly dominant in the post-veraison water budget. Daytime contraction was very sensitive to plant water status before veraison but was remarkably insensitive to changes in plant water status after veraison. This transition is attributed to an increased phloem inflow and a partial discontinuity in berry xylem during ripening. 相似文献
12.
Transpiration rates of young Tamarix aphylla (L.) Karst, plants grown in hydroponics were measured under NaCl- and Cd(NO3 )2 -stress. Transpiration rates were negatively correlated with the relative humidity of the ambient air at all NaCl concentrations investigated. Low and intermediate concentrations of Cd2+ (45 and 90 μ M , respectively) in the medium caused an increase in transpiration rates. This was particularly pronounced at low levels of relative humidity. At 180 μ M Cd2+ , transpiration rates dropped, probably as a result of root damage due to Cd2+ toxicity. Since the transpiration rates differed by a factor of ca 3 between day and night, it is concluded that the stomata did not lose their ability to regulate transpiration under the influence of NaCl or of Cd(NO3 )2 . The transpiration behaviour of T. aphylla indicates that the effect of water vapour pressure (presented as relative humidity) on the degree of stomatal opening is small. Under conditions of ample water supply transpiration follows the evaporative demand of the ambient air and is influenced by the water uptake capacity of the root system as well as by other environmental factors, e.g. light. 相似文献
13.
为了评估热扩散式探针法中的间断加热模式在侧柏树干液流速率测定中的适用性,提高树木蒸腾耗水测定的准确性,本研究选取侧柏为对象,以整树容器称重法测定值为基准,采用热扩散树干液流测定技术,设置3种不同的加热模式: 60 min/0 min(持续加热模式)、30 min/30 min(30 min加热30 min冷却的间断加热模式)、10 min/50 min(10 min加热50 min冷却的间断加热模式),分析不同加热模式处理下温差的梯度特征。同时构建间断加热模式下Granier校正公式,并进行有效性验证分析其误差大小。结果表明: 间断加热模式计算的液流速率与整树容器称重法测定的蒸腾速率日变化规律一致,且间断加热模式能够迅速升温、降温并趋于稳定。Granier原始公式计算的液流量较小,与称重法相比,降低了61.3%;经拟合后,10 min/50 min校正液流速率公式: Fd=0.0177K0.9457(R2=0.88),30 min/30 min校正液流速率公式: Fd=0.0378K1.3146(R2=0.85)。利用新的公式重新计算的侧柏液流速率较称重法测定的蒸腾速率差异较小,且10 min/50 min校正公式计算的液流速率较蒸腾速率的误差更小,降低了5.9%,可以表达出真实的液流速率。在实际应用中,采用10 min/50 min的间断加热模式能够降低自然温差的影响,减少功耗,准确反映侧柏的真实液流速率。 相似文献
14.
Karin Hillerdal-Hagströmer Erkki Mattson-Djos Jerk Hellkvist 《Physiologia plantarum》1982,54(3):295-301
Needle water potential at noon and diurnal variation in needle water potential was measured with a pressure chamber during the growth seasons (1974, 1975 and 1976) in a 20-year-old stand of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), subjected to daily irrigation and nutrient treatments at Jädraås, in central Sweden (60°50'N).
In unstressed conditions there was little difference in water potential amongst the treatments. However, during a dry spell in 1976 the diurnal curves of water potential in the control and combined irrigated and fertilized treatment diverged by up to 6 bar in the middle of the day. Irrigation alone resulted in higher midday water potentials (Ψn ) than in the controls only during this period. At other times in 1974, 1975 and early 1976, the values of Ψn in the irrigated treatment were similar to the controls. Fertilization alone resulted in higher Ψn than in the controls in both 1975 and 1976 during both wet and dry periods. However, the largest difference between treatment and control occurred in the combined, irrigated and fertilized treatment during the dry spell in 1976.
Several possible explanations for the effect of fertilization on leaf water potential are discussed, including changes in hydraulic conductivity and water storage. The most likely explanation is a reduced transpiration rate as a result of more effective stomatal control of water loss. 相似文献
In unstressed conditions there was little difference in water potential amongst the treatments. However, during a dry spell in 1976 the diurnal curves of water potential in the control and combined irrigated and fertilized treatment diverged by up to 6 bar in the middle of the day. Irrigation alone resulted in higher midday water potentials (Ψ
Several possible explanations for the effect of fertilization on leaf water potential are discussed, including changes in hydraulic conductivity and water storage. The most likely explanation is a reduced transpiration rate as a result of more effective stomatal control of water loss. 相似文献
15.
Henrik Saxe 《Physiologia plantarum》1989,76(3):362-367
The dose- and time-response effects of 3 days of 6 h day-time sequential exposures to NO2 , SO2 and SO2 +NO2 of 0.45–1.81 μl l−1 (ppm) SO2 and 1.50–7.65 μl l−1 NO2 on photosynthesis, transpiration and dark respiration were examined for nine Carpatho-Ukrainian half-sib families and a population from the GFR ('Westerhof') of Norway spruce [ Piecea abies (L.) Karst.], all in their 5th growing season.
SO2 +NO2 inhibited photosynthesis and transpiration and stimulated dark respiration more than SO2 alone. SO2 and SO2 +NO2 at the lowest concentrations inhibited night transpiration, but increased it at the highest concentration, the strongest effects being obtained with combined exposures. Photosynthesis of the different half-sib families was affected significantly differently by SO2 +NO2 exposures. NO2 alone had no effects.
Sensitivity to transpiration decline correlated negatively with branch density. Height of trees correlated postitively with decline sensitivity in the seed orchard. The distribution of photosynthesis and transpiration sensitivities over all tested half-sib families correlated negatively with the distribution of decline sensitivity of their parents in a rural Danish seed orchard. The relative photosynthesis and transpiration sensitivities may thus serve as diagnostic parameters for selecting against novel spruce decline. 相似文献
SO
Sensitivity to transpiration decline correlated negatively with branch density. Height of trees correlated postitively with decline sensitivity in the seed orchard. The distribution of photosynthesis and transpiration sensitivities over all tested half-sib families correlated negatively with the distribution of decline sensitivity of their parents in a rural Danish seed orchard. The relative photosynthesis and transpiration sensitivities may thus serve as diagnostic parameters for selecting against novel spruce decline. 相似文献
16.
The nitrogen use efficiencies (NUE) of N2 fixation, primary NH 4 + assimilation and NO 3 − assimilation are compared. The photon and water costs of the various biochemical and transport processes involved in plant growth, N-assimilation, pH regulation and osmolarity generation, per unit N assimilated are respectively likely to be around 5 and 7% greater for N2 fixation than for a combination of NH 4 + and root and shoot NO 3 − assimilation as occurs with most crops. Studies on plant and rhizobial genes involved in nodulation and N2 fixation may lead to more rapid nodulation, production of more stress-tolerant N2 fixing systems and transfer of the hydrogenase system to rhizobium/legume symbioses which currently do not have this ability. The activity of an uptake hydrogenase is predicted to decrease the photon cost of diazotrophic plant growth by about 1%. 相似文献
17.
Elevated concentrations of atmospheric
CO2 protect against and compensate for
O3 damage to photosynthetic tissues of
field-grown wheat 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
I. F. McKEE B. J. MULHOLLAND J. CRAIGON C. R. BLACK & S. P. LONG 《The New phytologist》2000,146(3):427-435
The effects of elevated concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide and ozone on diurnal patterns of photosynthesis have been investigated in field-grown spring wheat ( Triticum aestivum ). Plants cultivated under realistic agronomic conditions, in open-top chambers, were exposed from emergence to harvest to reciprocal combinations of two carbon dioxide and two ozone treatments: [CO2 ] at ambient (380 μmol mol−1 , seasonal mean) or elevated (692 μmol mol−1 ) levels, [O3 ] at ambient (27 nmol mol−1 , 7 hr seasonal mean) or elevated (61 nmol mol−1 ) levels. After anthesis, diurnal measurements were made of flag-leaf gas-exchange and in vitro Rubisco activity and content. Elevated [CO2 ] resulted in an increase in photoassimilation rate and a loss of excess Rubisco activity. Elevated [O3 ] caused a loss of Rubisco and a decline in photoassimilation rate late in flag-leaf development. Elevated [CO2 ] ameliorated O3 damage. The mechanisms of amelioration included a protective stomatal restriction of O3 flux to the mesophyll, and a compensatory effect of increased substrate on photoassimilation and photosynthetic control. However, the degree of protection and compensation appeared to be affected by the natural seasonal and diurnal variations in light, temperature and water status. 相似文献
18.
Changes in axial hydraulic conductivity
along elongating leaf blades in relation to
xylem maturation in tall fescue 总被引:10,自引:0,他引:10
Xylem maturation in elongating leaf blades of tall fescue ( Festuca arundinacea ) was studied using staining and microcasting. Three distinctive regions were identified in the blade: (1) a basal region, in which elongation was occurring and protoxylem (PX) vessels were functioning throughout; (2) a maturation region, in which elongation had stopped and narrow (NMX) and large (LMX) metaxylem vessels were beginning to function; (3) a distal, mature region in which most of the longitudinal water movements occurred in the LMX. The axial hydraulic conductivity ( K h ) was measured in leaf sections from all these regions and compared with the theoretical axial hydraulic conductivity ( K t ) computed from the diameter of individual inner vessels. K t was proportional to K h throughout the leaf, but K t was about three times K h . The changes in K h and K t along the leaf reflected the different stages of xylem maturation. In the basal 60 mm region, K h was about 0.30±0.07 mmol s−1 mm MPa−1 . Beyond that region, K h rapidly increased with metaxylem element maturation to a maximum value of 5.0±0.3 mmol s−1 mm MPa−1 , 105 mm from the leaf base. It then decreased to 3.5±0.2 mmol s−1 mm MPa−1 near the leaf tip. The basal expanding region was observed to restrict longitudinal water movement. There was a close relationship between the water deposition rate in the elongation zone and the sum of the perimeters of PX vessels. The implications of this longitudinal vasculature on the partitioning of water between growth and transpiration is discussed. 相似文献
19.
Stomatal responses of pearl millet (Pennisetum americanum [L.] Leeke) to leaf water status and environmental factors in the field 总被引:3,自引:2,他引:1
I. E. HENSON G. ALAGARSWAMY F. R. BIDINGER V. MAHALAKSHMI 《Plant, cell & environment》1982,5(1):65-74
Abstract. Factors affecting stomatal conductance (g1 ) of pearl millet ( Pennisetum americanum [L.] Leeke), cultivar BJ 104, were examined in the field in India during the dry season.
Diurnal changes in g1 were evaluated for upper expanded leaves at flowering on two occasions using plants subjected to varying degrees of water stress. Except for the most severely stressed treatment, diurnal changes in g1 closely matched changes in irradiance ( I ), the promotive effect of which largely overcame opposing influences on g1 of increasing atmospheric vapour pressure deficit, and decreasing leaf water and turgor potentials (Ψ, Ψp ).
Two main effects of water stress on g1 were evident: (i) a decrease in the amplitude of the mid-day peak in g1 , and (ii) a decrease in the time over which high g1 was maintained, resulting in early (mid-day) closure and hysteresis in the relationship between g1 and I .
Leaf conductance was greatest for upper leaves and decreased down the canopy. At equivalent depths in the canopy g1 was higher in flowering than in photoperiodically-retarded plants of the same age. The magnitude of water stress-induced stomatal closure increased down the plant, and was more marked in retarded than in flowering plants.
Within individual stress treatments Ψ of upper leaves decreased linearly as transpiration flux increased. It is concluded that stomatal behaviour of upper leaves of pearl millet at flowering largely operates to maximize assimilation rather than to minimize water loss. 相似文献
Diurnal changes in g
Two main effects of water stress on g
Leaf conductance was greatest for upper leaves and decreased down the canopy. At equivalent depths in the canopy g
Within individual stress treatments Ψ of upper leaves decreased linearly as transpiration flux increased. It is concluded that stomatal behaviour of upper leaves of pearl millet at flowering largely operates to maximize assimilation rather than to minimize water loss. 相似文献
20.
Abstract. The influence of sapwood water content on the conductivity of sapwood to water was measured on stem sections of Pinus contorta. A reduction in relative water content from 100 to 90% caused permeability to fall to about 10% of the saturated value.
Pressure–volume curves of branchwood and stem sapwood of Pinus contorta and Picea sitchensis have been analysed to definè the tissue capacitance and the time constant and resistance for water movement between stored water and the functional xylem as functions of tissue water potential. Three phases in water loss were discernible. In the initial phase at high water potentials (> –0.5 MPa), the capacitance was large, the time constant long and the resistance to flow large in comparison with intermediate water potentials (−0.5 to −1.5 MPa). At still lower water potentials (−1.5 to −3.0 MPa), the time constant and resistance declined still further but the capacitance had a tendency to increase again, especially in the stemwood of Sitka spruce. Typical values in the second phase were for the time constant 5 s, for the resistance 4 × 10−13 N s m−5 and for the capacitance (change in relative water content per unit change in potential) 1×10−11 m3 Pa−1 . These parameters define the availability of stored water and are being used in a dynamic model of water transport in trees. 相似文献
Pressure–volume curves of branchwood and stem sapwood of Pinus contorta and Picea sitchensis have been analysed to definè the tissue capacitance and the time constant and resistance for water movement between stored water and the functional xylem as functions of tissue water potential. Three phases in water loss were discernible. In the initial phase at high water potentials (> –0.5 MPa), the capacitance was large, the time constant long and the resistance to flow large in comparison with intermediate water potentials (−0.5 to −1.5 MPa). At still lower water potentials (−1.5 to −3.0 MPa), the time constant and resistance declined still further but the capacitance had a tendency to increase again, especially in the stemwood of Sitka spruce. Typical values in the second phase were for the time constant 5 s, for the resistance 4 × 10