河南潭头、卢氏和灵宝盆地上白垩统一下第三系的划分

在这篇短文中,根据脊椎动物化石的发现,进一步叙述和讨论了豫西潭头、灵宝和卢氏三个盆地的中、新生代地层的划分问题。在这三个盆地的中、新生代堆积物中,属于晚白垩世的有潭头盆地秋扒组和灵宝盆地的南朝组,后一个盆地还可能存在着时代更早的白垩纪地层。在潭头盆地的高峪沟组和大章组中分别找到中古新世的阶齿兽、中兽科和晚古新世的牧兽科、假古猬科化石;在潭头组中发现原恐角兽类和古脊齿兽类化石,时代为早始新世。在灵宝盆地的项城群中尚未找到哺乳类化石,可能包括古新世和始新世早中期的堆积。卢氏盆地的卢氏组和锄钩峪组以及灵宝盆地的川口组和浑水河组的时代为晚始新世。卢氏组下部和川口组或许可延至中始新世。     

吐鲁番盆地的恐龙化石

1964—1966年,新疆古生物考察队在吐鲁番盆地进行了两个野外年度的考察和发掘工作,采得了大量的脊椎动物化石,其中有一批是恐龙类。这批恐龙化石采自两个地层层位:66012发现于鄯善统的下部,因此将过去认为是早第三系的鄯善统底部划出,建立一新组——苏巴什组,时代为晚白垩世;在侏罗系红山统中采得龟、鳄和恐龙类化石,经鉴定时代为晚侏罗世。     

新疆准噶尔盆地西北缘和布克河组时代的讨论

标准地点（新疆北部和什托洛盖附近的和布克河中游东岸）和布克河组的时代,长期以来持有争议。争论的焦点是,它归属泥盆纪抑或石炭纪。然而,牙形类和微体脊椎动物的证据表明,它的时代为中－晚法门期。牙形类ＥａｒｌｙｅｘｐａｎｓａＺｏｎｅ和微体脊椎动物ｌｉｍｐｉｄｕｓＺｏｎｅ（相当于全球晚泥盆世标准牙形类带除ＬａｔｅｐｒａｅｓｕｌｃａｔａＺｏｎｅ外的所有的ｅｘｐａｎｓａＺｏｎｅ和ｐｒａｅｓｕｌｃａｔａＺｏｎｅ）,被发现于和布克河组的上部。而牙形类ＥａｒｌｙｒｈｏｍｂｏｉｄｅａＺｏｎｅ可能出现在被认为是和布克河组最下部的层位内。因此,根据Ｆｏｒｄｈａｍ（１９９２）引荐的用于中－晚法门期牙形类年代带的标准年代地层时间表,该组时代距今约３５４．５－３６３．５百万年。和布克河组和洪古勒楞组是广泛用于新疆北部晚泥盆世海相地层但精确的时代含义不同的两个地层单位,后者的时代为晚弗拉期至早法门期。因此,有人将两者进行对比,甚至视为同一层位,实际上这是一种误解。无疑,将前者归入早石炭世显然是不适当的。     

粤北丹霞盆地白垩系长坝组的介形类动物群

粤北丹霞盆地白垩系长坝组产介形类化石 15 属 50 种,笔者描述其中 15 属 47 种(包括 3 个新种)。长坝组介形类动物群可以划分两个化石组合:( 1 ) Mongolocypris-Cypridea-Darwinula 组合,分布长坝组二段,属种繁多, 组合特征明显,与松辽平原泉头组 - 姚家组、湖北贾店组、浙江兰溪组等的介形类面貌相似,可以大致对比,由于出现少量晚白垩世标志化石 Talicypridea 属和大个体的 Mongolocypris 属,反映它与晚白垩世介形类的关系更为密切,但又不同于晚白垩世中晚期的南雄群 Talicypridea 动物群,层位偏低,时代较早,属晚白垩世早期为宜,大致相当于赛诺曼期( Cenomanian );( 2 ) Cypridea-Altanicypris-Candona 组合,分布长坝组四段,其层位在长坝组二段之上,晚白垩世丹霞组之下,组合中富含类女星介科的 Altanicypris 属,许多属种出现在晚白垩世地层中,其时代属晚白垩世无疑,与土仑期( Turonian )大致相当。     

河南信阳平昌关盆地晚始新世哺乳动物化石

本文对河南省信阳平昌关盆地的哺乳动物化石进行了研究,并对含哺乳动物化石的层位李庄组的时代进行了讨论。认为李庄组可与內蒙伊尔丁曼纳组、豫西的卢氏组和核桃园组对比,比吴城盆地的三个岩组的时代要早,为晚始新世早期。     

对自然杂志发表的一篇文章的评注

最近自然杂志(Nature,432:383—386,2004)发表了Chengetal.的文章,首次报道了胡氏贵州龙的生育模式、性双形和可能胎生的证据,这无疑是非常重要的,但认为产胡氏贵州龙的竹杆坡组的时代为中三叠世,这与近年来牙形刺的研究结果不符。牙形刺的研究已充分证明竹杆坡组的时代为晚三叠世的早期(卡尼期)(王成源等,1998;Chen&Wang,2002),比以前认为的时代要晚出现大约一千万年。     

辽西中上侏罗统土城子组植物化石的新发现

报道产自辽宁北票三宝营土城子组２种木化石及１０种植物化石（包括５新种）。它们反映了干旱气候条件下沙漠绿洲型的植被特征,时代属时代属中晚侏罗世。     

新疆准噶尔盆地北缘第三纪地层古生物研究新进展

近两年对准噶尔盆地北缘第三纪地层进行了进一步调查和研究,在索索泉组和哈拉玛盖组内发现了新的化石层位。对新发现的哺乳动物的研究表明在勒布勒津地区索索泉组顶部的沉积物时代为中中新世,下部的沉积物时代不晚于晚渐新世,中新世与渐新世地层的界线应在索索泉组内寻找。新发现的动物群分子Cricetodonsp．nov．和Tachyoryctoidessp．nov.指示哈拉玛盖动物群的时代应重新考虑,有可能早于丁家二沟动物群。     

内蒙古海拉尔盆地南部地区晚白垩世青元岗组介形类

内蒙古海拉尔盆地南部探井青元岗组红色碎屑岩中发现较丰富的介形类化石,即下段的Ahanicypris obesa-Talicypridea triangulata组合和上段的Chinocypridea augusta-Talicypridea qingyuangangensis组合,这些介形类化石地方性色彩强烈,表现为以具冠状壳喙类型的Ahanicypris,Talicypridea,Chinocypridea和网纹发育的Harbinia等属繁盛为特征,反映了中国东北地区晚白垩世晚期介形类动物群面貌。根据介形类化石组合特征及其分布规律,可以与松辽盆地晚白垩世四方台组的介形类动物群对比,时代为晚白垩世Maastrichtian期。     

湖北南襄盆地枣阳凹陷第三纪轮藻化石及其地层意义

本文研究了南襄盆地枣阳凹陷第三系玉皇顶组到凤凰镇组轮藻化石。共划分出４个组合,其时代分别属早始新世、中始新世、晚始新世和渐新世。     

THE FORAMINIFERA OF THE HYPERSALINE ABU DHABI LAGOON, PERSIAN GULF

Living foraminifers were found associated with seaweed, seagrass, dead coral, crust, and sediment substrates in the hypersaline Abu Dhabi lagoon. Peneroplis planatus is the most abundant living species and it is the most conspicuous dead form in the carbonate sediments. In common with other lagoons of this type, diversity is low and there is a dominance of Miliolina and Rotaliina. The Abu Dhabi lagoon is a modern analogue of fossil lagoonal sediments from the Meso-zoic and Tertiary of Arabia.     

印度东北部白垩纪-第三纪Xylariaceae化石孢子

在印度东北部白垩纪-第三纪沉积中发现了各种类型单沟无隔壁的Xylariaceae化石孢子,例如:Hypoxylonites,Spirotremesporites.Hypaxylonites等共计15种,其中6新种,它们是Hypoxylonites bhubanensis,H.elsikii,H.minimus,H.neogenicus,H.subrotundus和H.thindii,Hypoxylonites在本地区一般出现于晚白垩世地层中,占化石微体植物群总数的3%-4%,而在始新世它们的含量上升到植物群总数的20%-25%,从中新世直到早上新世这类孢子类型最多,含量最高,达植物群总数的40%-45%,到晚上新世含量突然下降,而Spirotremesporites在白垩纪未发现,到晚始新世时才出现,仅占孢粉总数的5%-6%,中新世时达25%-30%,到上新世末衰落,该属含5新种,Spirotremespores ellipticus,S.longilentus,S.miocenicus,S.reniformis,S.tertiarus.考虑到和这些种共生的Xylaria,Hypoxylon,Rosellinia及Daldina的孢子以及它们的地层分布,这类孢子的演化历史可能是受沉积盆地附近的古气候控制的.     

新疆布尔津盆地晚始新世一早渐新世岩石及生物地层

布尔津盆地中的第三纪地层过去被称为“乌伦古河组”。该套地层的岩性组合独特 ,不同于乌伦古河流域该组命名剖面的乌伦古河组。依据布尔津县城西北 2 0km处的额尔齐斯河北岸出露的地层剖面 ,建立两个岩石地层单位 :下部额尔齐斯河组和上部克孜勒托尕依组。额尔齐斯河组为一套富含铁质的色彩鲜艳的碎屑堆积 ,克孜勒托尕依组是一套浅黄绿色砂岩夹杂色泥岩地层。克孜勒托尕依村附近的建组剖面为一连续沉积剖面 ,含有 3个确切的哺乳动物化石层位、5个化石地点。最下部化石层含有典型的始新世Ergilian期哺乳动物 ,其余两个层位的化石均属早渐新世Shandgolian期哺乳动物。因此 ,该剖面为一Ergilian Shandgolian(晚始新世—早渐新世 )过渡时期的地层剖面 ,是进一步研究该过渡期哺乳动物群替代及Ergilian/Shandgolian地层界线的理想剖面。     

The occurrence of the fossil genus Graminidites in the Maastrichtian Scollard Formation,Alberta, Canada,and its palaeoecological and palaeogeographical significance

Fossil grass pollen is common in Late Tertiary sediments and its rare occurrence in the Early Tertiary led to the belief that its presence is restricted to Tertiary sediments. A literature survey shows that rare occurrences of Graminidites spp. have been reported from Campanian–Maastrichtian strata worldwide. All reported Graminidites spp. have been studied by transmitted light microscopes, which are inadequate to resolve their fine exine sculpture. Graminidites sp. occurs in the Maastrichtian Scollard Formation of Alberta, Canada, and is studied here with light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. A new species, G. ulkapites, occurs at the initiation of a temperate climate in the area. It occurs in post‐dinosaurian beds locally but in pre‐Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary strata, which implies that grasses could also be present in dinosaur inhabitations. Grass phytoliths, reported from dinosaurian coprolites from the Maastrichtian Deccan Intertrappean sediments of India, indicate that grasses were ingested by dinosaurs even if not included in the dinosaurian diet. A plot of worldwide Senonian occurrences of Graminidites spp. on a late Maastrichtian palaeogeographic map demonstrates that the data are inadequate to reveal the place of origin or migratory pattern. © 2011 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2011, 167 , 235–248.     

江西安源组植物化石一新属——Jiangxifolium

为了探讨安源煤系的煤层对比,我们对江西丰城县攸洛勘探区内60个钻孔进行了系统的化石采集工作,发现可能属于真蕨类的一个新属——江西叶属(Jiangxifolium gen. nov. ), 化石产于晚三叠世安源组中下部的深灰色粉砂岩中.攸洛勘探区位于丰城县南约28km,区内安源煤系总厚>850m,煤系地层根据岩性从下往上分为5段,现将地层和化石产出层位自上而下介绍如下:     

Fungal fruiting bodies from Lower Tertiary sediments of Sirmaur district, Himachal Pradesh, India

Fungal fruiting bodies ignored in earlier palynological investigations of the Subathu and Dagshai Formations have been studied from sediments exposed in the Dadahu Jamtah area, Sirmaur district, Himachal Pradesh. Taxa belonging to the genera Notothyrites, Asterothyrites, Parmathyrites, Phragmothyriles and Microthyriacites have been identified. These fossils are comparable with taxa reported from many Early Tertiary assemblages from different parts of the country and indicate a warm and humid climate.     

ADDITIONS TO THE MIOCENE SUCKER CREEK FLORA OF OREGON AND IDAHO

Study of plant microfossils and additional macrofossils collected from sediments in the vicinity of Sucker Creek along the Oregon-Idaho boundary has provided additional data on the composition of this fossil flora. A total of seven taxa new to the flora have been recognized. These include colonies of Botryococcus; pollen of Podocarpus, Pachysandra, and the Onagraceae; and leaves of Cephalotaxus californica and Vaccinium sophoroides. The occurrence of Podocarpus in this mid-Miocene flora is particularly significant in view of the limited number of records of this genus in the Tertiary of North America. In addition to these new records, the presence of three additional taxa—Castanea, Nyssa, and Ilex—previously recognized on the basis of leaf remains, is further substantiated by the occurrence of fossil pollen in the sediments.     

Concentration and composition of dissolved organic carbon in streams in relation to catchment soil properties

Two adjacent catchments in the Otway Ranges of Victoria, Australia (Redwater and Clearwater) produce water with markedly different concentrations of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) during summer. Water from Redwater Creek had a DOC concentration of 32 mg L^–1, while water from Clearwater Creek had a DOC concentration of 3.8 mg L^–1. Examination of the catchments revealed that while climate, topography, vegetation and land use were similar, the soils were different. The objective of this study was to examine the relationship between the concentration and chemical composition of DOC in stream waters and the nature of soils in the two catchments. Soil mapping determined that clayey soils formed on Cretaceous sediments (Cretaceous soils) occurred throughout both catchments, but that Redwater Catchment also contained a large area (39%) of sandy soils formed on Tertiary sediments (Tertiary soils). The concentration of DOC in forest floor leachate was high in both the Tertiary and Cretaceous areas; however, the concentration of DOC in water draining areas dominated by Tertiary soils was greater than that in water draining areas dominated by Cretaceous soils. Laboratory experiments showed that the Cretaceous soils had higher adsorption capacities for forest floor leachate DOC than the Tertiary soils. The difference in DOC concentrations of the streams was therefore attributed to the difference in adsorption capacity of catchment soils for DOC. Adsorption capacities of the soils were found to be a function of their clay contents and specific surface areas.Solid-state³C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and pyrolysis-mass spectrometry were used to determine the chemical structure of DOC found in streams and forest floor leachate samples and that remaining in solution after interaction with soil. Chemistry of DOC in forest floor leachate was similar before and after interaction with soil, indicating no preferential adsorption of a particular type of carbon. Thus, differences between the chemical structure of stream DOC and forest floor leachate DOC could be attributed to microbial modifications during its movement through soils and into the streams, rather than losses by adsorption.     

The significance of the oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) in the late Holocene environments of west and west central Africa: A further consideration

Abundant archaeological evidence of the occurrence of the endocarp of the oil palm,Elaeis guineensis, in the rain forest and woodland savanna zones of west and central Africa from about 5000 B.P. has shown the tree to be an important element in the subsistence economy of the region; its pollen also has been recorded in most of the regional terrestrial sediments studied so far. The distinct and consistently sudden and more marked increases in this pollen during the late Holocene when compared with the late Tertiary and late Pleistocene frequencies strongly indicate that the late Holocene upsurges were due to both natural and human factors favourable for the expansion of this heliophytic tree. Reasons are given for suggesting that upsurges in oil palm pollen during the late Holocene period in this region can be used as indices of plant cultivation. While the oil palm is known from early Tertiary deposits in west Africa, its earliest palynological record from terrestrial sediments in the west central part dates back only to the early Holocene. More palynological studies of Tertiary and Quaternary terrestrial cores are required to establish with more certainty the antiquity ofE. guineensis in west central Africa.     

关于石油母质来源的探讨

浮游微藻是海洋和湖泊中的初级生产力,生物量巨大,平均脂类含量高,是沉积岩中有机质的主要母质来源,对石油和天然气的形成贡献最大。对下辽河坳陷早第三纪的大量微体浮游藻类化石研究表明,该坳陷油气资源的形成和微体浮游藻类,特别是沟鞭藻的大量存在密切相关,浮游藻类是该坳陷盆地油气形成有机质来源的重要基础之一。在微藻热模拟成烃实验中引入成岩早期生物、地化因子的影响,使模拟实验更接近自然界的实际情况。对微藻来源的生物标志物研究表明,作为高盐环境重要标志物的2,6,10,14,18—五甲基二十烷也可能来源于藻类生物。在藻类热模拟产物中发现惹烯的存在,提示在解释油气藏的生物母质来源时必须特别谨慎。