高温胁迫及其信号转导

高温是影响当前农业生产重要的不利环境因素之一。本文综述了4种信号分子脱落酸(ABA),Ca2+,水杨酸(SA),茉莉酸(JA)对高温胁迫的响应以及它们的相互关系,高温胁迫能够诱导ABA,Ca2+,SA的含量升高,并且通过外施ABA,Ca2+,SA,JA都能提高植物的抗热性。作为胞内第二信使,外源Ca2+能够提高植物超氧化物歧化酶(SOD),过氧化氢酶(CAT)以及抗坏血酸氧化酶(APX)的活性,且能提高钙调蛋白水平。ABA诱导的抗热性受胞质游离的Ca2+介导。SA被认为是对胁迫反应所必需的信号分子,H2O2很可能是信号转导链的一部分。JA和ABA在生理功能上有很多相似之处,JA独自或通过提高ABA含量来起作用,JA和SA有不同的生理功能,也有相同的(不过它们的信号转导途径可能不同),最后,提出了今后高温胁迫信号转导研究的一些思路。     

高温胁迫及其信号转导

高温是影响当前农业生产重要的不得环境因素之一。本文综述了４种信号分子脱落酸（ＡＢＡ）,Ｃa^2 ,水杨酸（ＳＡ）,茉莉酸（ＪＡ）对高温胁迫的响应以及它们的相互关系,高温胁迫能够诱导ＡＢＡ,Ｃa^2 ,ＳＡ的含量升高,并且通过外施ＡＢＡ,Ｃa^2 ,ＳＡ,ＪＡ都能提高植物的抗热性。作为胞内第二信使,外源Ｃa^2 Ｃ能够提高植物超氧化物歧化mei（ＳＯＤ）,过氧化氢mei（ＣＡＴ）以及抗杯血酸氧化mei（ＡＰＸ）的活性,且能     

Endocrine Effects of Heat Stress in Boars

The purpose of this study was to describe the temporal changes in peripheral plasma levels of testosterone and Cortisol in boars during and after heat stress. A total of 8 boars were utilized, 4 of them were exposed to 35°C, for 100 h in a climatic room, and 4 served as controls and were kept at 20 °C for 100 h in the climatic room. Blood samples were obtained via permanent vein catheters 3 times daily from 5 days before heat stress until 20 days after termination of heat stress. Testestorone levels were determined by radioimmunoassay and Cortisol by a competitive protein binding technique. For both hormones the pre-exposure levels were similar in both groups of boars. The control boars had significantly higher testosterone levels, while being in the climatic room, than during any other period. The experimental boars had slightly increased testosterone levels during the first day of heat stress and thereafter continuously decreased levels. In the control boars the testosterone levels returned to pre-exposure levels immediately after removal from the climatic room, whereas in the experimental boars the testosterone levels were dramatically increased during the first 5 days after exposure. The differences in Cortisol levels, between the 2 groups of boars were restricted to the period spent in the climatic room. During this period the experimental boars had significantly higher Cortisol levels.     

水稻高温热害发生机理与耐高温遗传基础研究

在全球气候变暖的大环境下,极端天气频繁发生,高温已经成为制约水稻产量和品质的主要因素之一。培育耐高温的水稻品种是防止高温热害最简便有效的途径。现代分子技术的发展和水稻功能基因组研究的深入,为水稻耐高温遗传机制的剖析提供了有效手段。本文综述了近年来水稻高温热害的发生机理和耐高温遗传基础方面的研究进展,包括耐高温QTL定位与克隆、转录组研究、蛋白组研究等,以期为深入剖析水稻耐高温的分子机制和培育耐高温的新品种提供有益参考。     

Heat Shock Protein Reports on Proteome Stress

Proper regulation of protein homeostasis (proteostasis) is essential to maintain cellular fitness. Proteome stress causes imbalance of the proteostasis, leading to various diseases represented by neurodegenerative diseases, cancers, and metabolic disorders. The biosensor community recently embarked on the development of proteome stress sensors to report on the integrity of proteostasis in live cells. While most of these sensors are based on metastable mutants of specific client proteins, a recent sensor takes advantage of the specific association of heat shock protein 27 with protein aggregates and exhibits a diffusive to punctate fluorescent change in cells that are subjected to stress conditions. Thus, heat shock proteins can be also used as a family of sensors to monitor proteome stress.     

植物光合系统对高温胁迫的响应机制

温度变化是影响植物生长和发育的一个非常重要的因素,而光合作用是植物对温度变化最为敏感的生理过程.高温胁迫给植物光合器官造成了严重的危害,但在高温胁迫下,植物并不是消极被动的,并且能够在生理生化及分子水平上发生各种变化来渡过逆境.本文结合当今国内外研究进展,从光合系统热量耗散与光合修复的相关因素,如类囊体膜上相关蛋白,热激蛋白,水杨酸,抗过氧化物酶及抗坏血酸等几个方面展开分析,阐述了植物光合系统对高温胁迫的防御机制,并对今后的研究方向进行了探讨和展望.     

植物耐热性及热激信号转导机制研究进展

随着温室效应的加剧,全球气候变暖已经成为现代农业生产体系所面临的严峻挑战．高温灾害性气候是影响作物产量的一种主要的非生物胁迫．因此,对于农作物生产而言,研究植物耐热信号转导机制不仅有重要的科学意义,而且有现实的紧迫性．最近几年,在阐明植物耐热信号转导机制的研究方面取得了很多重要的进展,这些进展涵盖植物高温胁迫的感受机制、热激转录因子和热激蛋白的表达调控、热激转录因子结合蛋白参与耐热性调控的分子机制等几个主要的方面．热胁迫影响细胞膜系统、RNA、蛋白质的稳定性,同时改变酶的活性和细胞骨架系统．当热胁迫来临时,植物的转录组会发生显著变化,所涉及的基因大约占基因组的2％．这些高温胁迫响应基因构成了热激响应网络,是植物抵御热胁迫的第一道防线．植物的耐热性分为基础耐热性和获得性耐热性．基础耐热性是植物固有的耐热性．获得性耐热性是温和的热驯化诱导的耐热性．获得性耐热性状的形成反映了植物在自然生长环境下适应高温胁迫的生理机制．     

Controlled Heat Stress Promotes Myofibrillogenesis during Myogenesis

Hyperthermia therapy has recently emerged as a clinical modality used to finely tune heat stress inside the human body for various biomedical applications. Nevertheless, little is known regarding the optimal timing or temperature of heat stress that is needed to achieve favorable results following hyperthermia therapy for muscle regeneration purposes. The regeneration of skeletal muscle after injury is a highly complex and coordinated process that involves a multitude of cellular mechanisms. The main objective of this study was to characterize the effects of hyperthermal therapy on the overall behavior of myoblasts during myogenic differentiation. Various cellular processes, including myogenesis, myofibrillogenesis, hypertrophy/atrophy, and mitochondrial biogenesis, were studied using systematic cellular, morphological, and pathway-focused high-throughput gene expression profiling analyses. We found that C2C12 myoblasts exhibited distinctive time and temperature-dependence in biosynthesis and regulatory events during myogenic differentiation. Specifically, we for the first time observed that moderate hyperthermia at 39°C favored the growth of sarcomere in myofibrils at the late stage of myogenesis, showing universal up-regulation of characteristic myofibril proteins. Characteristic myofibrillogenesis genes, including heavy polypeptide 1 myosin, heavy polypeptide 2 myosin, alpha 1 actin, nebulin and titin, were all significantly upregulated (p<0.01) after C2C12 cells differentiated at 39°C over 5 days compared with the control cells cultured at 37°C. Furthermore, moderate hyperthermia enhanced myogenic differentiation, with nucleus densities per myotube showing 2.2-fold, 1.9-fold and 1.6-fold increases when C2C12 cells underwent myogenic differentiation at 39°C over 24 hours, 48 hours and 72 hours, respectively, as compared to the myotubes that were not exposed to heat stress. Yet, atrophy genes were sensitive even to moderate hyperthermia, indicating that strictly controlled heat stress is required to minimize the development of atrophy in myotubes. In addition, mitochondrial biogenesis was enhanced following thermal induction of myoblasts, suggesting a subsequent shift toward anabolic demand requirements for energy production. This study offers a new perspective to understand and utilize the time and temperature-sensitive effects of hyperthermal therapy on muscle regeneration.     

Prompt Protein Glycosylation during Acute Heat Stress

Constitutive patterns of protein synthesis and protein glycosylation are severely disrupted by acute heat stress. Stressed cells respond by preferential synthesis of specific proteins, e.g., the well-known family of heat shock proteins. We observed another response that rapidly occurs during heating periods as short as 10 min at 45°C. During that period, CHO cells began to glycosylate specific proteins, designated as "prompt" stress glycoproteins (P-SG), while constitutive protein glycosylation ceased. Labeling of P-SGs showed a dose response with time and with temperature and appeared regardless of the label used (D-[³H]mannose or D-[³H]-glucose). On SDS-PAGE, the major P-SG was characterized by M_r ≈ 67 kDa (P-SG67) and pI = 5.1. Other less prominent P-SGs appeared at M_r 160, 100, 64, 60, and 47 kDa; incorporated label showed little turnover during 24 h at 37°C. Prompt glycosylation was inhibited by tunicamycin, and label incorporated into P-SGs was sensitive to N -glycosidase F, but not to O-glycosidase. Analysis of enzymatically digested P-SG67 indicated that label had been incorporated into both high-mannose (Man₉G1cNAc) and complex-type oligosaccharides. Brefeldin A did not eliminate P-SG67 labeling, but caused the further appearance of novel, Brefeldin-associated P-SGs. Labeling of P-SG67 oligosaccharides occurred without significant concomitant protein synthesis, suggesting that addition of labeled oligosaccharides largely occurred on mature, rather than nascent proteins. The functional significance of prompt glycosylation remains to be defined, but we propose that this novel phenomenon is an integral part of the cellular heat stress response.     

GABA对热应激仔鸡的影响

将一周龄的“882”肉仔鸡 ,随机分为 2组。让对照组仔鸡饮用蒸馏水 ,让试验组饮用 0 0 5 %的氨酪酸 (GABA)蒸馏水。 2组每天置于 32℃的箱中热处理 1 5h ,试验 4周。结果表明GABA对热应激肉仔鸡有一定的影响 :试验组仔鸡的呼吸频率极显著低于对照组 (P <0 0 1) ;红细胞数显著高于对照组 (P <0 0 5 ) ;料重比极显著低于对照组 (P <0 0 1) ,仔鸡增重是对照组鸡的 117 86 % (P <0 0 5 )。     

Oxidative Stress Impairs the Heat Stress Response and Delays Unfolded Protein Recovery

Background

Environmental changes, air pollution and ozone depletion are increasing oxidative stress, and global warming threatens health by heat stress. We now face a high risk of simultaneous exposure to heat and oxidative stress. However, there have been few studies investigating their combined adverse effects on cell viability.

Principal Findings

Pretreatment of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) specifically and highly sensitized cells to heat stress, and enhanced loss of mitochondrial membrane potential. H₂O₂ exposure impaired the HSP40/HSP70 induction as heat shock response (HSR) and the unfolded protein recovery, and enhanced eIF2α phosphorylation and/or XBP1 splicing, land marks of ER stress. These H₂O₂-mediated effects mimicked enhanced heat sensitivity in HSF1 knockdown or knockout cells. Importantly, thermal preconditioning blocked H₂O₂–mediated inhibitory effects on refolding activity and rescued HSF1 +/+ MEFs, but neither blocked the effects nor rescued HSF1 -/- MEFs. These data strongly suggest that inhibition of HSR and refolding activity is crucial for H₂O₂–mediated enhanced heat sensitivity.

Conclusions

H₂O₂ blocks HSR and refolding activity under heat stress, thereby leading to insufficient quality control and enhancing ER stress. These uncontrolled stress responses may enhance cell death. Our data thus highlight oxidative stress as a crucial factor affecting heat tolerance.     

外源蔗糖显著缓解盐和热胁迫对菠菜PSⅡ颗粒的伤害

以菠菜(Spinacia oleracea)叶片的PSⅡ颗粒为材料,利用高温(30°C和40°C)和高盐(400mmol.L-1和800mmol.L-1NaCl)处理,研究外源蔗糖在盐、热胁迫下对PSⅡ的保护作用。实验结果表明:盐、热胁迫均对PSII造成伤害,使PSII的最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)显著下降,盐、热胁迫同时存在时对PSⅡ伤害更为严重。在PSII的保存液中加入不同浓度的蔗糖(100-800mmol.L-1)后,能显著缓解盐和热及盐热胁迫共同作用对菠菜PSⅡ颗粒的伤害,并且在一定浓度范围内,随蔗糖浓度的提高,保护作用越明显。说明一定浓度的外源蔗糖可以显著缓解盐、热胁迫对PSⅡ的伤害。     

Effect of Heat Stress on Assimilate Partitioning in Tomato

Differences in assimilate partitioning in response to heat stresswere observed between the heat-sensitive tomato cultivar, RomaVF and the heat-tolerant cultivar, Saladette. Transport of carbonto the trusses and apex was inhibited in both cultivars, particularlyin Roma VF. Basipetal transport to the roots was inhibited inRoma VF only. Assimilate partitioning within the young trusswas also affected by heat stress in both cultivars, but wasmore pronounced in Roma VF: at higher temperatures more ¹⁴Cwas found in the peduncle and in the older flower buds thanin the younger flower buds. The youngest flower buds were moresensitive than other parts of the truss to heat stress. Theuptake of [¹⁴C]sucrose by detached flower buds from agar mediumwas lower at higher temperatures. Alteration of assimilate partitioningwas also observed following the application of GA₃+Kinetin tothe first truss. The possible relationship between flower-setin tomato and carbohydrate stress is discussed. Lyeopersicon esculentum Mill., carbon translocation, starch     

外源蔗糖显著缓解盐和热胁迫对菠菜PSⅡ颗粒的伤害

以菠菜(Spinacia oleracea)叶片的PSII颗粒为材料, 利用高温(30°C和40°C)和高盐(400 mmol.L-1 和800 mmol.L-1 NaCl)处理, 研究外源蔗糖在盐、热胁迫下对PSII的保护作用。实验结果表明: 盐、热胁迫均对PSII造成伤害, 使PSII的最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)显著下降, 盐、热胁迫同时存在时对PSII伤害更为严重。在PSII的保存液中加入不同浓度的蔗糖(100-800 mmol.L-1)后, 能显著缓解盐和热及盐热胁迫共同作用对菠菜PSII颗粒的伤害, 并且在一定浓度范围内, 随蔗糖浓度的提高, 保护作用越明显。说明一定浓度的外源蔗糖可以显著缓解盐、热胁迫对PSII的伤害。     

Effects of Heat Stress on Gut Microbiome in Rats

Gut microbiome, as the largest and most important micro-ecosystem, plays a critical role in health. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether heat stress modulates the composition and diversity of the gut microbiome in rats. The heat stress model was prepared in rats with the heating temperature maintained at 35–38°C. Cecum contents were collected after heat stress for 3 h and days 1, 3 and 7. Total DNA was extracted for 16 S rRNA sequencing and analysis of intestinal microbiome composition and diversity. The study showed that the composition of the intestinal microbiome of heat stress group was changed. And the heat stress modulated key phylotypes of gut microbiota at the level of phylum and genus. In particular, the genus of Lactobacillus and Bacteroides were significantly reduced, whereas the Oscillospira and Clostridium were increased by heat stress. Meanwhile, the rats under the heat stress encountered the change in carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid metabolism, and membrane transport to defense against stress. Taken together, the composition and structure of gut microbiome were affected by heat stress and some key phylotypes were also significantly altered. We conclude that the heat stress could impact multiple biological functions, via altering the gut microbiome.