三硝基甲苯对大鼠晶状体中溶性蛋白质,巯基及二硫键含量的影响

我们采用三磷基甲苯（ＴＮＴ）与大鼠晶状体体外培养的方法,动态观察了晶状中可溶性蛋白质、非蛋白质巯基、蛋白质结合巯及二硫键含量的变化,发现随着三硝基甲苯作用时间的延长,可溶性蛋白质、非蛋白质巯基及蛋白质巯基均减少,蛋白质结合巯基及二硫键交联的蛋白质含量增加,其中可溶性蛋白质、非蛋白质巯基及二硫键含量的变化皆达到了统计学上的显著意义水平（Ｐ＜０．０５）。     

晶状体生化的研究——亚硒酸钠诱发大鼠白内障晶状体中巯基、二硫键及维生素C的含量

我们测定了正常及亚硒酸钠诱发的白内障大鼠晶状体中非蛋白质巯基、蛋白质巯基、蛋白质结合巯基和维生素C的含量,发现随着白内障的进展非蛋白质巯基及蛋白质巯基均减少,蛋白质结合巯基在核混浊时增加,而在整个晶状体混浊时下降到与正常对照组相近,在白内障形成过程中二硫交联的蛋白质含量明显增加,而维生素C含量似乎无明显变化。     

比较不同类型白内障形成过程中非蛋白质巯基与蛋白质巯基的动态变化及关系

本文报道了在亚硒酸钠、平阳霉素及半乳糖诱发大鼠产生白内障过程中晶状体中非蛋白质巯基及蛋白质巯基的动态变化,并探讨了其变化机理及相互关系。在亚硒酸钠诱发白内障过程中,给药24h后晶状体中非蛋白质巯基减少到正常的二分之一,以后又逐渐回升,但始终未达到正常水平,至第7天,非蛋白质巯基又再度减少。在平阳霉素及半乳糖诱发白内障过程中,晶状体中非蛋白质巯基分别在给药后的第7天及第3天开始大量减少,以后继续减少,至第15天时,其含量分别为正常的十分之一及五分之一。在体外,亚硒酸钠有促进还原型谷胱甘肽自氧化的作用,半乳糖对此作用无影响,而平阳霉素可阻止其进行,但能加强亚硒酸钠的促进作用。在三种白内障晶状体中,蛋白质巯基开始减少的时间均较非蛋白质巯基为晚,这表明只有非蛋白质巯基减少到一定程度后蛋白质巯基才会被大量氧化,同时也说明非蛋白质巯基具有保护蛋白质巯基免受氧化的作用。只有这种保护作用减弱后,才会使蛋白质巯基遭受氧化而导致白内障。     

四种中草药对大鼠半乳糖性白内障氧化还原物质及糖类含量的影响

对正常和半乳糖性白内障及给中草药的大鼠晶状体中某些吡啶核苷酸成分、糖类、非蛋白质巯基的含量进行了比较。结果表明,在白内障晶状体中,NADPH及非蛋白质巯基的含量明显低于正常晶状体的,而NADP、半乳糖及半乳糖醇的含量明显高于正常晶状体的;当注射半乳糖的同时分别用黄岑、石斛、菟丝子及玉蝴蝶四种中草药水煎剂灌胃,上述变化为基本恢复至正常晶状体的水平。表明四种中草药对晶状体中的异常生化变化具有阻止及纠正作用。     

中药合剂CB在晶状体白内障形成中对巯基及二硫键的作用

用白内障诱发剂三硝基甲苯、平阳霉素、亚硒酸钠和半乳糖分别加入大鼠晶状体培养基中,共同培养２４ｈ,同时在各培养基中分别加入中药合剂ＣＢ,以观察其药效,用维生素Ｃ作对照。结果表明中药合剂ＣＢ能够保护非蛋白质巯基免致氧化,抑制蛋白质巯基交联,降低晶状体不溶性蛋白质中二硫键含量,故中药合剂ＣＢ有可能作为抗白内障药物应用于临床。     

蛋白质二硫键异构酶——一种可能参与蛋白质生物合成的酶

蛋白质二硫键异构酶分布很广,种属间比较保守,定位于内质网膜上,组织分布、活力水平与含二硫键的蛋白质的合成平行,而且底物专一性很差,催化巯基二硫键交换,提示它可能参与蛋白质的生物合成。     

正常与患白内障大鼠晶状体中脲溶性蛋白质性质的研究

本文研究了正常及三种类型白内障大鼠晶状体中脲溶性蛋白质的含量及性质的变化,发现在每种类型白内障晶状体中,水溶性蛋白质均减少,水不溶性蛋白质则都相对增加。经SephadexG-200柱层析及SDS聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳发现,晶状体中脲溶性蛋白质主要是由二硫键交联而成的高分子聚合物。经巯基乙醇还原后,绝大部分高分子聚合物可分解成低分子量蛋白质,其分子量与水溶性的γ晶体蛋白相同。这提示晶状体中脲溶性蛋白质的主要成分很可能是以二硫键交联而成的γ晶体蛋白聚合物。此结果与本实验室所得白内障晶状体水溶性蛋白质的变化相吻合。     

AC1及AC3对白内障形成中晶状体氧化还原物质及硒含量的变化

观察了AC1和AC3对抗亚硒酸钠性白内障形成过程中晶状体的脂类过氧化作用,非蛋白质疏基水平及硒含量。结果表明,亚硒酸钠组大鼠,在晶状体混浊出现前已发生脂类过氧化作用及硒含量的明显增加,非蛋白质巯基含量的显著降低,并持续至核混浊期;而同时接受AC1或AC3的大鼠,晶状体非蛋白质巯基水平初期降低,然后逐渐恢复至正常。AC1可有效的对抗亚硒酸钠所致的脂类过氧化作用增加,而AC3的对抗效应需一定剂量及时程,两者对晶状体硒含量均无明显影响。     

蛋白质二硫键异构酶家族的结构与功能

蛋白质二硫键异构酶（protein disulfide isomerase,PDI）家族是一类在内质网中起作用的巯基-二硫键氧化还原酶.它们通常含有CXXC（Cys-Xaa-Xaa-Cys,CXXC）活性位点,活性位点的两个半胱氨酸残基可催化底物二硫键的形成、异构及还原.所有PDI家族成员包含至少一个约100个氨基酸残基的硫氧还蛋白同源结构域.PDI家族的主要职能是催化内质网中新生肽链的氧化折叠,另外在内质网相关的蛋白质降解途径（ERAD）、蛋白质转运、钙稳态、抗原提呈及病毒入侵等方面也起重要作用.     

蛋白质二硫键异构酶—一种可能参与蛋白质生物合成的酶

蛋白质二硫键异构酶分布很广,种属间比较保守,定位于内质网膜上,组织分布、活力水平与含二硫键的蛋白质的合成平行,而且底物专一性很差,催化巯基二硫键交换,提示它可能参与蛋白质的生物合成。     

三硝基甲苯致晶体氧化损伤的研究

采取大鼠晶体体外培养的方法,动态观察了在三硝基甲苯作用下,晶体中脂类过氧化、维生素Ｃ含量及超氧化物歧化酶活性的改变,并与对照组进行比较。发现随着三硝基甲苯作用时间的增加,晶体中脂类过氧化增高;维生素Ｃ含量呈下降趋势;超氧化物歧化酶活性在第１天升高,第５天下降。     

Introduction of sulfhydryl groups into proteins at carboxyl sites

A two-step procedure for introduction of sulfhydryl groups at protein carboxyl groups is described. The resultant proteins contain 2-aminoethanethiol residues bound by amide linkages to the protein carboxyl groups. First an amide bond is formed between a carboxyl group of the protein and one of the amino groups of cystamine. Then the disulfide bond is reduced with dithiothreitol, yielding the amide of 2-aminoethanethiol. This procedure was used to incorporate sulfhydryl groups into carbonic anhydrase and adrenocorticotropic hormone. The effect of carbodiimide concentration and pH of the coupling reaction on stoichiometry of sulfhydryl group incorporation was examined. The method was used to prepare bovine carbonic anhydrase containing up to nine sulfhydryl groups per molecule with no loss of enzymatic activity and biologically active adrenocorticotropic hormone containing one sulfhydryl group per molecule.     

Detection and quantification of free sulfhydryls in monoclonal antibodies using maleimide labeling and mass spectrometry

The detection of free sulfhydryls in proteins can reveal incomplete disulfide bond formation, indicate cysteine residues available for conjugation, and offer insights into protein stability and structure. Traditional spectroscopic methods of free sulfhydryl detection, such as Ellman’s reagent, generally require a relatively large amount of sample, preventing their use for the analysis of biotherapeutics early in the development cycle. These spectroscopic methods also cannot accurately determine the location of the free sulfhydryl, further limiting their utility. Mass spectrometry was used to detect free sulfhydryl residues in intact proteins after labeling with Maleimide-PEG₂-Biotin. As little as 2% cysteine residues with free sulfhydryls (0.02 mol SH per mol protein) could be detected by this method. Following reduction, the free sulfhydryl abundance on antibody heavy and light chains could be measured. To determine free sulfhydryl location at peptide-level resolution, free sulfhydryls and cysteines involved in disulfide bonds were differentially labeled with N-ethylmaleimide and d₅-N-ethylmaleimide, respectively. Following enzymatic digestion and nanoLC-MS, the abundance of free sulfhydryls at individual cysteine residues was quantified down to 2%. The method was optimized to avoid non-specific labeling, disulfide bond scrambling, and maleimide exchange and hydrolysis. This new workflow for free sulfhydryl analysis was used to measure the abundance and location of free sulfhydryls in 3 commercially available monoclonal antibody standards (NIST Monoclonal Antibody Reference Material (NIST), SILu?Lite SigmaMAb Universal Antibody Standard (Sigma-Aldrich) and Intact mAb Mass Check Standard (Waters)) and 1 small protein standard (β-Lactoglobulin A).     

Influence of liposome charge and composition on their interaction with human blood serum proteins

The roles of sulfhydryl and disulfide groups in the specific binding of synthetic cannabinoid CP-55,940 to the cannabinoid receptor in membrane preparations from the rat cerebral cortex have been examined. Various sulfhydryl blocking reagents including p-chloromercuribenzoic acid (p-CMB), N-ethylmaleimide (NEM), o-iodosobenzoic acid (o-ISB), and methyl methanethiosulfonate (MMTS) inhibited the specific binding of [³H]CP-55,940 to the cannabinoid receptor in a dose-dependent manner. About 80–95% inhibition was obtained at a 0.1 mM concentration of these reagents. Scatchard analysis of saturation experiments indicates that most of these sulfhydryl modifying reagents reduce both the binding affinity (K_d) and capacity (B_max). On the other hand, DL-dithiothreitol (DTT), a disulfide reducing agent, also irreversibly inhibited the specific binding of [³H]CP-55,940 to the receptor and about 50% inhibition was obtained at a 5 mM concentration. Furthermore, 5mM DTT was abelt to dissociate 50% of the bound ligand from the ligand-receptor complex. The marked inhibition of [³H]CP-55,940 binding by sulfhydryl reagents suggests that at least one free sulfhydryl group is essential to the binding of the ligand to the receptor. In addition, the inhibition of the binding by DTT implies that besides free sulfhydryl group(s), the integrity of a disulfide bridge is also important for [³H]CP-55,940 binding to the cannabinoid receptor.     

Nonprotein sulfhydryls as possible components of the protective effect of rosaprostol on the rat gastric mucosa

Experiments were designed to examine the possibility that nonprotein sulfhydryl groups of the gastric mucosa could participate in the protection of rat gastric mucosa by rosaprostol (the Na salt of 9-hydroxy-8,12 trans-19,20-bis-nor-prostanoic acid). Gastric mucosal lesions and the content of nonprotein sulfhydryls were evaluated after orally administered absolute ethanol. Pretreatment with rosaprostol by gavage prevented gastric lesions and reduced or prevented the decrease of mucosal nonprotein thiols. N-ethylmaleimide, a sulfhydryl blocker, worsened the ethanol-induced gastric lesions and lowered further the non protein thiols. Both variables were improved by the PG analogue and by PGE2. These results suggest a possible role of endogenous nonprotein sulfhydryl groups in the gastric protective effect of rosaprostol.     

Nonprotein sulfhydryls as possible components of the protective effect of rosaprostol on the rat gastric mucosa

Experiments were designed to examine the possibility that nonprotein sulfhydryl groups of the gastric mucosa could participate in the protection of rat gastric mucosa by rosaprostol (the Na salt of 9-hydroxy-8,12 trans-19,20-bis-nor-prostanoic acid). Gastric mucosal lesions and the content of nonprotein sulfhydryls were evaluated after orally administered absolute ethanol. Pretreatment with rosaprostol by gavage prevented gastric lesions and reduced or prevented the decrease of mucosal nonprotein thiols. N-ethylmaleimide, a sulfhydryl blocker, worsened the ethanol-induced gastric lesions and lowered further the non protein thiols. Both variables were improved by the PG analogue and by PGE₂. These results suggest a possible role of endogenous nonprotein sulfhydryl groups in the gastric protective effect of rosaprostol.     

Protein synthesis during outgrowth of Bacillus subtilis spores. A two-dimensional gel electrophoresis study

Abstract To know if significant disulfide reduction was an important event during Streptomyces spore germination, the thiol-disulfide ratio was studied. Sulfhydryl and disulfide levels were determined by the quenching reactionof the fluorescence of fluorescein mercuric acetate. In the first 2 h of germination (darkening of spores), no significant changes in both levels were found. During spore swelling, the sulfhydryl content increased, whereas the disulfide content decreased. This increase in sulfhydryl groups was mainly occurring (93%) in the spore soluble fraction. Our data allowed us to discard the possibility of a major change in the thiol-disulfide ratio during initiation of Streptomyces spore germination.