硅盐互作下小獐毛植物体内元素分布及生理特性的研究

 以新疆泌盐植物小獐毛(Aeluropus pungens)为材料,研究盐胁迫下小獐毛植物体元素吸收、分泌和过氧化物酶活性的变化以及硅对上述指标的影响。结果表明：在盐分胁迫下,其植物体钠离子浓度升高,钙元素含量降低,其它元素含量变化不明显。叶片硅元素含量随盐胁迫而增加。同时,当盐分浓度由0 mmol·L-1升至120 mmol·L-1浓度时,盐腺对各种离子的分泌作用表现为先加强（60 mmol·L-1）后降低（120 mmol·L-1）的趋势;其叶及根可溶性蛋白变化不明显,但过氧化物酶活性随盐胁迫而升高;可溶性蛋白含量叶片高于根部,而过氧化物酶活性根部高于叶片。同时盐胁迫对小獐毛根部及叶片含水量无明显影响。通过细胞化学定位结果显示, 小獐毛叶表富含硅元素,硅元素在叶表排列沿叶脉方向呈线性分布;在其叶片盐腺上,硅元素分布于帽细胞顶部,在此过氧化物酶（POD）活性也较强。元素分析结果显示,小獐毛体内富积硅元素。在较低的NaCl(60 mmol·L-1)浓度下,施用硅处理可减少叶片钠离子浓度,使地上部对钾、钠元素的相对选择性明显提高。在较高盐浓度（120 mmol·L-1NaCl）下,加硅对叶片钠离子浓度的降低作用效果不明显。在盐胁迫下,加硅未能减少根中钠离子浓度,但可明显增加叶片POD活性。实验结果表明,盐生植物小獐毛可通过维持体内含水量,调节植物体内元素分布以及增加POD活性适应一定程度的盐胁迫。同时低盐条件下施硅处理小獐毛根系培养环境可通过减少盐分向地上部的运输,增加叶片清除自由基的能力从而提高植物抗盐性。     

高等植物中硅元素的生理效应及其在农业生产中的应用

就高等植物中硅元素的含量,形态与分布,高等植物对硅的吸收与运输,施硅与植物生长发育,矿质营养状况和抗裂能力的关系,以及硅肥在农业生产上的应用作了概述。     

植物的硅素营养研究综述

本文阐述了硅在植物中的形态、分布、吸收、积累、生理作用及其与其它元素的关系。研究表明：1．硅主要以二氧化硅胶(SiO2.nH2O)的无机物形态存在于植物表皮细胞和细胞壁。植物体内硅的含量在不同物种间差异很大。根据硅的含量,可将一般栽培植物分为三种类群;同时根据植物硅钙摩尔比值可将植物分为喜硅植物和非喜硅植物。硅在植物各部分分布不均匀,并且随着植株的生长发育,植株中的硅含量不断变化。植物中硅的积累受环境中多种因素的影响。2．植物主要以单硅酸形态吸收硅,不同植物吸收硅的能力不同。水稻具有主动吸硅能力,其吸收过程受体内代谢活动影响<请合法使用软件>其它大多数植物主要以被动方式吸收硅,但不排除具有选择性吸收硅的可能性。3．硅对植物的生长发育产生影响。硅是一些植物(如禾本科植物、甜菜、木贼属植物及某些硅藻)的必需元素。硅对其它很多植物具有有益作用。硅对植物的作用主要表现在对形态结构、生理过程和抗逆能力三方面的影响 上。在去硅条件下,多种植物表现出缺硅症状。4．硅对植物吸收利用对其它营养元素产生影响。硅对不同元素的影响方式和程度不同,同时随着植物的生长发育,对某种元素的作用常发生变化。     

植物的硅素营养研究综述

本文阐述了硅在植物中的形态、分布、吸收、积累、生理作用及其与其它元素的关系。研究表明：１硅主要以二氧化硅胶（ＳｉＯ２．ｎＨ２Ｏ）的无机物形态存在于植物表皮细胞和细胞壁。植物体内硅的含量在不同物种间差异很大。根据硅的含量,可将一般栽培植物分为三种类群;同时根据植物硅钙摩尔比值可将植物分为喜硅植物和非喜硅植物。硅在植物各部分分布不均匀,并且随着植株的生长发育,植株中的硅含量不断变化。植物中硅的积累受环境中多种因素的影响。２植物主要以单硅酸形态吸收硅,不同植物吸收硅的能力不同。水稻具有主动吸硅能力,其吸收过程受体内代谢活动影响＜请合法使用软件＞其它大多数植物主要以被动方式吸收硅,但不排除具有选择性吸收硅的可能性。３硅对植物的生长发育产生影响。硅是一些植物（如禾本科植物、甜菜、木贼属植物及某些硅藻）的必需元素。硅对其它很多植物具有有益作用。硅对植物的作用主要表现在对形态结构、生理过程和抗逆能力三方面的影响上。在去硅条件下,多种植物表现出缺硅症状。４硅对植物吸收利用对其它营养元素产生影响。硅对不同元素的影响方式和程度不同,同时随着植物的生长发育,对某种元素的作用常发生变化。     

氮磷硅添加对青藏高原高寒草甸垂穗披碱草叶片碳氮磷的影响

以甘南高寒草甸常见牧草垂穗披碱草(Elymus nutans)为研究对象,比较不同氮磷硅添加下,垂穗披碱草叶片对元素添加的反应。研究发现:氮添加显著提高土壤中硝态氮和铵态氮的含量;磷添加提高了土壤中全磷和速效磷的含量;高浓度的硅单独、硅与氮或磷混合可提高土壤中硝态氮的含量或全磷和速效磷的含量;氮和磷单独添加分别能提高垂穗披碱草叶片全氮和全磷含量,高浓度的硅单独、硅与氮或磷混合添加都能提高垂穗披碱草叶片全氮和全磷的含量。就硅元素而言,高浓度的硅添加,硅与氮或磷混合添加能提高土壤硝态氮、全磷和速效磷的含量,促进垂穗披碱草对土壤中氮磷的吸收,从而使植物叶片中氮磷的含量增加。     

微生物对尾矿中钾、硅元素释放性能研究

本研究探究了AMCC10037、AMCC10079、AMCC10080和AMCC10096 4株菌在尾矿处理过程中不同培养状态下的细菌密度、p H值及硅、钾元素的释放性能,采用ICP-AES测定硅、钾元素的释放浓度。结果表明,在振荡方式培养下,菌株AMCC10096在32 d内对钾的最大释放浓度为22.54 mg/L;AMCC10079在32 d内对元素硅的最大释放浓度为19.12 mg/L;在静置培养方式下,菌株AMCC10079在32 d内对钾的最大释放浓度为24.76 mg/L;菌株AMCC10079在32 d内对元素硅的最大释放浓度为20.28 mg/L;在尾矿处理过程中,选用静置培养的方法在32 d时间内更易促进钾、硅元素的释放,为尾矿的回收利用开拓了新的方向。     

硅预防蛞蝓侵害水稻

有许多草含有大量的硅元素。植物学家认为硅可以保护水稻免受害虫和疾病的危害。 一般地说植物含硅越多,就越能抵抗伤害。例如,水稻的木髓内部沉积大量的硅,就可阻止二化螟虫幼虫在那儿移动和发展。硅也能破坏稻瘟病菌(Pyricularia oryzae)的化学组织,使该病不能在叶子上渗透和传播。北威尔斯大学     

硅提高植物抗旱性的生理机制研究进展

干旱作为限制作物产量和品质的主要非生物胁迫之一,对全球社会、经济和生态造成巨大损失。在全球气候变化背景下,提高植物抗旱性的重要性日益突显。硅能够提高植物的抗旱性：外源硅的施用可以影响气孔导度,改变蒸腾速率,改善植物水分状况;通过调节气孔动力学、合成光合色素,促进光化学反应,从而改善光合作用;此外硅可通过渗透调节以平衡植物对矿质元素的吸收,以及调节抗氧化防御系统,减轻植物在干旱胁迫中的氧化损伤。总结了硅对干旱胁迫下植物水分利用、光合作用、矿质元素吸收、抗氧化系统、植物激素代谢等方面的作用及相关生理机制。建议未来从复合逆境胁迫、低硅积累植物等方面进一步揭示硅提高植物抗旱性的作用机制,从而为农林生态系统合理利用硅素来提高生产效率提供科学依据和理论基础。     

硅在水稻生活中的作用

水稻为喜硅植物,硅是水稻生命活动中大量需要和吸收的重要元素,阐述了水稻体内硅的含量,存在形式,分布,水稻对硅的吸收,运转,硅的生理作用;硅肥及其施用与增产效果。     

植物和土壤组成中的硅钙关系

从生态学观点看,生物本身就是地壳的不可分割部分,生物的元素组成和地壳的无机成分有着密切联系。在有机体中Ca、Si、K、N的含量仅次于C、H、O,它们都是属于n·10~(-1)级的基本组成的特征元素。地壳中硅的重量克拉克值居第二位(27.6%),钙的重量克拉克值是3.6%,居第四位。硅在植物体内的生理作用近年来比较明确,对植物灰分元素中的硅,至今并来普遍受重视,有关硅和其它元素间的关系的材料就更少。本文通过植物灰分和土壤中的硅钙关系,探讨植物和土壤环境间的一致性。     

Is plant ecology more siliceous than we realise?

Although silicon occurs in all plants, it is an element that is largely overlooked by many plant ecologists and most plant-related research on silicon comes from agronomy, archaeology, palaeontology and biogeochemistry. Plant silicon has many functions, acting biochemically as silicic acid and physically as amorphous silica. It contributes to cell and plant strength and enables plants to respond adaptively to environmental stresses. Consequently, plant silicon can increase plant fitness in many fundamental aspects of ecology, including plant-herbivore interactions, light interception, pathogen resistance and alleviation of abiotic stresses. Here, we provide an ecological perspective to research outcomes from diverse disciplines, showing that silicon is an important element in plant ecology that is worthy of greater attention.     

Silicon: its manifold roles in plants

The title of this essay declares that silicon does have roles in plants and all participants in this conference know that that is so. This knowledge, however, is not shared by the general community of plant biologists, who largely ignore the element. This baffling contrast is based on two sets of experience. First, higher plants can grow to maturity in nutrient solutions formulated without silicon. That has led to the conventional wisdom that silicon is not an essential element, or nutrient, and thus can be disregarded. Second, the world's plants do not grow in the benign environment of solution culture in plant biological research establishments. They grow in the field, under conditions that are often anything but benign. It is there, in the real world with its manifold stressful features, that the silicon status of plants can make a huge difference in their performance. The stresses that silicon alleviates range all the way from biotic, including diseases and pests, to abiotic such as gravity and metal toxicities. Silicon performs its functions in two ways: by the polymerization of silicic acid leading to the formation of solid amorphous, hydrated silica, and by being instrumental in the formation of organic defence compounds through alteration of gene expression. The silicon nutrition of plants is not only scientifically intriguing but also important in a world where more food will have to be wrung from a finite area of land, for that will put crops under stress.     

施硅对抑制植物吸收重金属镉的效应研究进展

施用化学改良剂是控制土壤重金属污染的有效手段。研究施硅对抑制植物吸收重金属镉的影响及其作用机制,对促进利用硅肥作为改良剂治理重金属污染土壤技术的发展有重要意义。近年来,以硅肥作改良剂对重金属污染的土壤进行治理的研究大量涌现。本文从施硅对抑制植物吸收镉及镉在植物体内的分布、迁移的影响;从植物细胞膜透性、抗氧化物酶系和抗氧化剂等新陈代谢或生理过程及硅-金属复合物的结构组成等方面对植物抗镉胁迫的生理生化效应及其抑制植物吸收重金属镉的机制进行综述,并对今后有待进一步研究的问题提出了建议。     

Silicon influence on resistance induction against Bemisia tabaci biotype B (Genn.) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) and on vegetative development in two soybean cultivars

The potential of populations of Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) to become resistant to insecticides has stimulated research into alternative tactics of integrated pest management such as the induction of host-plant resistance. Recent data have shown that silicon can increase the degree of resistance of host plants to insect pests. Therefore the aim of our work was to study the effects of silicon application on the vegetative development of soybean plants and on the induction of resistance to the silverleaf whitefly, B. tabaci biotype B. We performed choice and no-choice tests of oviposition preference on two soybean cultivars, IAC-19 (moderately resistant to B. tabaci biotype B) and MONSOY-8001 (susceptible), with and without application of silicon. Silicon did not affect silverleaf whitefly oviposition preferences, but caused significant mortality in nymphs. Thus, silicon increased the degree of resistance to silverleaf whitefly. Silicon decreased the production of phenolic compounds, but did not affect lignin production. However, when applied to cultivar IAC-19, it increased the production of non-protein organic nitrogen. Silicon had no effect on the vegetative development of soybean plants, but it increased the degree of resistance to the silverleaf whitefly. We conclude that silicon applications combined with cultivar IAC-19 can significantly decrease silverleaf whitefly populations, having a positive impact both on the soybean plant and on the environment.     

植物硅营养的研究进展

阐述了植物吸收硅的机理、硅与其它营养元素的关系及其对非胁迫和胁迫条件下植物生长发育的有益作用 .植物吸收硅的机制目前尚不是很清楚 ,不同植物吸收硅的方式不同 .硅可影响植物中其它营养元素的含量 .在非胁迫条件下 ,硅可促进植物的生长 ;硅也参与了植物抗病、抗虫等生物胁迫 ,以及抗金属毒害、盐害、温度胁迫、干旱、抗倒伏等非生物胁迫的反应 .目前 ,应从多种植物上深入研究硅的吸收方式与机理 ;同时 ,应该改变硅在细胞壁的沉积仅仅起增强组织机械强度作用的观点 ,而应从生理代谢调控的角度进行硅作用机制的研究 ,为生产实践中硅肥的应用奠定理论基础     

硅对干旱胁迫下玉米水分代谢的影响

利用盆栽试验研究了施硅(K2SiO3)对玉米植株水分代谢的影响.结果表明:施硅降低了干旱胁迫下玉米植株的气孔导度,降低了干旱胁迫早期到中期的蒸腾速率,保持了干旱胁迫后期较高的蒸腾速率,从而导致施硅玉米植株的叶片含水量和水势高于对照.由于植株的水分状况改善,施硅玉米植株生物量高于对照.硅增强玉米植株的抗旱性,而提高植株保水能力是硅提高抗旱性的重要原因.     

一种优化的测定水稻硅含量的方法

为建立一种更为简便且准确的水稻(Oryza sativa)硅含量测定方法, 对硅钼蓝分光光度法的多个实验条件进行了优化, 并对水稻样品的前处理——消解法和高压灭菌法进行了比较研究。结果表明, 还原剂为抗坏血酸、测定波长为600 nm、硅钼黄显色时间和硅钼蓝稳定时间分别为5和25分钟为最佳测定条件, 样品的前处理则是消解法优于高压灭菌法, 前者提取硅的效果好于后者。该优化方法为深入研究水稻和其它植物中硅的吸收和转运机制奠定了基础。     

UV-screening of grasses by plant silica layer?

UV-screening by terrestrial plants is a crucial trait since colonization of terrestrial environments has started. In general, it is enabled by phenolic substances. Especially for grasses it remains unclear why plants grown under the absence of UV-B-radiation exhibit nonetheless a high UV-B-screening potential. But this may be explained by the UV-screening effect of the silicon double layer. It was shown for seedlings of soybeans (Glycine max L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) that enhanced silicon supply reduces stress induced by UV-radiation. Even more important is a direct correlation between silicon content in the epidermis near area (intercellular spaces) and the absorption of UV-radiation in this area shown in other papers. The silicon double layer may act like a glass layer and decreases the transmission of UV-radiation at the epidermis near area. In summary, the absorbance/reflection of ultraviolet radiation is dependent on the characteristics of the epidermis near area of leaves, particularly the occurrence (qualitatively and quantitatively) of phenolic substances and/or a silicon double layer in this area. Consequently, UV-screening by plant silicon double layer should get more attention in future research with emphasis on effects of UV-radiation on plant physiology.     

Silicon controls microbial decay and nutrient release of grass litter during aquatic decomposition

The decomposition rate of plant litter is important for the carbon cycle. Element stoichiometry and hardly degradable carbon compounds are main factors controlling the decomposition rate of plant litter. Recent research has linked these factors to silicon availability during plant growth, but no research focused on the effect of silicon on litter decomposition. We therefore conducted a batch experiment to assess the effect of silicon availability to plants on litter degradation, nutrient release and multi elemental stoichiometry. Experiments were conducted in the presence or absence of invertebrate shredders (Gammarus pulex). We show that nutrient content (affected by silicon availability during plant growth) has a strong impact on nutrient turnover, while DOC, N, and Mn were mainly controlled by invertebrate feeding. The carbon turnover during microbial litter decay was strongly influenced by the silicon availability during plant growth, with quicker potential C turnover of litter with higher silicon content. In both Si-rich and Si-poor litter, feeding by invertebrate shredders positively impacted turnover rates, but effects were less pronounced in Si-rich litter. It can be concluded that silicon availability in wetlands dominated by reed plays an important role in carbon sequestration, nutrient cycling, and remobilization during aquatic litter decay.