中国的胎生爬行纲动物

爬行纲的动物大多数为卵生。有些生活在高寒环境的蜥蜴和蛇为卵胎生和胎生。本文对我国爬行纲动物的胎生种类作了介绍,并对此种生殖方式的生物学意义进行了分析。     

中国爬行纲动物分类厘定

本文对中国爬行纲动物的分类体系和物种进行了系统的评估, 规范了中文学名, 给出了《中国爬行纲校正名录》, 结果表明: 中国现存爬行纲动物3目30科132属462种, 其中鳄形目(Crocodylia)1科1属1种, 龟鳖目(Testudines)6科18属33种, 有鳞目(Squamata)蜥蜴亚目(Lacertilia)10科41属189种, 有鳞目蛇亚目(Serpentes)13科72属239种。与《中国动物志 爬行纲 第一卷(总论、龟鳖目、鳄形目)》、《中国动物志 爬行纲 第二卷(有鳞目: 蜥蜴亚目)》和《中国蛇类》相比, 目和亚目无变化; 科级水平新增5科, 变更2科; 属级水平新增23属, 合并15属, 变更6属; 种级水平新增81种, 变动2种; 未收录同物异名12种、杂交6种、中国无分布7种。形态和分子系统发育研究结果在爬行动物不同分类阶元均有一定差异, 文章对这些争议进行了讨论, 并对名录的选择做了说明。     

蟾蜍和壁虎肺超微结构的比较观察

本文对两栖纲动物蟾蜍和爬行纲动物壁虎肺脏的超微结构进行了比较观察、发现前者与后者相比其气血屏障结构较厚,Ⅰ型上皮细胞的腔面有较丰富的微绒毛,Ⅰ型上皮细胞中所含的嗜铽性板层小体数量较少,体积较小。     

简易饲养石龙蜥的方法

石龙蜥(石龙子)是爬行纲、有鳞目、蜥蜴亚目、石龙蜥科的动物。这类动物在我国已发现的有15种,大部分是分布在我国的南部。由于这类动物体躯较粗大,结构明显,故常用来作为爬行纲动物的实验材料。尤以活的石龙蜥做实验效果更好,因此有时必须暂时饲养几天,但关于石龙蜥的饲养方法却很少见到介绍。笔者同徐州市人民公园李继友同志曾先后饲养过几次石龙蜥,其效果良好。现将我们饲养的情况简介于后:     

秦岭及大巴山地区两栖爬行动物调查报告

1.1961—1962年在秦巴地区共获两栖纲动物23种,隶11属、8科、2目;爬行纲21种,隶15属、6科、2目。 2.发现五个两栖纲新种:秦巴北鲵Ranodon tsinpaensis Liu et Hu,sp.nov.,南江角蟾Megophrys nankiangensis Liu et Hu,sp.nov.,秦岭雨蛙Hyla tsinlingensis Liu et Hu,sp.nov.,光雾臭蛙Rana kuangwuensis Liu et Hu,sp.nov.,合征姬蛙Microhyla mixturaLiu et Hu,sp.nov.;一个爬行纲新种:秦岭滑蜥Leiolopisma tsinlingensis Hu et Djao,sp.nov.。增加陕西省新纪录两栖纲5种,爬行纲11种。修订原纪录分布于秦岭的中国雨蛙为新种秦岭雨蛙,棘腹蛙为隆肛蛙。在秦岭采到中国林蛙的地模标本。 3.秦岭作为古北界与东洋界的区系分界线,在两栖纲方面表现为在秦岭北坡种类少(8种),缺少东洋界的代表类型,如泽蛙、树蛙等;秦岭南坡至大巴山种类逐渐增加(共23种);东洋界的代表类型逐渐繁多;但树蛙种类少,数量亦少。在爬行纲方面北坡周至附近获无蹼壁虎,丽斑麻蜥及黄脊游蛇古北界代表动物。白眉蝮不同垂直分布区有明显的差异。 4.秦巴区的四种两栖纲优势种(隆肛蛙、秦巴北鲵、秦岭雨蛙及合征姬蛙)的分布特征,可初步说明秦巴区具有独特的区系组成。     

Doppel蛋白及其对动物生殖的影响

Doppel(简称Dpl)是新发现的一种糖基磷脂酰肌醇锚定(GPI)结构糖蛋白, 在结构上与朊蛋白(Prion protein, PrP)相似, 其编码基因位于朊蛋白编码基因(Prion protein gene, PRNP)下游, 但在生理功能上两者差异较大。Dpl蛋白在成年动物体内的表达主要集中在睾丸组织, 对雄性动物精子完整性、活力以及维持正常受精能力等生殖功能具有重要作用。以下主要综述了Dpl蛋白的生物学特征、生理功能以及对雄性动物生殖调控的影响, 旨在为Dpl蛋白的功能研究和雄性动物生殖调控研究提供理论参考。     

角蛋白家族及其对羊毛生长发育的调控

角蛋白是动物毛发和羊毛纤维的主要成分,该文简要介绍角蛋白的结构、种类和生物学特性以及在毛发发育中的作用,为角蛋白在动物育种中的应用提供理论基础。     

骨形态发生蛋白家族及其受体在生殖调控中的作用

骨形态发生蛋白 (bonemorphogenelicprotein ,BMP)又称骨形成蛋白 ,属于转化生长因子超家族成员。本文从理化特性、受体种类、信号转导机制 ,以及在动物生殖调控中的作用和受体基因突变所导致的多胎机制等方面 ,详细阐述了有关BMP近年来的研究状况 ,旨在为研究绵羊或其它物种的多胎机制提供参考     

蛤蚧鸣叫观察

国产爬行纲动物能鸣叫者稀见,推壁虎科动物的一些种类能发出低沉的蛤(ge)、蛤、蛤之声。如壁虎,鸣声仅数米之内可闻及。然蛤蚧之鸣声特别高亢,即使是白天,500米内外也可闻及。查古籍对于蛤蚧的鸣声虽有片言断语之记载,但多谬论。现今一些资料,也多系抄录古籍或观察有误。现将10多年的观察取得的资料,整理如下。     

南大洋极锋以南常见磷虾类生殖特性研究进展

磷虾是南大洋生态系统的基本组成部分,它们在南极海洋食物网中扮演着关键角色。磷虾可能是人类未开发的最大动物蛋白质来源,人类对磷虾资源开发的兴趣日趋增加,但目前关于这些种类的基础生物学,尤其是除南极大磷虾以外的其他磷虾类繁殖特性的了解极为匮乏。本文对已有相关研究进行梳理,揭示了不同种磷虾卵巢发育经历相似的生理步骤;磷虾卵母细胞大小存在区域性差异;通过观察第二性征和卵巢形态可以划分雌性磷虾的发育阶段;磷虾种间产卵期具有纬度差异,种内具有区域差异;多数调查发现样本中雌性磷虾个体占优。在此基础上,本文对今后的研究重点提出展望:1)加强南极大磷虾之外磷虾生殖特性的研究,探索磷虾生殖特点的季节性、区域性对磷虾环南极分布的影响;2)重点关注实验生物学研究,厘清磷虾的产卵次数及机制,以期准确估算繁殖力以评估磷虾资源开发可能产生的影响。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.