水分胁迫对2种科尔沁沙地植物光合和水分利用特性的影响

选用内蒙古科尔沁沙地1年生植物狗尾草(Setaria viridis)和沙米(Agriophyllum squarrosum)为材料,采用盆栽方法研究了它们在不同土壤水分处理下的光合参数和水分利用效率的日变化特征及其与环境因子的相关关系。结果表明,狗尾草和沙米的净光合速率日变化曲线在充分供水条件下均呈单峰型,在轻度干旱胁迫下均呈双峰型,而在重度干旱胁迫下分别呈双峰型和左偏单峰型。狗尾草和沙米的蒸腾速率在不同水分处理下都近似呈双峰型曲线,然而变化程度却不相同。重度干旱胁迫下,狗尾草日平均净光合速率(11.52μmol.m-2.s-1)和蒸腾速率(3.62 mmol.m-2.s-1)分别比相应充分供水处理增加7%和43%,而沙米的日平均净光合速率(7.07μmol.m-2.s-1)和蒸腾速率(5.56 mmol.m-2.s-1)则分别较相应充分供水处理降低13%和36%。重度干旱胁迫下,狗尾草水分利用效率(2.84 mmol.mol-1)比相应充分供水处理降低3.1%,而沙米水分利用效率(1.14mmol.mol-1)则较充分供水处理提高了34%。光合速率下降在充分供水条件下主要是由气孔调节,但在轻度干旱胁迫和重度干旱胁迫处理下非气孔因素调节却起到十分重要的作用。在重度干旱胁迫下,狗尾草仍具有显著高于沙米的的净光合速率和水分利用效率,这可能是其仍然能够在固定沙地分布的原因之一。     

四种灌木幼苗对水分胁迫的生理响应

柠条锦鸡儿(Caragana korshinskii)、白皮锦鸡儿(C.leucophloea)、刺叶锦鸡儿(C.acanthophylla)和长枝木蓼(Atraphaxis virgata)是乌鲁木齐周边植被组成中的重要植物种,在植被恢复中具有潜在价值。研究通过人工控制水分比较这4种灌木对干旱胁迫的生理响应,结果表明:叶片的组织含水量和叶绿素含量随着干旱胁迫的加剧而降低;脯氨酸在干旱胁迫下的积累程度较可溶性糖大;除刺叶锦鸡儿外其它植物幼苗的丙二醛在干旱胁迫下均无明显的积累(P>0.05)。4种灌木在干旱胁迫下通过渗透调节、保持膜系统稳定等途径维持正常的生理活动,对干旱具有一定的适应能力。4种灌木抗旱能力的排序为白皮锦鸡儿>柠条锦鸡儿>长枝木蓼>刺叶锦鸡儿。     

壳寡糖对干旱胁迫下油菜叶片生理指标的影响

以世界主要油料作物油菜(Brassica napus L.)为研究对象,研究了干旱胁迫下外施壳寡糖对叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性、叶绿素荧光参数及叶片相对含水量的影响.结果表明:壳寡糖处理早期油菜叶片SOD和POD活性明显下降,后期SOD和POD活性明显升高;壳寡糖处理后脯氨酸含量明显升高.壳寡糖还能够诱导光系统Ⅱ最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、光系统Ⅱ有效光化学量子产量(Fv'/Fm')、光化学荧光猝灭系数(qP)和光系统Ⅱ电子传递量子产量(ΦPsⅡ)明显提高,同时初始荧光(Fo)和非光化学荧光猝灭系数(qN)明显降低.此外,壳寡糖还能够提高油菜叶片相对含水量.研究表明,外施壳寡糖改善了油菜抗旱相关的生理指标进而增强其抗旱能力.     

意大利蜜蜂对两种油菜花朵气味的偏爱性

【目的】明确意大利蜜蜂Apis mellifera ligustica（简称“意蜂”）对两种油菜（甘蓝型胜利油菜 Brassica napus cv. Shengli和芥菜型马尾油菜 B. juncea cv. Mawei）的气味偏爱性及选择行为特征。【方法】本研究开展大田访花偏爱性试验、室外群体气味偏爱性试验以及室内“Y”型嗅觉仪行为反应和学习记忆试验,测定意蜂蜂群及青年采集蜂对甘蓝型胜利油菜和芥菜型马尾油菜两种油菜花朵的选择次数,并通过采集蜂训练时及训练后的喙伸反应率分析两种油菜花朵气味对采集蜂学习记忆能力的影响,最终评估意蜂蜂群及个体对这两种油茶花朵气味的选择性。【结果】大田试验12:00-13:00时间段,访问胜利油菜的意蜂数量显著高于访问马尾油菜的数量(P<0.05）。群体气味偏爱性试验14:00-15:00时间段意蜂访问胜利油菜的数量显著高于访问马尾油菜的数量（P<0.05）。行为反应试验结果显示意蜂选择胜利油菜的次数（3.86±2.83）显著高于访问马尾油菜的次数（2.28±1.87）（P<0.05）。在学习记忆试验中,随着训练次数的增加,意蜂对两种油菜花朵气味的喙伸反应率逐渐升高,相同的训练次数,意蜂对两种油菜气味的学习能力差异不显著（P>0.05）;训练结束后,随着时间的增加,意蜂对胜利油菜及马尾油菜的气味记忆逐渐下降,在24 h对胜利油菜的气味记忆明显高于对马尾油菜的气味记忆（P<0.05）。【结论】本研究证明意蜂较偏爱胜利油菜的花朵气味,花朵气味是影响其采集偏爱的重要因素,气味响应性试验可定量分析蜜蜂对花朵气味的嗅觉敏感性。     

镉胁迫对2种油菜土壤真菌群落的影响

[背景] 人类活动引起的农田重金属污染已成为严重的环境问题。镉（Cd）是最具毒性的重金属之一,能对人体和生态系统构成威胁。[目的] 研究不同浓度镉处理对2种油菜（甘蓝型油菜和芥菜型油菜）的土壤（根际和非根际）真菌群落的影响,为镉的生物修复和健康风险评估提供理论基础。[方法] 对2种油菜土壤（根际和非根际）真菌转录间隔区（Internal Transcribed Spacer,ITS）进行高通量测序,分析镉对根际和非根际土壤真菌群落的影响。[结果] 镉胁迫改变了土壤真菌群落的组成和结构,但对2种油菜土壤真菌群落的α多样性几乎无显著影响。土壤镉浓度和生物量与2种油菜根际土壤真菌群落显著相关,芥菜型油菜非根际土壤真菌群落也与镉污染浓度显著相关。土壤真菌分子生态网络也受到镉污染的影响,甘蓝型油菜根际土壤网络稳定性降低,共生关系减少。甘蓝型油菜非根际土壤网络稳定性升高,但共生关系减少。芥菜型油菜的根际和非根际土壤的网络稳定性升高,而且共生关系增多。[结论] 镉污染会影响土壤系统中的本土真菌群落,从而可能进一步改变土壤的生态系统功能。     

油菜幼苗光合及叶绿素荧光参数对干旱胁迫的响应及其抗旱性分析

该研究在人工控制水分条件下,设置3个干旱胁迫处理,选用3个主栽油菜品种‘陇油10号’、‘陇油2号’、‘青杂5号’幼苗进行盆栽试验,测定干旱胁迫条件下叶片相对含水量、叶绿素含量、光合气体交换参数及叶绿素荧光参数等指标,考察各指标在干旱胁迫过程中的变化特征,并通过主成分分析(PCA)和隶属函数法评价品种的抗旱性及其主要响应因子,以揭示西北地区油菜幼苗响应干旱胁迫的光合调控机制。结果表明：(1)各品种油菜幼苗的叶片相对含水量(RWC)均随干旱胁迫程度的递增而逐渐降低,最大水分亏缺(WSD)却逐渐上升。(2)各品种油菜幼苗叶片的叶绿素a含量、叶绿素总含量随着干旱胁迫程度的递增而先增加后递减,且同一种幼苗在不同处理间差异显著。(3)各品种油菜幼苗叶片的净光合速率(P_n)、水分利用效率(WUE)、单株生物量、气孔导度(G_s)、胞间CO₂浓度(C_i)均在受到干旱胁迫时迅速降低,且同一品种幼苗在不同处理间差异显著,而其叶片蒸腾速率(T_r)在干旱胁迫下无显著变化。(4)各品种油菜幼苗叶片光化学猝...     

干旱胁迫对水稻水分利用效率的影响

通过特殊自然干旱胁迫的方法,研究不同干旱胁迫对水稻的水分利用效率（ＷＵＥ）的影响,在一定供水量时,水稻的ＷＵＥ随供水量的增加而下降,但水稻旱种时,却因供水量过低,干旱胁迫严重,ＷＵＥ值为最低。不同品种的水稻ＷＵＥ存在较大的差异,抗旱性强的品种具有较高ＷＵＥ,因此选用具有较高ＷＵＥ的品种,是水稻节水栽培的关键。     

大豆异黄酮对干旱胁迫下油菜幼苗生长的影响

研究在模拟干旱的条件下喷施大豆异黄酮对油菜(Brassica campestris)幼苗抗旱性的影响.结果表明:0.1 mg/L的大豆异黄酮处理过的油菜幼苗,叶绿素a含量是对照的1.69倍、硝酸还原酶和过氧化物酶活性分别比对照增强了52.85%和30.73%、类黄酮含量比对照增加了49.1%、丙二醛含量比对照降低了26.61%、根系活力比对照高出近1倍.上述结果表明低浓度的大豆异黄酮能明显减轻干旱胁迫对油菜幼苗生长的伤害作用.     

不同种植方式下两种草本营养元素对土壤厚度和水分减少的响应

为了探究不同种植方式下草本植物对喀斯特\"土层浅薄\"和\"岩溶干旱\"生境的养分调节响应,选择苇状羊茅(Festuca arundinacea)和黑麦草(Lolium perenne)为研究材料,在盆栽水分控制条件下设置了2种土壤厚度[对照土壤厚度(T_(CK))和浅土(T_S)]、2种水分处理[对照水分(W_(CK))和干旱(W_D)]和2种种植方式(单种和混种),研究土壤厚度和水分减少对混种下两种草本植物元素含量、积累和分配的影响。结果表明:(1)与对照组(CK:T_(CK)W_(CK))相比,在浅土组(S:T_SW_(CK))、干旱组(D:T_(CK)W_D)和浅土+干旱组(SD:T_SW_D),苇状羊茅和黑麦草的地上和根系C和N含量在单种和混种下(浅土除外)显著增加,P含量和各部分元素积累量显著降低;而苇状羊茅的根系各元素分配比在3种低资源水平下(S、D、SD)由单种时增加转为混种时降低,而黑麦草的根系营养元素分配比在浅土中增加,但在干旱处理下减少。(2)在对照资源水平下(CK),混种后苇状羊茅的地上部分C含量、根系P含量、地上、地下和总的元素积累量和根系元素分配比显著高于单种,而在3种低资源水平下达到各参数在单种和混种下无显著差异。(3)在各资源水平下,混种后黑麦草各部分C、N、P的含量、积累量和根系元素分配比大体上与单种无显著差异。结果表明,在低资源水平下,苇状羊茅和黑麦草通过增加C和N元素含量表现出较强的资源获取和防御能力。在混种条件下,苇状羊茅能够通过调节自身元素的积累和分配来提高竞争力,而黑麦草保持相对恒定的策略来响应竞争。     

不同园艺生产系统土壤可溶性有机氮差异

运用超速离心技术和KCl浸提法测定了不同园艺生产系统（有机(OS)、转换期(TS)、常规(CS)生产系统）土壤中可溶性有机氮（SON）、溶解性有机氮（DON）、游离氨基酸（FA A）等含量及其与土壤其他性质之间的关系.结果表明：供试土壤SON含量表现为OS>CS>TS,SON含量分别为土壤可溶性总氮（TSN）的42.9%、24.5%和18.4%,分别为土壤全氮的11.1%、11.9%和7.4%;OS、TS、CS生产系统土壤DON含量分别为4.38、1.68和3.26 mg·kg ^-1,分别占TSN的47.9%、22.1%和26.1%,占土壤全氮的2.9%、2.3%和3.6%;而FAA含量则表现为CS>TS>OS,分别占TSN和SON的1%～3%和2%～10%.相关分析表明,TSN、SON及FAA与全氮、全碳、硝态氮、铵态氮等各养分之间均有极显著相关关系（P<0.01）.因此,不同园艺生产系统的管理方式改变了土壤SON的含量及其特性.     

Vicariance, climate change, anatomy and phylogeny of Restionaceae

Cutler suggested almost 30 years ago that there was convergent evolution between African and Australian Restionaceae in the distinctive culm anatomical features of Restionaceae. This was based on his interpretation of the homologies of the anatomical features, and these are here tested against a 'supertrec' phylogeny, based on three separate phvlogenies. The first is based on morphology and includes all genera; the other two are based on molecular sequences from the chloroplast genome-, one covers the African genera, and the other tin-Australian genera. This analysis corroborates Cutler's interpretation of convergent evolution between African and Australian Restionaceae. However, it indicates that for the Australian genera, the evolutionary pathway of the culm anatomy is much more complex than originally thought. In the most likely scenario, the ancestral Restionaceae have protective cells derived from the chlorenchyma. These persist in African Restionaceae, but are soon lost in Australian Restionaceae. Pillar cells and sclerenchyma ribs evolve early in the diversification of Australian Restionaceae, but are secondarily lost numerous times. In some of the reduction cases, the result is a very simple culm anatomy, which Cutler had interpreted as a primitively simple culm type, while in other cases it appears as if the functions of the ribs and pillars may have been taken over by a new structure, protective cells developed from epidermal, rather than chlorenchyma, cells. Cutler suggested that this convergent evolution might have been in response to Tertiary climatic deterioration, but this study finds no strong corroborating evidence for this.     

Modeling of plant adaptation to climatic drought induced water deficit

Soil moisture flux to root surface is considered the main determining factor of the transpiration intensity of plants. This assumption is valid not only in optimal plant physiological conditions without any physical barrier for the evaporation from the leaves, but in climatic drought as well, when high usable soil water amount cannot supply the evapo-transpiration intensity of plant. A new algorithm we built up describing the plant adaptation in climatic drought when stoma’s closure and reduction of plant’s potential evapo-transpiration (PET) starts. The adaptation algorithm of Doorenbos et al. (1978) is developed further defining that soil moisture content initiating the stomata’s closure. The critical soil moisture content is varying according to the PET, and drought tolerance of plant. If soil moisture content is less than the critical one, the plant evapo-transpiration (ET) can be highly different in the drought tolerance plant groups. The new drought tolerance algorithm is applied to maize field plots on chernozem soil of the experimental station of the Debrecen University, in East Hungary. Simulated soil water storages are compared to measured ones of a field plot treatment in five consecutive years. The soil moisture content profiles are measured with a BR-150 capacitance probe (Andrén et al. 1991). Differences between measured and simulated soil water storages are not significant in 2003. Simulations indicate low soil water storages in autumn of 2006, and in the first half of 2007 predicting the low maize production realized in 2007. The new plant adaptation algorithm can be used for a climate and soil moisture content sensitive irrigation control as well. The maize production is an illustrative biohydrological example of water flow through the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum.     

盐分和干旱对沙枣幼苗生理特性的影响

以沙枣(Elaeagnus angustifolia L.)幼苗为实验材料,分别对其进行轻度干旱(土壤含水量7%—9%)、重度干旱(土壤含水量3%—5%)、100 mmol/L NaCl以及100 mmol/L NaCl处理下不同程度的盐旱共胁迫处理,处理2周后测其生理指标,包括生长指标、光合指标、渗透调节指标以及复水后生长指标,研究盐旱共胁迫对沙枣幼苗生理特性的影响。结果表明:和对照相比,轻度干旱对沙枣幼苗的生物量没有显著影响,重度干旱处理明显降低了沙枣的生物量,无论是轻度干旱还是重度干旱,都显著降低了沙枣幼苗的净光合速率、K~+含量,显著增加了Na~+含量、脯氨酸含量、可溶性糖含量、有机酸含量、总酚和类黄酮含量;和对照相比,100 mmol/L NaCl处理显著降低了沙枣幼苗的生物量、净光合速率和K~+含量,显著增加了Na~+含量、脯氨酸含量、可溶性糖含量、有机酸含量、总酚和类黄酮含量;和盐处理相比,轻度干旱和盐分共胁迫对沙枣幼苗的各项指标没有显著差异,而重度干旱和盐分共胁迫明显降低了沙枣幼苗的生物量、净光合速率;复水一周后,只有轻度干旱可以回复到对照水平。以上结果表明,盐分和干旱处理明显抑制了沙枣幼苗的生长,轻度干旱和盐分共胁迫条件下,沙枣幼苗表现出一定的交叉适应现象,而重度干旱却加重了盐害。     

Adaptive microclimatic structural and expressional dehydrin 1 evolution in wild barley, Hordeum spontaneum, at 'Evolution Canyon', Mount Carmel, Israel

'Evolution Canyon' (ECI) at Lower Nahal Oren, Mount Carmel, Israel, is an optimal natural microscale model for unravelling evolution in action highlighting the twin evolutionary processes of adaptation and speciation. A major model organism in ECI is wild barley, Hordeum spontaneum , the progenitor of cultivated barley, which displays dramatic interslope adaptive and speciational divergence on the 'African' dry slope (AS) and the 'European' humid slope (ES), separated on average by 200 m. Here we examined interslope single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) sequences and the expression diversity of the drought resistant dehydrin 1 gene ( Dhn1 ) between the opposite slopes. We analysed 47 plants (genotypes), 4–10 individuals in each of seven stations (populations) in an area of 7000 m², for Dhn1 sequence diversity located in the 5' upstream flanking region of the gene. We found significant levels of Dhn1 genic diversity represented by 29 haplotypes, derived from 45 SNPs in a total of 708 bp sites. Most of the haplotypes, 25 out of 29 (= 86.2%), were represented by one genotype; hence, unique to one population. Only a single haplotype was common to both slopes. Genetic divergence of sequence and haplotype diversity was generally and significantly different among the populations and slopes. Nucleotide diversity was higher on the AS, whereas haplotype diversity was higher on the ES. Interslope divergence was significantly higher than intraslope divergence. The applied Tajima D rejected neutrality of the SNP diversity. The Dhn1 expression under dehydration indicated interslope divergent expression between AS and ES genotypes, reinforcing Dhn1 associated with drought resistance of wild barley at 'Evolution Canyon'. These results are inexplicable by mutation, gene flow, or chance effects, and support adaptive natural microclimatic selection as the major evolutionary divergent driving force.     

Praying for Drought: Persistent Vulnerability and the Politics of Patronage in Ceará, Northeast Brazil

ABSTRACT   The phrase persistent vulnerability reflects the enduring relationship of the rural population in Ceará with a highly variable climate. Persistence underscores the historical and unyielding nature of this vulnerability. Yet contrary to once-catastrophic rates of mortality etched in a public consciousness, no one dies from severe droughts and few people flee them as in the past. Government relief and social transfers have become the institutionalized form of adaptation, giving way to the counterintuitive reality that drought stabilizes the food and income supply for poor people. We analyze how maladaptive risk reduction, which is embedded in clientilistic social relations, undermines resilience, and we examine pathways toward a more sustainable adaptive relationship.     

基于叶绿体基因组数据的芸香科属间系统发育初步分析（专题约稿）

该研究在人工控制水分条件下,设置3个干旱胁迫处理,选用3个主栽油菜品种‘陇油10号’、‘陇油2号’、‘青杂5号’幼苗进行盆栽试验,测定干旱胁迫条件下叶片相对含水量、叶绿素含量、光合气体交换参数及叶绿素荧光参数等指标,考察各指标在干旱胁迫过程中的变化特征,并通过主成分分析(PCA)和隶属函数法评价品种的抗旱性及其主要响应因子,以揭示西北地区油菜幼苗响应干旱胁迫的光合调控机制。结果表明：(1)各品种油菜幼苗的叶片相对含水量(RWC)均随干旱胁迫程度的递增而逐渐降低,最大水分亏缺(WSD)却逐渐上升。(2)各品种油菜幼苗叶片的叶绿素a含量、叶绿素总含量随着干旱胁迫程度的递增而先增加后递减,且同一种幼苗在不同处理间差异显著。(3)各品种油菜幼苗叶片的净光合速率(P_n)、水分利用效率(WUE)、单株生物量、气孔导度(G_s)、胞间CO₂浓度(C_i)均在受到干旱胁迫时迅速降低,且同一品种幼苗在不同处理间差异显著,而其叶片蒸腾速率(T_r)在干旱胁迫下无显著变化。(4)各品种油菜幼苗叶片光化学猝灭系数(qP)和非光化学猝灭系数(NPQ)随着干旱胁迫程度的递增先增加后递减,最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)和电子传递速率(ETR)在受到干旱胁迫时迅速降低,且同一品种幼苗在不同处理间差异显著。(5)主成分分析结果表明,在油菜幼苗受到干旱胁迫时RWC、C_i、G_s、P_n、WUE、叶绿素总含量、叶绿素a含量和NPQ起主要调控作用;隶属函数法综合评价表明,3个品种油菜幼苗耐旱能力由高到低依次为‘陇油10号’＞‘陇油2号’＞‘青杂5号’。     

Changes in the Levels of IAA and ABA in Cucumber Leaves under Progressive Soil Drought

Changes in the IAA and ABA contents in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) leaves during adaptation to drought were studied. An increase in the water-retaining capacity and heat resistance of leaves indicating the onset of adaptation occurred when the leaf growth has been already suppressed. There was a transient increase in the ABA content during the initial stage of adaptation. An increased IAA content was maintained for a longer period, throughout about two-third of the adaptation period. A second increase in the ABA content was observed before the onset of leaf permanent wilting, when IAA content already decreased. Our data suggest that not only ABA, but also IAA are involved in the development of defense responses during the adaptation to drought.