云南省奶牛胚胎移植获得成功

胚胎移植技术对充分发掘和利用良种母畜的生产潜力,以加速良种的推广,具有重要的现实意义。现在,在奶牛和肉牛等家畜的改良和发展工作中,这一技术已在世界范围内广泛开发应用之中。我国目前已有不少省市正在展开这一工作。我们基于奶牛胚胎移植技术在云南省的开发应用和奶牛胚胎性别鉴别与性别控制研究的需要,于1988年5月份开展了奶牛的胚胎移植工作。现将结果报告如下。     

云南水牛的同期发情、超数排卵和胚胎移植试验

为探讨水牛胚胎移植的效果 ,于 2 0 0 2年对云南水牛进行了胚胎移植试验 :①用国产氯前列烯醇(PG) 0 6mg/头·次处理供、受体水牛的同期发情率和可用率分别为 4 3 33% (13/ 30 )和 16 6 7% (5 / 30 ) ;同期发情率经产水牛高于青年水牛 (P =0 0 86 ) ,杂交水牛高于德宏水牛 (P =0 15 3) ,体重 4 0 1～ 5 30kg水牛显著高于体重 30 0～ 4 0 0kg水牛 (P <0 0 5 ) ;发情明显水牛的可用率极显著高于发情不明显的水牛 (P <0 0 1)。②选用河流型摩拉水牛与沼泽型德宏水牛的杂交一代 5头为供体 ,分进口激素组 (n =2 )和国产激素组 (n =3)进行超数排卵 ,共有 2头获 9枚胚胎 ;进口激素组供体的平均获胚数和可移植胚数分别为 2 0枚和 1 5枚 ,比国产激素组分别多 0 33枚 (P =0 4 5 4 )和 1 17枚 (P =0 2 88)。③所获 4枚可用鲜胚分别移植 3头受体 ,结果 90d的妊娠率为 33 33% ,但最终无一头产犊。试验结果表明使用进口FSH 2 4mg +PG (Lutalyse○R) 35mg和国产FSH 11mg +PG 0 8mg对水牛超数排卵有效 ,同时提示需要足够数量的受体 ,从中选用发情表现明显、黄体发育良好的进行胚胎移植 ,才能取得良好效果。     

山羊超数排卵与胚胎移植技术的研究与应用

本研究于 2 0 0 0年 9月～ 2 0 0 3年 11月分别对 883只 (次 )波尔山羊、95只黑山羊、5 2只努比羊和 37只波黑杂交羊采用孕激素 FSH法进行超排处理 ,对 1190 0只受体黑山羊埋置CIDR或孕酮海绵栓并分别注射Folligon的方法进行同期发情处理 ,通过对不同品种、季节、年龄和重复超排对山羊超排反应的影响 ,胚胎分割、胚龄和黄体状况对移植妊娠率和产羔率的影响及不同孕激素制剂对同期发情效果的影响等因素进行分析 ,为山羊胚胎移植产业化提供理论和技术依据     

不同日龄小鼠的超排、体外授精及二细胞胚胎移植的比较研究(简报)

小鼠是现代生物医学中应用最为广泛的实验动物,特别是随着基因工程动物的大量开发,对小鼠卵母细胞和小鼠胚胎的需求量将日趋增多。但是如果单纯依靠动物的自然排卵,一方面所得到的卵母细胞数或胚胎数较少,一方面又消耗大量的时间和浪费较多的动物。因此,研究者期望使用较少的动物但仍能得到较多的、正常的卵母细胞或胚胎来满足生命科学研究的需要。Onadera,M等的研究表明,小鼠卵母细胞的发育与年龄有关,同一品系小鼠不同日龄间的自然排卵数差异不显著,出现异常卵的比例有显著性差异。但对不同日龄、不同品系小鼠的超排的效果尚     

不同品种肉羊胚胎移植效率的研究

以无角多赛特、萨福克、德克赛尔、东福利生纯种肉用绵羊为供体,以内蒙古小尾寒羊为受体,利用辅助生殖技术对纯种群体进行扩繁,并对不同品种肉羊的超排及胚胎移植效果进行了比较.结果显示,无角多赛特和萨福克的平均超排胚胎数明显高于德克赛尔和东福利生(P<0.05);将2523枚A级囊胚进行移植,总产羔率为51.32%,以无角多赛特产羔率明显优于其他品种肉羊(P<0.05);手术和腹腔镜移植技术对引进的纯种绵羊产羔率没有影响,但腹腔镜移植技术对受体造成的创口小,操作快捷.     

天祝白牦牛胚胎移植实验研究

选用健康成年天祝母白牦牛(Poephagus grunniens)(供体)10头、黑牦牛(受体)37头进行实验. 供体牛(组1)用CIDR-B+FSH＋PG进行同期发情和超数排卵; 受体牛(组2和组3)分别采用CIDR-B+PG和单次注射PG法进行同期发情. 结果表明, 平均黄体数、卵泡数、可移植胚胎数和退化胚胎数分别为4.75±2.19, 1.13±0.83, 2.50±1.31和1.38±0.92. 在3组中, 组1的同期发情率最高, 为80%, 组2和3分别为60%和45.5%. 处理后不同组别的发情开始时间不同, 组1的大部分白牦牛在处理结束后的25~75 h发情, 而组2和3的受体黑牦牛分别在73~96和49~72 h发情. 平均胚胎回收率55.6%. 共收集18枚可用胚胎, 将其中12枚移植到10头同期发情的受体牦牛, 最终妊娠率50%, 分娩率40%.     

不同日龄小鼠超排、体外授精及二细胞胚胎移植的比较研究（摘报）

The development of oocytes, superovulated at 28, 56 and 112 days in three mice strains (ICR, B6C3F1, and C57BL/6J) with PMSG and HCG, were examined using the techniques of in vitro fertilization, culture, and transfer of these two-cell embryos to pseudopregnant recipients. The highest numbers of oocytes were obtained from superovulated 28-day-old mice in three strains. Approximately 90% of oocytes developed to the two-cell stage after in vitro fertilization, and about 50% became pregnant through the recipients. These results suggested that donor age at 28 days had prominent discrepancy with 56 and 112-day-old mice (P < 0.01) in oocytes superovulation, and no influence on the rate of insemination and pregnancy.     

家畜胚胎移植技术

胚胎移植又叫受精卵移植和卵移术,也叫人工妊娠和借腹怀胎。 家畜胚胎移植的内容包括一整套技术程序,并不仅仅是采卵和植卵问题。首先要选择供体和受体。供体母畜必须是优良品种,遗传性能优良,身体健康、强壮;受体母畜要求价廉、健康,生殖器官无疾病,性周期正常。通过健康检查尤其是生殖器官检查,将供体和受体母畜确定下来。然后观察和记录供体、受体的性周期,为同步发情作准备,对供体还要进行激素处理,以导致其超数排卵达到提高繁殖力     

非人灵长类的体外受精和胚胎移植

非人灵长类的体外受精和胚胎移植是了解人类生殖机制,如卵的成熟调控,受精卵的成熟与分化,胚胎着床,控制某些遗传疾病以及保护珍稀灵长类和提高实验灵长类质量的有效途径。本文从非人灵长类卵的获取(包括超数排卵,非激素刺激动物取卵),精子处理(精液采集,冻存和精子获能),体外受精和胚胎移植、胚胎的冻存等方面介绍了有关研究概况和发展动态。     

胚胎移植不受母体免疫排斥的原因

哺乳动物的胎儿作为半同种移植物(Semiallo graft)种植于母体子宫内不被排斥,被认为是免疫学中的一个奇迹。自1954年以来,以 Medawar 为首的研究者对胎儿不受母体免疫排斥的原因相继提出了多种解释、兹简述如下。一、妊娠期间抑制母体免疫反应的物质1、甾体激素的作用:孕妇血中皮质醇含量明显增加。肾上腺皮质激素是强有效的免疫抑制剂、它对淋巴细胞有灭活作用,并促使 T 淋巴细胞由血循环进入骨髓。肾移植时,用皮质激素可帮助移植肾存活。妊娠期     

Forty years of embryo transfer in cattle: A review focusing on the journal Theriogenology, the growth of the industry in North America,and personal reminisces

After the first successful transfer of mammalian embryos in 1890, it was approximately 60 years before significant progress was reported in the basic technology of embryo transfer (ET) in cattle. Starting in the early 1970s, technology had progressed sufficiently to support the founding of commercial ET programs in several countries. Today, well-established and reliable techniques involving superovulation, embryo recovery and transfer, cryopreservation, and IVF are utilized worldwide in hundreds, if not thousands, of commercial businesses located in many countries. The mean number of embryos produced via superovulation has changed little in 40 years, but there have been improvements in synchrony and hormonal protocols. Cryopreservation of in vivo-derived embryos is a reliable procedure, but improvements are needed for biopsied and in vitro-derived embryos. High pregnancy rates are achieved when good quality embryos are transferred into suitable recipients and low pregnancy rates are often owing to problems in recipient management and not technology per se. In the future, unanticipated disease outbreaks and the ever-changing economics of cattle and milk prices will continue to influence the ET industry. The issue of abnormal pregnancies involving in vitro embryos has not been satisfactorily resolved and the involvement of abnormal epigenetics associate with this technology merits continued research. Last, genomic testing of bovine embryos is likely to be available in the foreseeable future. This may markedly decrease the number of embryos that are actually transferred and stimulate the evolution of more sophisticated ET businesses.     

中国的动物胚胎技术研究进展

胚胎移植技术最早是由英国的Walter Heape率先研究的,随后经过了胚胎学家几十年的努力才在上个世纪来期逐渐开始广泛应用于医学生殖,畜牧业,动物保种等领域。本文集中论述中国的胚胎移植技术发展以及它在畜牧业领域的应用。在中国商业性的动物胚胎移植正在蓬勃发展,其成功率已经和国外同行相差不大。通过胚胎移植工作者的努力,一些从事商业性胚胎移植的公司已经能够做到鲜胚移植后奶牛的妊娠率55％～70％,冷冻胚胎的妊娠率达到45％～60％。不仅如此,在各个省还建立了自己的专门的冷冻胚胎中心,为本省的畜牧产业提供胚胎或者相关的服务。在动物保种方面,胚胎技术给人们提供了一种全新的思路：通过胚胎技术将活的胚胎冷冻在液氮罐以实现永久保存。例如中国科学院动物所陈大元先生提出通过胚胎移植技术实现对大熊猫的物种保存,并取得了一定的成果。随着经济和社会的进一步发展,人民生活水平的提高对于肉和奶的需求会进一步提高。依靠常规的选育技术来改良牲畜是无法满足人民对于畜牧产品急切要求,要实现畜牧业的跨越式发展,就必须依靠科技的力量来实现畜牧业的大发展,满足人民生活需要。胚胎技术等新技术会为我国的畜牧业的产业提高提供了一个新的机遇,可以相信,在不远的将来,动物胚胎技术必将在中国有一个较大发展。     

Use of a single injection of long-acting recombinant bovine FSH to superovulate Holstein heifers: A preliminary study

Our objective was to compare several experimental preparations of a single injection of long-acting recombinant bovine FSH (rbFSH; types A and B) to a porcine pituitary-derived FSH (Folltropin) to superovulate Holstein dairy heifers. Nonlactating, nonpregnant virgin Holstein heifers (n = 56) aged 12 to 15 months were randomly assigned to one of four superstimulatory treatments. Beginning at a random stage of the estrous cycle, all follicles greater than 5 mm were aspirated. Thirty-six hours later, heifers received an intravaginal P4 device and superstimulatory treatments were initiated. Treatments were (1) 300 mg of pituitary-derived FSH (Folltropin) administered in eight decreasing doses over a period of 3.5 days; (2) a single injection of 50 μg of A-rbFSH; (3) a single injection of 100 μg of A-rbFSH; and (4) a single injection of 50 μg of B-rbFSH. All heifers received 25 mg PGF_2α at 48 and 72 hours after the insertion of P4 device. At 84 hours after insertion, P4 devices were removed, and ovulation was induced 24 hours later with hCG (2500 IU). Heifers were inseminated at 12 and 24 hours after hCG treatment. The number of ovulatory follicles was greatest for heifers treated with Folltropin and B50-rbFSH, least for heifers treated with A50-rbFSH, and was intermediate for heifers treated with A100-rbFSH (25.7 ± 3.2, 18.9 ± 3.2, 5.9 ± 0.9, and 16.6 ± 3.1, respectively; P < 0.001). The number of corpora lutea was greatest for heifers treated with Folltropin, B50-rbFSH, and A100-rbFSH, and least for heifers treated with A50-rbFSH (19.1 ± 2.4, 16.1 ± 3.0, 15.9 ± 2.9, and 2.6 ± 0.9, respectively; P < 0.001). The number of good-quality embryos differed among treatments and was greatest for heifers treated with B50-rbFSH, Folltropin, and A100-rbFSH and least for heifers treated with A50-rbFSH (7.6 ± 2.4, 6.5 ± 1.7, 4.3 ± 1.5, and 0.8 ± 0.5, respectively; P < 0.001). In conclusion, a single injection of a preparation of long-acting rbFSH (either 100 μg of A-rbFSH or 50 μg of B-rbFSH but not 50 μg of A-rbFSH) produced similar superovulatory responses resulting in the production of good-quality embryos when compared with a pituitary-derived FSH preparation administered twice daily for 4 days. More studies using different types of cattle and different doses of rbFSH are needed to confirm the findings reported in this preliminary study.     

Embryo production in superovulated Angus cows inseminated four times with sexed-sorted or conventional, frozen-thawed semen

This study tested the hypothesis that four inseminations of commercially frozen sexed semen (≥2.1 × 10⁶ sperm per 0.25-mL straw) in superstimulated embryo donors would yield a percentage and quantity of transferable embryos similar to that achieved with conventional frozen semen. Bos taurus, angus cows (n = 32), stratified by age and body condition, were randomly allocated to receive four inseminations of frozen-thawed semen, either conventional semen (≥15 × 10⁶ sperm/straw; Conventional) or sexed semen (≥2.1 × 10⁶ sperm/straw; Sexed) from one of two AI sires. From 10 to 13 d after estrus, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) was given twice-daily, with prostaglandin F_2α given twice on the last day. Cows were inseminated once (1×) at first detected estrus and twice (2×) and once (1×) at 12 and 24 h later, respectively, with nonsurgical embryo recovery 7 d after first detected estrus. The study was repeated 30 d later (switch-back experimental design). The total number of ova per flush was similar between Conventional and Sexed treatments (10.9 ± 1.8 vs. 10.5 ± 1.6), but the number of Grade 1 embryos was greater (P < 0.01) for Conventional (4.3 ± 0.8 vs. 2.3 ± 0.7). Conversely, the mean number of unfertilized ova was greater (P < 0.05) for Sexed (5.6 ± 1.0 vs. 3.0 ± 1.2). There was no significant difference between treatments for numbers of degenerate, Grades 2 or 3, and transferable embryos and no significant differences between bulls in percentage of transferable embryos (44.4% and 46.7%). However, fertilization rates and percentage of transferable embryos were affected (P < 0.05) by period and donor. In conclusion, superstimulated donor cows inseminated four times had fewer Grade 1 embryos and more unfertilized ova with sexed versus conventional semen.     

胚胎冷冻技术应用于抗菌肽转基因小鼠的保种传代

目的研究胚胎冷冻在抗菌肽转基因FVB小鼠保种传代中的应用。方法对6~8周正常雌性FVB小鼠进行超排分别与雄性杂合子抗菌肽转基因FVB小鼠交配,收集2-cell胚胎,进行胚胎冷冻。1周后进行胚胎复苏移植,通过PCR方法对仔代鉴定。结果冻存胚胎140枚,复苏获得存活胚胎98枚,移植85枚,产仔38只,获得阳性后代12只。结论通过胚胎冷冻技术保种及复苏移植技术可对抗菌肽转基因小鼠进行传代。     

Risk factors for resumption of postpartum estrous cycles and embryonic survival in lactating dairy cows

The objectives of this study were to evaluate factors associated with resumption of postpartum estrous cycles and embryonic survival in lactating dairy cows. Holstein cows, 6396 from four dairy farms were evaluated to determine the relationships among parity, body condition score (BCS) at calving and at AI, season of year when cows calved, and milk yield on resumption of postpartum estrous cycles by 65 days postpartum, and all the previous variables, estrual or anestrus and AI protocol on conception rates and embryonic survival at the first postpartum insemination. Cows had their estrous cycle pre-synchronized with two PGF_2α injections given 14 days apart and were inseminated between 69 and 82 days postpartum following either an estrous or ovulation synchronization protocol initiated 12–14 days after the presynchronization. Blood was sampled and analyzed for progesterone twice, 12–14 days apart, to determine whether cows had initiated onset of estrous cycles after calving. Cows were scored for body condition in the week after calving, and again at AI, between 69 and 82 days postpartum. Pregnancy was diagnosed at 30 ± 3 and 58 ± 3 days after AI. Farm influenced all reproductive outcomes evaluated. More (P < 0.0001) multiparous than primiparous cows had initiated estrous cycles. Onset of estrous cycles was also influenced (P < 0.01) by BCS at calving and at AI, BCS change, season, and milk yield. More (P < 0.001) cows that had initiated estrous cycles than anestrous cows were pregnant at 30 and 58 days after AI, but anestrus did not affect pregnancy loss. Conception rates were also influenced (P < 0.01) by parity, BCS at calving and AI, BCS change, and season; however, milk yield and insemination protocol were not associated with conception rates at 30 and 58 days after AI. Factors that reduced conception rate on day 30 after AI also increased pregnancy loss between 30 and 58 days of gestation. Improving BCS at calving and AI, minimizing losses of BCS after calving, and hastening onset of estrous cycles early postpartum are all expected to increase conception because of enhanced embryonic survival.     

Embryo production with sex-sorted semen in superovulated dairy heifers and cows

The aim of this study was to examine the effect of sex-sorted semen on the number and quality of embryos recovered from superovulated heifers and cows on commercial dairy farm conditions in Finland. The data consist of 1487 commercial embryo collections performed on 633 and 854 animals of Holstein and Finnish Ayrshire breeds, respectively. Superovulation was induced by eight intramuscular injections of follicle-stimulating hormone, at 12-hour intervals over 4 days, involving declining doses beginning on 9 to 12 days after the onset of standing estrus. The donors were inseminated at 9 to 15–hour intervals beginning 12 hours after the onset of estrus with 2 + 2 (+1) doses of sex-sorted frozen-thawed semen (N = 218) into the uterine horns or with 1 + 1 (+1) doses of conventional frozen-thawed semen (N = 1269) into the uterine corpus. Most conventional semen (222 bulls) straws contained 15 million sperm (total number 30–45 million per donor). Sex-sorted semen (61 bulls) straws contained 2 million sperm (total number 8–14 million per donor). Mean number of transferable embryos in recoveries from cows bred with sex-sorted semen was 4.9, which is significantly lower than 9.1 transferable embryos recovered when using conventional semen (P ≤ 0.001). In heifers, no significant difference was detected between mean number of transferable embryos in recoveries using sex-sorted semen and conventional semen (6.1 and 7.2, respectively). The number of unfertilized ova was higher when using sex-sorted semen than when using conventional semen in heifers (P < 0.01) and in cows (P < 0.05), and the number of degenerated embryos in cows (P < 0.01), but not in heifers. It was concluded that the insemination protocol used seemed to be adequate for heifers. In superovulated cows, an optimal protocol for using sex-sorted semen remains to be found.